Adoptions expérimentales de larves entre des fourmis de genres différents (II):Myrmica laevinodis Nylander etAnergates atratulus Schenck

Résumé Nous avons fait élever des larves d'Anergates atratulus par des ouvrières deMyrmica laevinodis à 22°C. Pour y parvenir, il n'est pas utile de faire hivernerensemble les larves d'Anergates et les ouvrières deMyrmica. La présence de larves autochtones n'empêche pas lesMyrmica d'élever des larves d'Anergates. Dans toutes les expériences lesMyrmica ont été soumises au fridavant de recevoir des larves d'Anergates. Aucune reine deMyrmica n'a été utilisée dans ces expériences.Sur les 64 larves d'Anergates que nous avons utilisées, 38 se sont transformées en imagos. C'est au début de l'adoption et au moment des métamorphoses que périrent la plupart des 26Anergates perdus. Les femelles vécurent en général 2 ou 3 jours et cherchèrent très tôt à quitter le nid natal. Les mâles vécurent 2 à 3 semaines.

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Summary Larvae ofAnergates atratulus were experimentally reared by workers ofMyrmica laevinodis, at 22°C. An overwintering of both larvae ofAnergates and workers ofMyrmica is not necessary for the success of that experiment. The presence of larvae ofMyrmica does not keep theMyrmica from rearing larvae ofAnergates. The workers ofMyrmica have been cooled, in all the experiments, before receiving larvae ofAnergates. No queen ofMyrmica have been used in that experiments.38 of the 64 larvae ofAnergates used became imagos. Most of the 26 lostAnergates died at the beginning of the adoption and during the metamorphosis. The females lived generally 2 or 3 days and tried, very early, to leave their native nest. The males lived 2 or 3 weeks.

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Anergates atratulus Myrmica laevinodis, 22 . bmecme Anergates Myrmica. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica Anergates. Myrmica . 64 Anergates , 38 . 26 Anergates 2 3 . 2 3 .

     

Evaluation of an exotic maize population adapted to a locality

Summary An exotic Zea mays L. population (Tuxpeno) was adapted to North Carolina conditions by first introducing genes for adaptability from two North Carolina varieties ([(Jarvis X Indian Chief)Tuxpeno]Tuxpeno) including four generations of intermating, and then selecting for adaptability using maturity as the primary measure. The study evaluated selection for adaptability and the diversity available between adapted Tuxpeno and the local varieties, Jarvis and Indian Chief. Analytical procedures were developed to quantify the diversity between populations and the complementation of local varieties by introduced germ plasms. The analyses utilized the specific effects available from the diallel mating design.Three replicate selections responded similarly under simple recurrent mass selection (1/10) for the earliest disease-free plants initially and additionally for plant types (primarily height) in the final generation. The 1/4 local germ plasm permitted rapid adaptation of Tuxpeno gene pool to local conditions. The adapted Tuxpeno populations yielded similarly to the local populations with an average heterosis for grain yield of 28% when crossed to the local populations used as source of genes for adaptability. The diversity found between adapted Tuxpeno lines and these local varieties based on genes affecting grain yield was 1.5 to 2.5 times that measured between the local varieties (Jarvis and Indian Chief). Diversity lost through intergradation with local material was a reasonable investment. Yield genes introduced from Tuxpeno complemented local gene pools through nonadditive, primarily dominance-associated, gene effects. Reassortment of major gene blocks apparently occurred leading to significant divergence among replicate selections involving both additive-associated and dominance-associated gene effects.Paper No. 6355 of the North Carolina Agri. Res. Ser., Raleigh, NC. Research supported in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation and CIMMYT, D.F. (Mexico)     

Multiple shoot regeneration from root organ cultures of Populus alba x P. grandidentata

Excised roots of various ages from Crandon and Hansen clones of Populus alba x P. grandidentata were tested for their regeneration capacity. Sixty-day-old excised roots that contained root tips were found to be most suitable. The highest number of shoots (an average of 111 shoots/root segment with Crandon and 98 with Hansen) was obtained by adding 22M and 14M zeatin to the medium, respectively. The two clones of hybrid poplar responded similarly to growth regulator treatments; however, the number of shoots produced was greater from the root organs derived from Crandon clones. Regenerated shoots were rooted in basal Woody Plant Medium without any growth regulators. Successful transplantation into soil and growth was achieved with all plants.     

