干扰素刺激基因15在人类免疫缺陷病毒感染中作用的研究进展

随着有效的联合抗反转录病毒疗法(combination antiretroviral therapy,cART)的普及,人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者的生存期逐步延长。这一过程中,HIV感染者自身免疫反应对免疫系统功能的恢复也发挥了至关重要的作用。HIV感染激活干扰素信号通路,诱导干扰素刺激基因(interferon-stimulated gene,ISG)上调表达,从而发挥抗病毒作用。其中,类泛素蛋白ISG15在HIV感染者中显著上调,通过ISG化抑制HIV颗粒的出芽和释放;而HIV的非结构蛋白则通过干扰ISG化过程或结合干扰素信号通路关键分子,逆转ISG15对病毒的抑制作用。本文从ISG15的生物学特性、在不同细胞亚群中的表达、抗病毒功能及病毒逃逸机制等方面进行综述,为进一步解析ISG15在HIV感染中扮演的角色、探索如何获得以抗HIV感染宿主因子为契机的治疗策略提供了思路。     

Expression of human immunodeficiency virus genes using baculovirus expression system

The structural protein genes of HIV-1 and HIV-2 have been expressed inSpodoptera frugiperda (SF) cells using baculovirus expression system. The noncoding flanking sequences of HIV structural genes were removed and a putative ribosome binding site was placed in front of the open reading frame of each gene by using crossover linker mutagenesis. The coding sequences of thegag, pol, env, andvif proteins were inserted intoAutographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) so that HIV genes were under the control of the AcNPV polyhedrin promoter. All recombinant AcNPV-infected SF cells express high levels of HIV structural proteins. Detailed strategies of recombinant AcNPV construction for high level protein expression are presented.     

Molecular evolution and phylogeny of the human AIDS viruses LAV,HTLV-III,and ARV

Summary A phylogenetic tree for the human lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV), the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type III (HTLV-III), and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated retrovirus (ARV) has been constructed from comparisons of the amino acid sequences of their gag proteins. A method is proposed for estimating the divergence times among these AIDS viruses and the rates of nucleotide substitution for their RNA genomes. The analysis indicates that the LAV and HTLV-III strains diverged from one another after 1977 and that their common ancestor diverged from the ARV virus no more than 10 years earlier. Hence, the evolutionary diversity among strains of the AIDS viruses apparently has been generated within the last 20 years. It is estimated that the genome of the AIDS virus has a nucleotide substitution rate on the order of 10^–3 per site per year, with the rate in the second half of the genome being double that in the first half.     

上海地区HIV毒株基因亚型分布及原发基因耐药的分子流行病学研究

本文通过对未经抗病毒治疗患者的人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV-1）毒株进行检测,了解上海地区HIV-1的亚型分布及原发耐药基因变异现状。对118例未经治疗的HIV感染者其标本中HIV蛋白酶全长和部分反转录酶基因进行反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）扩增,经DNA测序后进行系统进化树分析和重组分析,以确定HIV-1基因亚型和重组体,并与斯坦福耐药数据库比对,了解耐药性突变位点。使用斯坦福REGA HIV亚型分型工具和美国国立生物技术信息中心（NCBI）HIV亚型分析工具分析亚型,获得118例患者的HIV基因序列,基因分型分别为CRF01_AE重组体57例(48.3%)、B亚型36例(30.5%)、CRF07_BC 15例 (12.7%)、CRF08_BC 7例(5.9%)、C亚型2例(1.7%),亚型间或重组体间二重重组体(B/CRF01_A E)1例(0.8%)。蛋白酶抑制剂(PI)和反转录酶抑制剂相关的耐药基因突变率达54.2%（64/118）,其中2例（1.7%）发生PI耐药,基因突变位点：M46L、Q58E。5例(4.1%)对反转录酶抑制剂产生耐药,其中对核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NRTI）和非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTI）的耐药率分别为3例(2.4%)和5例(4.1%)。基因突变位点：NRTI为M41L、D67N、T69I/N/S、K70L、L74V、V75L、V118I、M184V、L210W/F/M/S和T215F;NNRTI为V90I、L100V、K103R/N、V106M/P/I/G、E138G/A、V179E/D/T、Y181C、G190A、H221Y、F227L、K238S和Y318F。结果提示,上海地区HIV毒株以CRF01_AE重组亚型为主,且发现新的重组体,可能出现新重组体流行的趋势。PI和反转录酶抑制剂相关的耐药基因突变率较高,且存在高度原发耐药毒株,应加强HIV-1耐药基因变异监测,科学、合理地给予抗病毒治疗。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒潜伏库定量检测技术的研究进展

