Study on cartilaginous and muscular strains of rat trachea

Han and Fung (1991)[1] studied the zero-stressstates of porcine and canine tracheas by cutting themidpoints of cartilage and muscle respectively. Themethod of Fung, termed Once Cutting method in thispaper, was also used by Liu, Wang and Teng (2002)[2]in studying residual strain of rat tracheas. They all re-ported that the no-load state of trachea is not itszero-stress state, but the residual stress (strain) existsin no-load tracheal ring. The tracheal ring would openup into a figure of “C…     

Study on cartilaginous and muscular strains of rat trachea

This paper introduces a new method, termed Twice Cutting, for obtaining the zero-stress states of cartilage and muscle of trachea. The method applied cuts at the two junctions of tracheal cartilage and muscle perpendicular to the tangent lines of cartilage at its tips. The cartilaginous and muscular opening angles are defined for the first time in Twice Cutting methods. Based on the analysis of cartilaginous and muscular geometric information in no-load and zero-stress states, it is found that there are compressive and tensile residual strains in the inner and outer walls of the cartilage respectively. Residual strains at the muscular inner wall of tracheal rings near bifurcation are negative, whereas those of other rings are positive, and residual strains at outer wall of all rings are positive. This phenomenon of tracheal muscle residual strains is different from those of vessel etc. The results also show that the absolute values of cartilaginous strains are considerably smaller than that of muscular ones, with the ratio being around 0.05. The values of all the tracheal parameters, including residual strains and opening angles, are reducing with the increasing value of tracheal rings’ position. So the consequences obtained in this paper not only indicate that the trachea is a non-uniform tissue along the circumferential and axial directions, but also reveal the differences between the trachea and other living tissues, such as vessel, esophagus. This is a basic research for further work, such as determining stress in trachea, to which the cartilaginous and muscular zero-stress states should be referred.     

Opening angles and residual strains in normal rat trachea

The no-load state and zero-stress state o1 the normal rat trachea were analyzed. It was found that there exist compressive residual strains in the inner wall region of the rat trachea and tensile residual strains in the outer wall region. The fact that the opening angle of the rat trachea cut at the cartilaginous region is significantly larger than that cut at the muscular portion shows that residual strains exist mainly in the muscular region in the rat trachea. It was also indicated that the opening angles and residual strains expressed by cutting at the muscular portion are basically identical along longitudinal location and those expressed by cutting in the cartilaginous region tend to increase in the longitudinal direction in the normal rat, and that there exists quantitatively positive correlation between the opening angles and residual strains in rat trachea. The results will help to further understand the opening angles and residual strains in the trachea and study tracheal remodeling in response     

肠道菌群在中药代谢中的作用

近年来,中药在疾病防治方面所发挥的巨大作用受到了广泛认可。科学合理地解释中药的作用机制将有助于提高其利用价值。越来越多的证据表明肠道菌群在中药治疗中起着至关重要的作用,是打开我国中医药宝库的一把钥匙。肠道菌群在中药成分代谢过程中发挥着复杂的作用：一方面,人类肠道菌群通过编码多种活性酶,促进了中药组分中的非碳水化合物小分子与碳水化合物在肠道中的代谢过程;另一方面,经肠道菌群代谢转化后产生的中药产物具有多种药理作用。因此,在未来中药研究中应更多地考虑肠道微生态因素,这有助于为中药的药理作用机制研究奠定新的科学基础。     

复方丹参滴丸治疗心绞痛的疗效观察

目的评价复方丹参滴丸治疗稳定性心绞痛的临床疗效及其安全性。方法１０９例心绞痛患者随机分为治疗组（复方丹参滴丸组,５７例）与对照组（消心痛组,５２例）。治疗组口服复方丹参滴丸,每次１０丸,每日３次,对照组口服消心痛,每次１０～１５ｍｇ,每日３次。两组疗程均为４周。结果用药后缓解症状有效率：治疗组９３．０％,对照组８６．５％,组间比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。心电图有效率：治疗组６１．４％,对照组５９．６％,组间比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。复方丹参滴丸改善血液流变学异常的作用强于消心痛（Ｐ＜０．０１）。未发现毒副作用。结论复方丹参滴丸是一种治疗心绞痛的安全有效的药物。     