Synthesis of Gal-β-(1→4)-GlcNAc-β-(1→6)-[Gal-β- (1→3)]-GalNAc-α-OBn oligosaccharides bearing O-methyl or O-sulfo groups at C-3 of the Gal residue: specific acceptors for Gal: 3-O-sulfotransferases

Our recent studies have revealed the existence of two distinct Gal: 3-O-sulfotransferases capable of acting on the C-3 position of galactose in a Core 2 branched structure, e.g., Gal14GlcNAc16(Gal13)GalNac1OBenzyl as acceptor to give 3-O-sulfoGal14GlcNAc13(Gal13)GalNAc1OB 20 and Gal14GlcNAc16(3-O-sulfoGal13)GalNAc1OB 23. We herein report the synthesis of these two compounds and also that of other modified analogs that are highly specific acceptors for the two sulfotransferases. Appropriately protected 1-thio-glycosides 7, 8, and 10 were employed as glycosyl donors for the synthesis of our target compounds.     

Structural studies of the glycopeptides of B-chain of cinnamomin – a type II ribosome-inactivating protein by nuclear magnetic resonance

Cinnamomin is a plant type II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) isolated from the seeds of Cinnamomum camphora. It consists of two nonidentical polypeptide chains (A- and B-chain) held together through one disulfide linkage. Its A- and B-chain contain 0.3% and 3.9% sugars respectively. The B-chain of cinnamomin was digested by pronase E and then the liberated glycopeptides were separated from non-glycopeptides by gel filtration chromatography on a Bio-Gel P-4 column. Three crude glycopeptides were obtained by continuing chromatography over anion-exchange resin (AG1-X2) in the buffer of 2% pyridine-acetic acid (pH 8.3) with a polygradient elution system. Through further purification by the gel filtration chromatography and HPLC, three major glycopeptides, GP1, GP2 and GP3 were obtained. Mainly by two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) including TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, HMQC and HMBC, their primary structures were analyzed as: Man1,3Man1,6(Man1,3)(Xyl1,2)Man1,4GlcNAc1,4GlcNAc1-(Gly-)Asn-Asn-Thr(GP1), Man1,6(Man1,3)(Xyl1,2)Man1,4GlcNAc1,4(Fuc1,3)GlcNAc1-Asn-Ala-Thr(GP2),Man1,6(Man1,3)Man1,6(Man1,2 Man1,3)Man1,4GlcNAc1,4GlcNAc1-(Ala-)Asn-Gly-Thr(GP3).     

The assignment of a Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.) Löve-derived translocation to the long arm of wheat chromosome 7D using endopeptidase polymorphisms

Summary Endopeptidase zymograms of the translocation line Indis revealed the presence of several major and minor bands that had differential expression in coleoptile and seed tissues. While Indis lacks Ep-D1a, which is present in the parental cultivar Inia 66, it also may not express any of the Th. distichum bands. The Indis zymogram was found to be identical to that of an isogenic line of Inia 66 possessing Lr19. Since the absence of an Ep-D1a product appears to be linked to the 7DL translocation, it is possible to use the null condition as a marker for both the Lr19 or Indis translocations. The Indis translocation also did not show recombination with the cn-D1 chlorophyl mutant on 7DL, confirming that a part of 7D was involved. The results of a telocentric mapping experiment involving the 7D telosomes indicated that in Indis a chromosome segment from Th. distichum replaced a large section of 7DL of Inia 66.     