以静息CD4~+T细胞为主的人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)潜伏库的清除已成为治愈HIV-1感染的主要障碍,人们迫切需要建立一种高通量、可靠的、高灵敏度的方法来定量检测病毒潜伏库的真实大小。本文就目前关于HIV潜伏库的多种定量检测方法进行综述。     

女性艾滋病患者的抗反转录病毒治疗与人类免疫缺陷病毒母婴阻断

自从对感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的妊娠妇女实施抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)以预防母婴垂直传播以来,HIV母婴阻断成功率明显上升。而部分抗病毒药物,如依非韦伦和替诺福韦,也逐渐被证实用于妊娠期妇女对胎儿是安全的,这增加了HIV母婴阻断药物的选择范围。     

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies identifying type and strain-specific epitopes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Summary Several hybridoma cell lines were raised against the highly cytopathic Zairian isolate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), HIV1-NDK.The specificity of the secreted monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was demonstrated by immunoblotting, radioimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Two hybridoma cell lines secreted mAb reacting with independent epitopes of the NDK p17 capsid protein and its precursors. One, RL16.24.5, is specific for the NDK isolate whereas the other, RL16.45.1, along with anti-p25 RL16.30.1 mAb, bind all HIV1 isolates but not HIV2. Together with the previously described mAb RL4.72.1 those reagents define lentivirus subfamily (HIV1, HIV2, SIV) type/subtype (HIV1) and strain (HIVI-NDK) specific epitopes expressed on HIVl-NDK core proteins. The last mAb RL16.76.1 binds the env gene products gp160 and gp120.     

Lack of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus from infected to uninfected chimpanzees

Four uninfected chimpanzees were each housed in separate cages with an HIV-infected chimpanzee for six to twenty-nine months. Despite close daily contact, all uninoculated chimpanzees remained seronegative for HIV, and virus was never isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the uninfected chimpanzees. These data indicate that the probability of transmission from infected animals to humans is extremely low and also provide supportive evidence for lack of transmission of HIV by casual contact.     

融合表达小鼠IgG2b-Fc可增强人类免疫缺陷病毒1型Gag DNA疫苗的免疫原性

为阐明小鼠IgG2b-Fc对DNA疫苗免疫原性的增强作用,首先构建表达人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)CN54Gag基因的DNA疫苗及表达Gag与小鼠IgG2b-Fc融合基因的DNA疫苗,限制性酶切和DNA测序结果表明这两个疫苗均构建成功,蛋白免疫印迹结果也显示其正确表达。然后,利用上述DNA疫苗接种C57BL/6小鼠,比较两个DNA疫苗所诱导的特异性体液免疫反应和特异性细胞免疫反应。结果显示,融合表达小鼠IgG2b-Fc对特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫反应均有增强作用,但只有对特异性体液免疫反应的增强作用有统计学意义。     

Dynein light chain 1 peptide inhibits human immunodeficiency virus infection in eukaryotic cells

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses kinases such as Pak1 and macropinocytosis for a productive infection. Recently dynein light chain 1 (DLC1), a component of the dynein motor, was identified as a Pak1 substrate and interacted with the C-terminal region of DLC1 (aa 61-89). The dynein motor is implicated in retrograde transport, also of HIV, to the nucleus. It is known that DLC1 is important in macropinocytosis, and anti-dynein antibodies inhibit a productive HIV infection. Here, we show that in Hela-β-gal cells macropinocytosis was effectively blocked by a peptide spanning the C-terminal 19 amino acids of DLC1. We also found that the DLC1 peptide was capable of inhibiting the early entry steps of HIV, and the DLC1 peptide efficiently inhibited a productive HIV infection, and cooperated with the anti-HIV activity of CD4 antibodies. Taken together, the potentially therapeutic DLC1 peptide represents an interesting class of HIV inhibitors, targeting an essential cellular component for HIV infection. Our findings raise the possibility that the use of a DLC1 peptide in combination with currently used anti-HIV agents, might offer additional arsenal against HIV infection in human cells.     

