长索跳小蜂属一新种及五斑敌若跳小蜂雄虫记述(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

记述采自新疆的2种粉蚧寄生蜂,即黄棒长索跳小蜂Anagyrus flaviclavatus Xu,sp.nov.和五斑敌若跳小蜂 Dinocarsiella quinqueguttata Xu,2000的雄虫,该种雄虫为首次记录.模式标本保存于浙江农林人学农业与食品科学学院植物保护系.     

毗弄蝶属在中国的首次发现(鳞翅目,弄蝶科)

毗弄蝶属Praescobura是Devyatkin于2002年根据采自越南北部的1雄性标本建立的,目前仅有该种雄性的记载。本文首次报道该属及模式种在中国有分布,并增加描记雌性。     

中国鳎扁蜡蝉属分类研究(半翅目:蜡蝉总科:扁蜡蝉科)

对中国鳎扁蜡蝉属Tambinia St(a)l的种类进行了研究,并记述采自云南勐仑的该属1新种:勐仑鳎扁蜡蚪Tambinia menglunensis Men & Qin,sp.nov..提供了雄虫整体照片,绘制了雌、雄外生殖器特征图,编制了国内已知种分种检索表.模式标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆.     

中国尤犀金龟属分类研究(鞘翅目,金龟科,犀金龟亚科)

记述了尤犀金龟属Eupatorus中国1新纪录种:素吉尤犀金龟Eupatorus sukkiti Miyashita&Arnaud,1997,对该种外部形态及雄外生殖器特征做了简要描述,并系统比较了中国此属已知种类雌雄成虫的外部形态及雄外生殖器,另外绘制了雄虫头胸部形态变化图对该属雄虫的多型现象进行了研究.文中提供该属世界种类名录及中国分布图.     

中国颖蜡蝉科一新纪录属及一新纪录种(半翅目:蜡蝉总科)

记述了中国颖蜡蝉科Achilidae1属:埃颖蜡蝉属EpiramaMelichar及1种:弗氏埃颖蜡蝉E.francescoides Fennah,1965。同时提供了该属属征及该种雄虫与雌虫的鉴别特征图。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所(IZCAS)动物标本馆。     

带弄蝶属研究(鳞翅目,弄蝶科)

带弄蝶属Lobocla是弄蝶科Hesperiidae 1个小属,目前全世界仅记载7种,中国均有分布.文中对该属进行了总结,记载1新种:四纹带弄蝶Lobocla quadripunctata sp.nov.,同时首次对3种雌性生殖器进行了描记,并编制了所有种的检索表.模式标本保存于华南农业大学昆虫标本室.     

中国大弄蝶属一新纪录种

本文报道产自海南的弄蝶科一中国新纪录种,即里氏大弄蝶Capila lidderdali(Elwes,1888),并附有该种的成虫和雄性外生殖器图片。标本保存于华南农业大学昆虫学系昆虫标本室。     

弄蝶

正弄蝶科是一类中小型蝴蝶,是蝴蝶在形态和生物学上较为独特的类群,和蛾类相接近。全球已知3 500多种,中国已有280多种。其飞行迅速且带跳跃,所以欧洲人称弄蝶为Skippers,即跳跃者。成虫色泽暗淡,多为暗黑色或褐色,翅面斑纹单一。翅形窄尖,身躯粗短,形态独特,行为与习性更是与众不同。大多数种类存在种间表型趋同和种内形态变异的现象,是目前蝶类     

齿茎马颖蜡蝉的再研究(半翅目:蜡蝉总科:颖蜡蝉科)

对齿茎马颖蜡蝉Magadha denticulata Fennah,1956做了进一步研究,证实该种不属于马颖蜡蝉属Ma-gadhaDistant,1906,而是半贝颖蜡蝉属Semibetatropis Chen,Yang et Wilson,1988种类;同时提供该种雄、雌虫体的鉴别特征图。检视标本保存于美国加州科学院(CAS)。     

陀弄蝶属Thoressa二新种记述（鳞翅目：弄蝶科）

记述弄蝶科陀弄蝶属Thoressa2新种;无突陀弄蝶T.abprojecta Yuan et Wang,sp.nov.;短突陀弄蝶T.breviprojecta Yuan et Wang,sp.nov.,绘制了新种的雄性外生殖器图,编制了中国已知种分种 检索,模式标本均保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

Subpopulations of Cryptocephalus beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): geographically close but genetically far

Abstract. The leaf beetles Cryptocephalus coryli, C. decemmaculatus and C. nitidulus are of conservation concern and are included on the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The distinctiveness of the disjunct remaining populations of these beetles was compared to that of more continuously distributed Cryptocephalus species. This was carried out with a view to defining evolutionary significant units (ESUs) in the rare species. A portion of the cytochrome b gene, an intergenic spacer and partial tRNA was analysed from 93 specimens of Cryptocephalus beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Considerable sequence divergence was apparent in all the species, even at an intersite scale when the distances between sampled localities were very small (< 1 km). Intrapopulation, intersite and interpopulation divergence observed in the rare species was reflected in the species that have a more continuous distribution, implying that dispersal ability in these species is poor and gene flow can be impeded by relatively trivial barriers to dispersal. The evidence suggests that the disjunct populations of the rare Cryptocephalus species can, tentatively, be considered as ESUs. This has important implications for management strategies and reintroductions.     