Immunofluorescence localization of the epidermolytic toxin target in mouse epidermal cells and tissue

Summary An epidermolytic toxin target was observed in keratohyalin granules of sectioned epidermis by a direct fluorescence procedure using FTC-toxin, but not by an indirect procedure using sequential reaction with toxin, anti-toxin and FTC-secondary antibody. The investigation of the two procedures was extended to keratinocytes. A dispase digestion procedure yielded three fractions which corresponded to basal, spinous and granular cells according to biochemical and morphological criteria. It was shown that the direct and indirect procedures both detected the toxin target in the keratohyalin granules of granular cells, but that the indirect procedure was very insensitive. In control experiments, the profilaggrin of keratohyalin granules was detected readily in cells by a direct procedure using FTC-antiprofilaggrin but only weakly by an indirect double antibody procedure. Insensitivity to indirect procedures thus appears to be a particular property of the keratohyalin granule site. It was shown that the toxin target was readily accessible in permeable (trypsin-isolated) granular cells but inaccessible in impermeable (dispase-isolated) cells.     

Ecological theories and Dutch nature conservation

This paper aims to achieve insight into various ecological theories in the Netherlands which have different, and sometimes opposing, views on the conservation of nature. Interviews, publications and archival research brought to light four separate theories: vitalistic/holistic, dynamic, cybernetic and chaos. Diversity is reached through stability according to vitalistic/holistic and cybernetic theories, but through change and instablility according to the dynamic and chaos theories. These two groups are working apart, and continue to have their own ideas. Prediction of the future is only possible with the vitalistic/holistic and cybernetic theories. Ecologists who adhere to these theories feel responsible and able in different ways to change ecological nature towards desirable end goals. The other two theories, dynamic and chaos, appear to be less activist.     

A Mössbauer spectroscopy study of cellular acquisition of iron from pyoverdine byPseudomonas aeruginosa

Summary Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to investigate the cellular acquisition of iron byPseudomonas aeruginosa which had been incubated with ferripyoverdine for 20, 40, 60, 120 or 360 min. Studies revealed that no ferripyoverdine accumulated in the cells at any of these times and that the amounts and kinds of iron complexes produced by cellular metabolism vary with time. At 20 and 40 min a ferric species, with isomer shift =0.38–0.42 mm/s and quadrupole splitting E _Q=0.94–0.92 mm/s, was the major iron metabolite comprising approximately 80% of the iron. At later times at least three other ferric species appeared with =0.54 0.72, E _Q = 0.84 1.07 mm/s. Ferrous species, =1.43 1.77 mm/s and E _Q = 2.69 1.82 mm/s, were also seen at times as early as 20 min and comprised as much as 17% of the total iron at 20 and 40 min. The parameters of all these species identify them as being six-coordinated high-spin complexes. In addition a low-spin species, =0.19 mm/s E _Q=0.67 0.91 mm/s, never before reported in cells, appeared at 60, 120, and 360 min as one of the major iron metabolites (50% or more). All isomer shifts are measured with respect to natural iron.     

Homologues of a vacuolar processing enzyme that are expressed in different organs in Arabidopsis thaliana

Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) are responsible for the maturation of seed proteins. These processing enzymes belong to a novel group of cysteine proteinases with molecular masses of 37 to 39 kDa. We isolated two genes of VPEs from a genomic library of Arabidopsis. The gene products were designated -VPE and -VPE, and they were 56% identical in terms of amino acid sequence. The amino acid sequences of -VPE and -VPE were also 55% and 67% identical to that of castor bean VPE, respectively. The gene for -VPE had 7 introns, while that of -VPE had 8 introns. Northern blot analysis revealed that -VPE is expressed in rosette leaves, cauline leaves and stems of Arabidopsis, while -VPE is predominantly expressed in the flowers and buds. Neither -VPE nor -VPE is expressed in the siliques. This result strongly suggests that the isolated genes encode isozymes of VPE that are specific to vegetative organs.     