五倍子水提液对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制效应的研究

通过10种中草药水提液对铜绿微囊藻抑制效应的实验,筛选出五倍子具有较强的抑藻效果。结果显示：五倍子水提液抑制铜绿微囊藻的最大比生长率为-0.834 d^-1,对叶绿素a的抑制率显著,且持续时间长,低浓度组50 mg·L^-1处理3 h抑制率超过50%,高浓度组500和1 000 mg·L^-1处理24 h后抑制率均超过90%。证明五倍子抑藻作用具迅速、持续稳定的特点,对治理水华的发生有较大的应用前景。     

中药对欧鳗实验性肝病保护作用的超微结构观察

目的探讨由丹参、五味子及甘草组成的中药煎剂对实验性肝病欧鳗肝组织超微结构的影响。方法将健康组欧鳗养于清水中,三个处理组先暴露于0.12 mg/L Cu2 溶液4 d,后4 d其中一组作为肝病未治疗组不予治疗,其余两组为肝病中药治疗组,即中药煎剂治疗低剂量组(200 mg/L)和中药煎剂治疗高剂量组(400 mg/L),实验结束时,剖检并取肝脏样本,进行电镜观察。结果与健康组相比,肝病未治疗组欧鳗肝细胞线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂、减少或结构模糊,有的消失呈空泡状;粗面内质网扩张、脱粒或出现扭曲现象;滑面内质网增生、扩张呈囊泡化;池内隔离体增多,自噬体及空泡多见;部分肝细胞核皱缩,染色质边集。各治疗实验组与肝病未治疗组相比,肝组织超微结构修复非常显著。结论研究表明该中药煎剂可显著促进铜离子中毒致肝损伤欧鳗病变肝细胞结构的修复,具有良好的抗肝损伤及修复肝损伤作用。     

传统中草药对肠道益生微生物的作用研究进展

探讨传统中草药对肠道益生微生物的调整作用,重点概述了不同种类与剂量中草药对益生微生物生长的影响及相应的研究方法。在上述基础上对中草药与肠道益生微生物的作用机制、研究前景和发展趋势进行了展望。     

Weeping forsythia extract alleviates dexamethasone-induced oxidative injury of breast muscles in broilers

Antioxidants have been always used to improve post-slaughter meat quality in broilers subjected to stress. Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is generally regarded as a natural source of antioxidants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that FSE could protect post-slaughter breast muscles against oxidative injury induced by dexamethasone (DEX) mimicking chronic physiological stress in poultry production. Average daily gain and feed efficiency of poultry were suppressed by DEX and improved by FSE (P < 0.05). Dexamethasone caused the decrease in the redness value and the increase in the lightness and yellowness values and drip loss of the breast muscles (P < 0.05), and FSE had the converse effects (P < 0.05). Dietary FSE supplementation decreased monounsaturated fatty acid (FA) and increased polyunsaturated FA in breast muscles of broilers (P < 0.05). In addition, FSE decreased malondialdehyde and carbonyl content in the breast muscles of DEX-treated broilers (P < 0.05). The inhibition of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl in the breast muscles was decreased by DEX and increased by FSE (P < 0.05). Total-antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activity in the breast muscles were decreased in birds subjected to DEX and increased in birds supplemented with FSE (P < 0.05). Totally, DEX suppressed growth performance and induced breast muscle oxidative injury in broilers, and FSE supplementation improved antioxidant capacity to attenuate these adverse effects. Therefore, FSE could be a potential natural antioxidant to alleviate oxidative injury of the breast muscles in broilers and to improve the meat quality for human consumption.     

抗热应激添加剂对奶牛产奶量、生理及血液指标的影响

为研制一种有效的奶牛抗热应激添加剂,将50头健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分为5组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,4个试验组饲喂基础日粮添加不同抗热应激添加剂,连续饲喂30d,测定产奶量、生理及血液指标。结果显示：中草药组、中草药＋纤维素酶组、中草药＋缓冲盐组、中草药＋缓冲盐＋纤维素酶组比对照组产奶量分别提高24．8％、27．9％、37．2％、39．5％;中草药剂和缓冲盐可减缓热应激奶牛的体温（P〉0．05）、呼吸和心率（P〈0．05）的升高,缓解外周血中自细胞数（WBC）、淋巴细胞数（LYM）、单核细胞数（MXD）、淋巴细胞百分比（LYM％）和单核细胞百分比（MXD％）（P〈0．05）的变化;添加中草药剂组肾上腺皮质醇（Cort）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T3）和甲状腺素（T4）水平基本稳定（P〉0．05）;使用中草药添加剂组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）活性比对照组下降较慢（P〈0．05）,添加中草药加缓冲盐组GSH—Px活性可基本保持稳定（P〉0．05）。试验表明中草药剂可明显增强奶牛抗热应激力,和瘤胃缓冲盐同用效果更好,和纤维素酶同用作用不明显。     