The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Polynesia revisited: species numbers and the importance of sampling intensity

The ant faunas of three remote Polynesian islands were censused using hand collecting techniques Known ant species richnesses were increased by factors of 2 3 3 7, and 4 3 and total species richnesses were estimated with a first-order jackknife estimator The large increase in species numbers is apparently due to inadequate earlier censuses (which missed localized and cryptic species) rather than recent immigrations Tests of species associations revealed more positive than negative interactions among species on both a pairwise and community-wide basis There is no evidence that ant species on these islands exclude each other from islands or from communities within islands, with the exception of three very aggressive species A multiple regression analysis of known ant species richness against sampling effort and area for Polynesian islands which have been differentially censused for ants by various collectors revealed sampling effort was highly significant, while area was not significant in explaining variation in known ant species numbers On Pacific islands that have been surveyed relatively thoroughly for ants multiple regression analyses of known ant species richness on area and distance showed that area was always highly significant, but distance was only marginally significant (depending on the regression model used) Thus remote Polynesian islands appear neither to be as depauperate as previously thought in numbers of ant species present, nor possess an unusual potential for evolutionary increase in species numbers     

Spatial distribution of rare species: statistical approach

Many species are locally rare (have low occurrences in a given region). The method is proposed for the analysis of spatial distribution of such species. The procedure is based on the comparison of actual mean distances between records with Monte-Carlo-simulated mean distances expected for random occurrence pattern. The method was applied to two datasets: benthic macrofauna from the Barents and Kara Seas (Kucheruk, Kotov, 2002) and the Black Sea interstitial ciliates (original data). For both datasets, the number of rare species positively correlates with number of common species per site and with the total number of species. Furthermore (and irrespectively of total diversity pattern), rare species usually were locally clumped in their distribution: each of the species was mostly found at sites that were close together. This tendency, however, was significant for the macrofauna species but not for ciliates.     

Biogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Texas: patterns of diversity and threats

Aim Geographic patterns of species distributions and the factors contributing to species endangerment are necessary for the development of integrative conservation strategies. Freshwater mussels Unionidae have among the highest levels of imperilment recorded in North America. This paper describes the biogeography and diversity of Unionidae along climate and habitat gradients in Texas, evaluates human impact, and identifies the hot spots of diversity and endemism that should be targeted for conservation. Location Texas, North America. Methods Unionids were surveyed in all major Texas river basins in 2003–2009. Multivariate statistics were used to test for differences in environmental parameters and among unionid assemblages in different bioprovinces, and to determine to what extent the multivariate pattern of species distribution was affected by environmental factors. To estimate human impact, we examined the relationship between human population density and the proportion of rare species, as well with the proportion of historically present species that persist in the watershed. Results Correlation between biotic and environmental similarity matrices indicated concordance in the differences among unionid assemblages and environmental factors that could cause these differences. Lake surface evaporation rate and percentage of forest cover in the watershed were among the most important parameters explaining the differences in unionid assemblages. Human population density was negatively correlated with the proportion of rare species. The proportion of species found live relative to the total number of live and relic species found in our surveys and to the number of historically known species decreased with the increase in human population density. Main conclusions Climate, landscape, geology, and land use type were important factors influencing unionid distribution patterns among biotic provinces. Increased human population density was associated with the loss of rare species over several decades, but this loss was not recognized because of a lack of assessing the conservation status of unionids.     

The effects of protection from fishing on species richness: distinguishing between alternative explanations

Marine reserves that prohibit fishing often result in greater densities of individuals and more species than adjacent fished areas. However, simple conclusions about their effects on species richness are confounded, because more species are expected to occur wherever there are more individuals. Here, there is an important distinction between the number of species per sampling unit (species density), and species richness measured as the number of species per given number of individuals. When conservation of species richness is an important goal, analyses need to discriminate between the alternative explanations for differences in the number of species. We used rarefaction to test whether species richness was higher in two ‘no-take’ marine reserves after controlling for differences in the density of individuals. We surveyed each reserve in three different years. There was a higher density of individuals and species in each reserve than in adjacent fished areas. However, rarefaction analyses indicated that effects on species richness were weak after controlling for the number of individuals: slightly higher species richness was recorded inside each reserve in one of three surveys, but the difference was small, and was apparent only when the maximum number of individuals was approached. Our results therefore indicate that patterns in species density were not reflected by patterns in species richness—the application of rarefaction methods is needed to determine the responses of species richness to protection elsewhere. The distinction between species density and species richness will not be important in all situations, but when it is important, inferences about species richness cannot be reliably deduced from measurements of species density.     