Molecular mapping of a new gene Rrs4 CI 11549 for resistance to barley scald (Rhynchosporium secalis)

Doubled haploid (DH) progeny from a cross between the scald susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar Ingrid and the resistant accession CI 11549 (Nigrinudum) was evaluated for resistance in the pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem) J.J. Davis. Two linked and incompletely dominant loci confer resistance CI 11549 against isolate 4004. One is an allele at the complex Rrs1 locus on chromosome 3H close to the centromere; the other is located 22 cM distally on the long arm. The latter locus is designated Rrs4. In BC₃-lines into Ingrid from CI 2222 (another Nigrinudum) resistance seems governed by one locus close to the telomeric region of chromosome 7H, probably allelic to Rrs2. In neither case did we find any trace of the recessive gene rh8 reported to be present in Nigrinudum. Various resistance donors of Ethiopian origin designated as Nigrinudum, Jet or Abyssinian were identical to a great extent with respect to markers, but differed in resistance to different isolates of scald or in barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) resistance. The implications for their use as differentials in scald tests and screening of germplasm collections are discussed.     

Formation of the Interaction between the Wave Components of the Main EEG Rhythms in Children up to Five Years of Age

Using the analysis of the interaction between EEG components [1], the authors studied the regularities of the formation of the EEG wave structure in 36 children aged 4 to 7 months, 2 to 3 years, and 4 to 5 years. The EEG of 4- to 7-month-old children had a relatively organized temporal structure, whose components were connected mainly with those of the slow-wave range. This structure is reproduced in most of the leads and is more stable in the anterior cortical areas than in the posterior ones. The waking 2- to 5-year-old children had two functional nuclei in the relation structure of the EEG components characterized by statistically significant enhancement in the probability of the consecutive appearance of waves of certain ranges. These nuclei include a slow-wave nucleus in the range of the ₂–₁-frequencies and an alpha-nucleus in the ₁- and ₂-ranges (₂ and ₁ 2- to 3-year-old children) of the EEG frequencies. The relations between the components of the slow-wave nucleus begin to form in infants, prevail in 2- to 3-year-old children, and weaken by the age of 4 to 5 years. A trend is observed in 2- to 5-year-old children towards an increase in the average frequency of the waves that form the slow-wave nucleus. The temporal (strengthening interaction between the waves) and spatial organization of the interaction between the wave components of the alpha-nucleus is accelerated at the age of 4 to 5 years. The average frequency of the components forming this nucleus gradually increases with the children's age from 4 to 7 months to 4 to 5 years. Competitive relations exist between the two nuclei, characterized by a significant decrease in the probability of transitions between the components of different nuclei. The ₂-component may play a special role of the connecting link between the nuclei at the age of 4 to 5 years, the interwave transition from the - to -frequencies and from the latter to the -range being effected by a leaplike rather than smooth frequency increase. The character of local and spatial rearrangements of the EEG temporal structure detected in this study reflects a gradual morphofunctional maturation of the brain as a system that maintains the specific features of self-regulation mechanisms and coordination of the intersystem interactions at various stages of a child's development.     

The levels of ζ, γ, and δ chains in patients with Hb H disease

Summary Details are given of a study of blood samples from 24 patients with Hb H disease from different Mediterranean countries and from the Far East. Four different types of -thal-1 (--) were observed, namely-() ( 20.5-kb deletion);--MED-I ( 17.5-kb deletion);--MED-II (>26.5-kb deletion); and--SEA ( 18-kb deletion, in Orientals only). The -thal-2 was mainly of the deletion type (16 with the 3.7-kb deletion; 1 with the 4.2-kb deletion), while 4 of the 7 patients with a nondeletional type had the five-nucleotide deletion at the donor splice site of the first intron of the 2 gene. All patients had a mild-to-moderate hemolytic anemia; no significant differences in hematology were observed between the groups. Hb A₂ was decreased to about one-third of the normal level. The Hb H formation varied considerably and its quantitation was not always satisfactory. Patients with Hb H disease due to any -thal-1 combined with a nondeletional -thal-2 had the highest Hb H levels and a more marked anemia. The chain production was small and absent in patients with the MED-II type of -thal-1 because this deletion included the and genes. The highest chain levels were present in the four patients with the SEA type of -thal-1. The chain production was increased, particularly in patients with a mutation of C T at position-158 to the ^G globin gene. This chain was primarily present as Hb Bart's (or ₄) and only about 15% was recovered as Hb F or ₂₂. The evaluation of the rate of chains produced in these patients was greatly facilitated by data from one patient who had Hb H disease and a heterozygosity for the ^A-⁺. The low levels of Hb A₂ and of Hb F (relative to Hb Bart's) can be explained by a decreased affinity of chains for and chains as compared with chains in conditions of severe chain deficiency.     