Effect of Ligustrum lucidum and Schisandra chinensis on the egg production,antioxidant status and immunity of laying hens during heat stress

Abstract

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two plants belonging to Chinese herbal medicines, Ligustrum lucidum (LL) and Schisandra chinensis (SC), on the laying performance, antioxidant status and immunity of hens during heat stress. The results showed that diets supplement with 1% of either LL or SC had beneficial effects on egg production and FCR of hens during heat stress (p < 0.05), compared with the control group. Either LL or SC significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of heart, liver, sera and egg yolk. In addition, glutathione reductase (GR) activity of tissues and sera of the birds was significantly elevated by supplementation LL or SC. Furthermore, LL or SC supplementation significantly elevated lymphoblastogenese of the birds and the antibody values against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The results suggest that diets supplement with 1% of either LL or SC may enhance egg production, immune function, and antioxidant status of hens during heat stress.     

捏脊与按摩促进腹部术后胃瘫病人康复效果观察

目的：探讨促进腹部术后胃瘫病人康复的有效方法。方法：将152例术后胃瘫病人按入院的先后顺序分为观察组和对照组各76例。对照组采用一般疗法即肠内营养,饮依调理、血糖和电解质监测。观察组在一般治疗的基础上采用捏脊与按摩疗法。两周为一疗程,均治疗两个疗程后对两组治疗效果进行统计学处理（x2检验）。结果：观察组于治疗四周内胃肠功能全部恢复,整体疗效优于对照组（P〈0.01）具有非常显著性差异。结论：捏脊与按摩是促进腹部术后胃瘫病人康复的有效方法。     

中药饮片有害微生物负载及鉴定技术研究进展

中药饮片在种植、采收、加工和储藏等过程中均有可能受到多种微生物的污染,特别是有害微生物如致病细菌、产毒真菌等的存在会影响中药饮片的安全性。本文综述了近年来中药饮片有害微生物的污染情况,比较不同国家药典对中药饮片微生物限度和真菌毒素限量的差异,归纳当前用于不同微生物鉴定方法的适用性,以期为中药饮片质量安全研究工作提供参考。     

黄芪、何首乌、女贞子、菟丝子混合提取物对体外培养毛囊生长的影响及药理作用研究

目的:通过体内外实验探讨黄芪、何首乌、女贞子、菟丝子混合中药提取物对毛囊增殖的影响作用以及其作用机理。方法:通过体外培养的C57BL/6小鼠毛囊器官模型观察不同浓度中药提取物对毛囊生长的影响;采用MTT法测定不同浓度中药提取物对毛乳头增殖的影响;蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)和ELISA检测中药提取物对毛乳头细胞分泌肝细胞生长因子(HGF)的影响。结果:中药提取物能够刺激体外培养的小鼠毛囊的生长,800μg/mL浓度的促进作用最强;160μg/mL中药提取物对毛乳头细胞的增殖作用最强,与米诺地尔、齐墩果酸阳性对照存在显著性差异(P0.05)。而且,药提取物促进了毛乳头细胞分泌HGF。结论:黄芪、何首乌、女贞子、菟丝子混合中药提取物在促进毛发生长中起到重要作用,促进毛乳头细胞增殖和分泌HGF是促进毛囊生长的可能性药理机制。     

中药治疗眩晕研究进展

检索查新有关中医药治疗眩晕的国内外近10年的文献。从病因病机、辨证论治、验方治疗等各方面对中医药治疗眩晕进行了分析、概述、总结,结果表明:中医药治疗眩晕有较好的确切疗效。与西药相比,中药具有经济价廉、安全有效、副作用少的特点。中医药治疗眩晕值得进一步研究。     