Patterns of nucleotide substitutions and implications for the immunological diversity of human immunodeficiency virus

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exhibits immunological hypervariability, which has been an obstacle to successful production of effective anti-HIV vaccines. In this study, we estimated patterns of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions in the env gene of HIVs, with the aim of finding characteristics of the mechanism which generates the immunological diversity of the env protein of HIVs. We found that nucleotide changes between A and G are predominant compared to those between other nucleotides. Since this feature is consistent with the pattern of nucleotide substitutions of other retroviral genes but is quite different from those of most eukaryotic genes, a high rate of nucleotide substitution between A and G appears to be specific for retroviruses including HIVs. We discuss the biological relationship between this biased substitution and the mechanism generating hypervariability of epitopes on the env protein of HIVs.     

抗人类免疫缺陷病毒1型感染的双特异性抗体的构建及其功能研究

靶向人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）流行毒株的广谱中和抗体（broadly neutralizing antibody, bNAb）单一疗法最终会导致机体出现病毒逃逸突变，然而基于广谱中和抗体开发的双特异性或多特异性抗体则表现出较好的中和效力和广谱性。根据已公布的单链可变区基因抗体序列，经密码子优化后合成一种由单基因编码的双特异性抗体iMab-PGT151，经双酶切和测序对重组质粒进行了验证。酶联免疫吸附试验检测双特异性抗体的结合特异性，检测U87细胞裂解液中的荧光素酶活性以定量分析双特异性抗体对HIV-1假病毒的中和作用；间接免疫荧光染色法检测双特异性抗体iMab-PGT151对人喉癌上皮细胞的反应性；酶联免疫吸附试验检测该抗体对心磷脂的结合能力，验证其自体反应性。结果显示，构建的双特异抗体iMab-PGT151能够成功表达，可分别结合亲本抗体的各个配体，具有双特异性，能100%中和20株假病毒，IC50值为0.084 μg/mL。与亲本抗体相比，该抗体具有更强的中和效力和广谱度，无自体反应性，具有临床适用性。所构建的双特异性抗体iMab-PGT151将可能成为预防和治疗HIV-1感染的有效候选药物之一。     

外泌体在人类免疫缺陷病毒1型感染中的研究进展

外泌体(exosome)是动物细胞在生理或病理条件下分泌到胞外的内生性纳米微囊,在疾病发生机制和药物运输载体等研究领域成为新宠。近年来发现,外泌体在人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)感染者体内能转移病毒组分和病毒相关免疫分子,与HIV-1感染密切相关。本文以外泌体介导的HIV-1感染机制为重点,围绕外泌体与HIV-1感染的关系进行综述。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒解剖学病毒储存库与检测方法的研究进展

由于人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)储存库的存在,获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)患者即便接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗也无法完全清除体内的潜伏病毒.本文就HIV在人体内可能存在的解剖学储存库、病毒储存库...     

不同人类免疫缺陷病毒感染途径群体中戊型肝炎病毒的流行情况

本研究旨在了解不同人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染途径群体中戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus,HEV)抗体情况,探讨HEV疫苗接种的必要性。采集HIV感染者的血清或血浆,利用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)检测HEV IgG抗体、IgM抗体及抗原,荧光定量聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测HEV核酸,Roche高纯化HIV-1核酸定量检测试剂盒(PCR荧光法)检测HIV感染者的HIV载量。比较分析不同HIV感染途径群体中HEV流行率的差别。结果显示,HIV感染者中HEV IgG抗体的阳性率为37.4%,静脉吸毒、成分献血和传播途径不明HIV感染群体的HEV IgG抗体阳性率分别为49.3%、39.5%和30.4%。HEV核酸荧光PCR检测结果均为阴性。3种HIV感染群体之间HEV IgG抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=2.978,P0.05)。HEV IgG阳性与阴性感染者之间HIV载量差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结果提示,为保护HIV感染者免受HEV感染,应考虑接种HEV疫苗。     