Isolation of α and β Brain Tubulin Subunits after Alkaline Treatment of the Protein

We demonstrate here that brain purified tubulin can be dissociated into and subunits at pH > 10 and that the subunits can be separated by using the Triton X-114 phase separation system. After phase partition at pH > 10, tubulin but not tubulin behaves as a hydrophobic compound appearing in the detergent rich phase. After three extractions of the alkaline aqueous phase with Triton X-114, about 90% of the tubulin was recovered in the detergent rich phase. The hydrophobic behavior observed for tubulin after its dissociation at pH 11.5 was not due to an irreversible change of the protein, because when the detergent rich phase containing tubulin was diluted with a buffer solution at pH 7.3 and the solution allowed to partition again, -tubulin is recovered in the aqueous phase. The detergent in the aqueous phase of the and tubulin preparations can be removed up to 90% by 12 h dialysis. The and subunits of tubulin from kidney and liver behave, in this phase separation system, like those of brain tubulin.     

Contrasting leaf and ‘ecosystem’ CO2 and H2O exchange in Avena fatua monoculture: Growth at ambient and elevated CO2

Elevated CO₂ (ambient + 35 Pa) increased shoot dry mass production in Avena fatua by 68% at maturity. This increase in shoot biomass was paralleled by an 81% increase in average net CO₂ uptake (A) per unit of leaf area and a 65% increase in average A at the ecosystem level per unit of ground area. Elevated CO₂ also increased ecosystem A per unit of biomass. However, the products of total leaf area and light-saturated leaf A divided by the ground surface area over time appeared to lie on a single response curve for both CO₂ treatments. The approximate slope of the response suggests that the integrated light saturated capacity for leaf photosynthesis is 10-fold greater than the ecosystem rate. Ecosystem respiration (night) per unit of ground area, which includes soil and plant respiration, ranged from-20 (at day 19) to-18 (at day 40) mol m^-2 s^-1 for both elevated and ambient CO₂ Avena. Ecosystem below-ground respiration at the time of seedling emergence was -10 mol m^-2 s^-1, while that occuring after shoot removal at the termination of the experiment ranged from -5 to-6 mol m^-2 s^-1. Hence, no significant differences between elevated and ambient CO₂ treatments were found in any respiration measure on a ground area basis, though ecosystem respiration on a shoot biomass basis was clearly reduced by elevated CO₂. Significant differences existed between leaf and ecosystem water flux. In general, leaf transpiration (E) decreased over the course of the experiment, possibly in response to leaf aging, while ecosystem rates of evapotranspiration (ET) remained constant, probably because falling leaf rates were offset by an increasing total leaf biomass. Transpiration was lower in plants grown at elevated CO₂, though variation was high because of variability in leaf age and ambient light conditions and differences were not significant. In contrast, ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) was significantly decreased by elevated CO₂ on 5 out of 8 measurement dates. Photosynthetic water use efficiencies (A/E at the leaf level, A/ET at the ecosystem level) were increased by elevated CO₂. Increases were due to both increased A at leaf and ecosystem level and decreased leaf E and ecosystem ET.     