禽源致病性大肠埃希菌的耐药性与中草药有效成分的抑菌活性测定

以28株合肥地区禽源致病性大肠埃希菌为实验材料,采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法检测禽源致病性大肠埃希菌的耐药情况。同时采用平板打孔法测定盐酸小檗碱、绿原酸、靛玉红和丹参酮ⅡA 4种中草药有效成分的抑菌活性。结果表明,28株禽源致病性大肠埃希菌对17种抗菌药物均呈现不同程度的耐药性,对β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、四环素类和喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率分别介于0%～92.86%、14.29%～50.00%、78.57%～100%和57.14%～71.43%。中草药有效成分盐酸小檗碱和丹参酮ⅡA对大肠埃希菌具有较好的抑制活性,抑菌率分别为92.86%（26/28）和89.29%（25/28）。     

七种中草药提取物抗肿瘤活性部位的筛选研究初报

选取叶下珠、珠子草、千里光、鸦胆子、使君子、冬青和猫爪藤等7种中草药进行提取和初步分离,筛选出有抗肿瘤效果的活性部位,并对其进行初步分析。采用MTT法,以7种中草药醇提物的不同分离部位分别对人肝癌、胃癌、卵巢癌等肿瘤细胞株进行体外增殖抑制作用研究,并以人正常肝细胞株为模型对照跟踪筛选活性部位。结果表明,从7种中草药醇提物中,均获得对肿瘤细胞株具有体外增殖抑制作用的化学分离部位,其中叶下珠和珠子草的乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层的活性最显著,千里光的乙酸乙酯层、鸦胆子的正丁醇层、使君子和冬青的氯仿层活性次之,猫爪藤氯仿层和冬青的乙酸乙酯层活性较差,其他部位无活性。     

中草药复方对拟态弧菌的体内外抗菌和拮抗外毒素的作用

目的探明拟态弧菌外毒素的致病性,筛选出对拟态弧菌具有良好抗菌和拮抗外毒素作用的中草药复方。方法培养拟态弧菌安徽分离株,采用蛋白分离技术提取其外毒素,测定其对实验草鱼的致病性。以黄连、大黄、金银花、夏枯草、丹皮、地锦草、连翘、茯苓、车前子、黄芪和甘草组成3个复方,采用改良微量稀释法测定不同中草药复方对拟态弧菌的体外抑菌作用。同时使用动物模型测定不同中草药复方拮抗外毒素作用和对拟态弧菌感染草鱼的保护作用。结果4株拟态弧菌产生的外毒素对实验鱼均具有较强的致死性。复方3的体外抑菌作用最强,对4株拟态弧菌的MIC值均为1.96g/L;其次为复方1,其MIC值介于3.92～7.84g/L;复方2的抑菌作用最差,其MIC值介于62.72～125g/L。复方3拮抗外毒素作用最强,其次为复方2,复方1不具有抗毒素作用。复方3对拟态弧菌感染草鱼具有最好的保护作用,保护率为100%;其次为复方2,保护率为23.81%;复方1的保护率最低,仅为19.05%。结论拟态弧菌外毒素在腹水病发生过程中起着重要致病作用。复方3具有良好的抗菌和拮抗外毒素作用,为筛选出的最佳复方,可进一步研制成为治疗腹水病的中草药复方制剂。     

Application of proteomics in research on traditional Chinese medicine

Introduction: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a widely used complementary alternative medicine approach. Although many aspects of its effectiveness have been approved clinically, rigorous scientific techniques are highly required to translate the promises from TCM into powerful modern therapies. In this respect, proteomics is useful because of its ability to unveil the underlying target proteins and/or protein biomarkers.

Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the recent interplay between proteomics and research on TCM, ranging from exploration of the medicinal materials to the biological basis of TCM concepts, and from pathological studies to pharmacological investigations. We show that proteomic analyses provide preliminary biological evidence of the promises in TCM, and the integration of proteomics with other omics and bioinformatics offers a comprehensive methodology to address the complications of TCM.

Expert commentary: Currently, only limited information can be obtained regarding TCM issues and thus more work is required to resolve the ambiguity. As such, more collaborations between proteomics and other techniques (other omics, network pharmacology, etc.) are essential for deciphering the underlying biological basis in TCM topics.     

中药治疗眩晕研究进展

检索查新有关中医药治疗眩晕的国内外近10年的文献。从病因病机、辨证论治、验方治疗等各方面对中医药治疗眩晕进行了分析、概述、总结,结果表明：中医药治疗眩晕有较好的确切疗效。与西药相比,中药具有经济价廉、安全有效、副作用少的特点。中医药治疗眩晕值得进一步研究。