抗人类免疫缺陷病毒1型广谱中和抗体的研究进展

现行抗反转录病毒治疗药物的联合应用可有效抑制艾滋病进程并显著延长患者寿命,但由于人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)潜伏库的存在,艾滋病迄今尚无法治愈。近年发现抗HIV广谱中和抗体能有效降低患者体内病毒载量并延缓疾病进程,为研发艾滋病疫苗和治愈策略带来了曙光,尤其是序贯免疫策略的使用极大推进了广谱中和抗体的开发和应用进程。2018年,美国食品药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准了第1个临床应用的广谱中性单克隆和抗体,无疑为抗HIV单克隆抗体药物的研发注入了一支强心剂。本文围绕近年来抗HIV广谱中和抗体的研究进展进行综述,探讨未来广谱中和抗体研发面临的挑战。     

Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus gp120 with the voltage-gated potassium channel BEC1

Retrovirus replication critically depends on a dynamic interplay between retroviral and host proteins. We report on the binding of the surface subunit (glycoprotein 120 (gp120)) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) to the cytoplasmic C-terminus of the voltage-gated potassium channel BEC1 (brain-specific ether-a-go-go-like channel 1), an interaction that can result in the repression of BEC’s activity and the inhibition of HIV-1 particle-release. BEC1 protein was found to be expressed in T cells and macrophages, the major target cells of HIV-1. Thus, gp120/BEC1 interaction may be involved in HIV-1 life cycle and/or pathogenesis.

Structured summary

MINT-7968695: BEC1 (uniprotkb:Q9ULD8) physically interacts (MI:0915) with gp160 (uniprotkb:P04578) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-7968714: BEC1 (uniprotkb:Q9ULD8) physically interacts (MI:0915) with gp160 (uniprotkb:P04578) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)MINT-7968675: BEC1 (uniprotkb:Q9ULD8) physically interacts (MI:0915) with gp160 (uniprotkb:P04578) by pull down (MI:0096)     

Cell surface effects of human immunodeficiency virus

Cell killing by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is thought to contribute to many of the defects of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two types of cytopathology are observed in HIV-infected cultured cells: cell-cell fusion and killing of single cells. Both killing processes appear to involve cell surface effects of HIV. A model is proposed for the HIV-mediated cell surface processes which could result in cell-cell fusion and single cell killing. The purpose of this model is to define the potential roles of individual viral envelope and cell surface molecules in cell killing processes and to identify alternative routes to the establishment of persistently-infected cells. Elucidation of HIV-induced cell surface effects may provide the basis for a rational approach to the design of antiviral agents which are selective for HIV-infected cells.     

268份人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体待确定样本的检测结果分析

为了提高实验室人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)抗体检测能力及对免疫蛋白印迹(Western blot,WB)实验结果的判断能力,对送检至北京市东城区艾滋病确证实验室的268份HIV抗体待确定样本进行确证实验及结果分析。按照试剂说明书和实验室标准作业程序(Standard Operation Procedure,SOP)操作对送检的全部样本进行WB确证实验;了解HIV筛查实验结果与确证实验结果的相关性,并分析不同送检机构、送检人群样本的检测结果差异以及不同试剂、不同检测方法的结果差异。结果显示在筛查出抗体待确定的268份样本中,确证阳性170份,阳性率63.43%;确证阴性51份,阴性率19.03%;不确定结果47份,占筛查有反应的17.54%。确证阳性病例来自监管场所、自愿咨询检测门诊(Voluntary Counseling and Test,VCT)和医疗机构,不同送检单位及不同人群的阳性样本率有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。WB确证阳性样本带型以全条带和次全条带为主,且所有确证阳性标本均来自双试剂阳性样本。不同检测方法阳性样本率的差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),其中化学发光法的样本阳性率占46.27%,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)占88.29%,胶体硒法占43.48%。本研究结果提示,对潜在HIV感染者,应扩大检测面,加强医疗机构检测,并提供一种以上方法的多次检测,以减少漏检的风险。