Erratum: Cloning and sequencing of the phycocyanin gene from Spirulina maxima and its evolutionary analysis

The genes were cloned for the two apoprotein subunits, and ,of phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima = Arthrospiramaxima) strain F3. The - and -subunit gene-coding regionscontain 489 bp and 519 bp, respectively. The -subunit gene is upstreamfrom the -subunit gene, with a 111-bp segment separating them.Similarities between the -subunits of S. maxima and nine othercyanobacteria were between 58% and 99%, as were those between the -subunits. The maximum similarity between the - and -subunits from S. maxima was 27%.     

Different ζ globin gene deletions among Black Americans

Summary Four types of chromosomes with a deletion between the human embryonic and globin genes were identified among 2.8% of 321 Black Americans from Georgia. Two deletions of approximately 11 kb which differed by about 300 bp occurred on chromosomes with or without a polymorphic Xba I site 5 to the globin gene [(X⁺) or (X^-)]. The deletions are identifiable in Xba I digests of genomic DNA using an or a globin gene probe which yield fragments of 23 kb from (X⁺)–^* chromosomes or 27 kb from (X^–)–^* chromosomes. Digestion with other enzymes and probing with both and probes gave fragments typical of the two globin gene deletions previously identified in Polynesians. Among Black Americans, these globin gene deletions have been found in combination with globin gene deletions in trans but not in cis. Homozygotes have not been found. Hematologic data on carriers of the globin gene deletions in association with Hb AS, SS, and SC suggest that these deletions have no effect on the function of the adult globin genes.     

Protocol-dependence of equivalent circuit parameters of toad urinary bladder

Summary Determinations of current-voltage relationships are widely employed in the characterization of epithelial sodium transport. In order to determine the protocol dependence of transport parameters in the toad urinary bladder, studies were carried out in the presence and absence of amiloride, an inhibitor of active sodium transport. With symmetric positive and negative perturbations of the transepithelial electrical potential difference (0±100 mV) for 30 sec, the amiloride-sensitive current-voltage (i ^a -) relationship was near linear over the range –75+100 mV, indicating constancy of the conductance ^a and the apparent electromotive force E _Na, lumped parameters of the standard electrical equivalent circuit model of the active transport system. With a reverse protocol (±1000 mV) or 15 min perturbations thei ^a - relationships were highly nonlinear. Nonlinearity reflected voltage dependence of parameters: perturbations that increased active transport decreased E _Na and increased ^a, as evaluated from 10 sec perturbations of ; slowing of active transport produced the converse changes. These effects are usefully analyzed in both quasi-steady states and true steady states by means of a detailed equivalent circuit incorporating the significant ionic currents across each plasma membrane. Precise understanding of the significance of ^a and E _Na will require characterization of the partial ionic conductances on perturbation of .     

Light and electron microscopic study of adenosine triphosphatase activity of anuran tadpole musculature

Summary The histochemical activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and Ca⁺⁺-activated ATPase (pHs 7.4 and 9.4) were studied in the larval tail musculature of Rana japonica, Rana catesbeiana and Rana ornativentris. The ATPase reaction product was detected by both light and electron microscopy. Red and white muscle fibres, as distinguished by SDH, showed high and low Ca⁺⁺-ATPase reaction, respectively, at pHs 7.4, 9.4 and following preincubation in cold K₂-EDTA solution. The ultrastructural investigation of CA⁺⁺-ATPase reaction at pH 7.4 by the Ca⁺⁺-citrophosphate technique demonstrated electron-dense reaction product in association with A, I and Z bands, intermyofibrillar (SR) compartment and the mitochondrial inner chamber. However, Pb⁺⁺ precipitation technique demonstrated Mg⁺⁺-activated myosin ATPase activity at pH 9.2 ultrastructurally. The present histochemical data suggest that the anuran larval tail red muscle fibres are possible slow, and emphasize a possible lack of correlation between the speed of contraction with their ATPase activity. Moreover, red muscle fibres of the anuran tail musculature are not equivalent to Type I fibres of higher chordates.