Mammals of Australian islands: factors influencing species richness

Distribution patterns of indigenous non-volant terrestrial mammals on 257 Australian islands were examined in relation to environmental parameters and the effects of human-induced disturbance during prehistoric and historic times on island species numbers. Species occurrence for individual species, for taxonomic and trophic groups, and for all species together was related to environmental parameters using regression analysis and the extreme-value function model. Patterns of occurrence were examined separately within three major biogeographic regions derived by pattern analysis. The number of species known to have occurred on these islands during historic times was adequately predicted from area alone. No statistically significant improvement in predicted species number was gained by including island elevation, mean annual rainfall, isolation from the mainland or the number of potentially competing species present on the island. Similarly, no single factor other than area was found to influence consistently the presence of individual species. We conclude that the occurrence of indigenous non-volant terrestrial mammal species on these islands indicates a relictual rather than equilibrial fauna. Visitation by Aboriginal people during prehistoric times did not significantly increase mammal extinctions on islands. Examination of patterns of species richness for a given area on a regional basis showed that islands in and around Bass Strait and Tasmania (Bass Region) were the most species-rich, islands off the northern coasts were slightly less rich, and islands off the south western coasts had fewest species. This is in contrast to the usual latitudinal gradient in species richness patterns. However, islands off the northern and eastern coasts had an overall greater number of different species. When considered in relation to the number of different species of mammals occurring within each region, islands of a given size in Bass Region typically bore a higher proportion of this species pool than other regions. The Bass Region was found to be particularly rich in macropoid herbivores and dasyurid carnivores and insectivores. Analyses indicated that there is a very strong relationship between the presence of exotics as a whole and the local extinction of native mammals. Many mammal species formerly widespread on the Australian mainland are now restricted totally to islands (nine species) or are threatened with extinction on the mainland and have island populations of conservation significance (ten species). In all, thirty-five islands protect eighteen taxa of Australian threatened mammals. The land-use and management of these islands is of considerable importance to nature conservation. The introduction of exotic mammals to these islands should be prevented; any introductions that occur should be eradicated immediately.     

Javanese species of the mite genus Macrocheles (Arachnida: Acari: Gamasina: Macrochelidae)

Twelve mite species of the genus Macrocheles (Acari: Macrochelidae) were collected from the body surface of dung beetles in Java, Indonesia. Of these, three species, i.e., Macrocheles jabarensis, M. jonggolensis, and M. sukabumiensis, were described as new to science. Female of M. dispar was redescribed. Two species, i.e., M. baliensis and M. sukaramiensis, were recorded from Java for the first time. The occurrence of five species previously recorded from Java, i.e., M. hallidayi, M. kraepelini, M. limue, M. oigru, and M. merdarius, were reconfirmed. Taxonomic status of M. sp. aff. glaber was not settled in the present study, because we could not obtain the male and immatures which are indispensable for exact identification. In total 15 species of the genus Macrocheles, including 3 species already recorded but not collected in this research (M. crispa, M. krantzi, and M. subbadius), are known from Java up to date.     

Harpacticoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) of the South China Sea: faunistic and biogeographical analysis

Based on original and on published databases, a compendium of the Harpacticoida of the South China Sea is presented, and the distributional range of species is discussed. Up to now, a total of 77 harpacticoid species belonging to 57 genera and 19 families have been recorded in this region. Twenty of these species, collected in Nha-Trang Bay (Vietnam), have not hitherto been described. The most speciose families are the Miraciidae (20 species) and the Laophontidae (9 species). Thirteen families were represented by one to three species only and six families by four to seven species. A brief comparison is presented between the harpacticoid fauna of the South China Sea, the Philippine Islands, the inner Malayan Archipelago (Java, Flores, Banda, and Celebes Seas), New Guinea, the Yellow Sea, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The overall similarity between the species lists of these areas was observed to be extremely low (average value of Simpson index is 0.15 ± 0.08). The lists of planktonic species from the different areas showed the highest similarity. The lowest similarity (highest endemism) was observed between the lists of interstitial species. It is likely that one of the factors determining the differences between the faunas is the poor knowledge about the composition and distribution of benthic harpacticoids in tropical latitudes.     

Taxonomic Study of the Genus Conocephalus Thunberg in Korea (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae)

ABSTRACT The genus Conocephalus Thunberg in Korea was taxonomically studied. As the result, five species were confirmed to Korean fauna including a newly recorded species, Conocephalus bambusanus Ingrisch. The key to species, distributional data and comparative figures for identification are given.