蜜蜂成虫工蜂肠道可培养细菌群落结构分析

【目的】研究2种蜜蜂(健康意大利蜜蜂和健康中华蜜蜂)成虫工蜂肠道可培养细菌的群落结构组成。【方法】利用16S r RNA基因的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)分析技术,结合菌落形态观察和生理生化特征鉴定细菌种类。【结果】从2种蜜蜂成虫工蜂肠道200株可培养细菌得到18种不同细菌遗传型,分属于肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)、弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)和肠球菌科(Enterococcaceae)3个科。其中肠杆菌科是肠道可培养细菌最优势的细菌种类。同样以序列相似性大于97%的菌株归为相同细菌种类为标准,找到了2种蜜蜂可培养细菌的共有菌种,结合菌落形态观察和生理生化特征鉴定,确定肠道可培养细菌为肠杆菌属8株,克雷伯氏菌属1株,肠球菌属2株,以及气单胞菌属1株。【结论】通过研究健康意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂成虫工蜂肠道可培养细菌群落结构组成,可为开展蜜蜂的微生态研究提供基础性资料。     

牦牛源产细菌素屎肠球菌的分离鉴定和益生特性

【背景】抗生素的滥用导致牦牛肠道常见病原菌耐药性增加,益生菌作为对抗耐药性细菌的新型武器,应用前景广阔。【目的】获取益生特性优良的牦牛源益生菌。【方法】将20份牦牛粪便样本在含0.5%CaCO3的MRS培养基上分离纯化,以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,用牛津杯法筛选有抑菌活性的菌株;排除酸和过氧化氢后,经耐酸耐热试验和蛋白酶敏感试验筛选产细菌素菌株,用形态学和16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定;通过对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等腹泻病原菌体外抑菌试验、耐模拟胃肠液、测定自聚集能力和疏水性及抗生素敏感试验分析益生特性。【结果】从20份牦牛粪便样本中共分离出11株产生溶钙圈的菌株,其中6株对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果显著,经复筛得到2株产细菌素的乳酸菌SC6和SC9,经鉴定均为屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)。其中SC9对腹泻病原菌抑菌效果明显,有良好的耐受性和肠道黏附能力,对5种常用抗生素均敏感。【结论】屎肠球菌SC9有一定的抗逆性和潜在的益生能力,具备作为益生菌的潜力。     

高产γ-氨基丁酸的棉子糖肠球菌的筛选、鉴定及其摇瓶发酵条件的优化

【目的】在中国传统发酵泡菜中分离出高产γ-氨基丁酸(γ-Aminobutyric acid,GABA)的乳酸菌。【方法】对分离自泡菜中的菌株M1进行形态观察、生理生化特性鉴定及其16S rDNA序列分析,实验采用单因素和正交设计对以MRS培养基为基础的GABA发酵培养基与摇瓶发酵条件进行了优化。【结果】菌株M1的形态培养和生理生化特征均符合肠球菌属(Enterococcus)特征,其16S rDNA序列与Enterococcus raffinosusSS1278 16S rDNA序列同源性达99%,鉴定为棉子糖肠球菌(Enterococcus raffinosus)。优化该菌株产GABA的发酵培养基的实验发现,最佳摇瓶发酵条件为:接种量10%,发酵温度30°C,培养初始pH 5.5,发酵周期60 h,谷氨酸一钠底物浓度10%,GABA产量提高了1.22倍。【结论】棉子糖肠球菌(E.raffinosus)M1菌株具有工业化发酵生产GABA的潜力。     

新疆额尔齐斯河流域冷水鱼肠道耐低温乳酸菌的分离筛选及其遗传差异

[目的]从新疆阿勒泰地区额尔齐斯河流域冷水鱼肠道中分离耐低温的乳酸菌,挖掘乳酸菌的物种和遗传多样性,为低温乳酸菌生物技术研发提供优良菌种.[方法]利用MRS、Elliker两种不同培养基从9种冷水鱼肠道中,分离筛选出耐低温菌,测定细菌最适生长温度并进行常规生理生化实验.根据16S rRNA基因序列初步确定耐低温菌的系统进化地位,并采用BOX、(GTG)5、ERIC三种不同的引物进行rep-PCR,对16S rRNA基因高度同源性的菌株进一步区分.[结果]分离得到78株耐冷菌,最终确定有24株为耐低温乳酸菌,菌株的最适生长温度在15-24℃之间.系统发育分析结果表明:24株耐低温乳酸菌隶属于6个属,其中肉杆菌属(Carnobacterium)3株,乳球菌属(Lactococcus)9株,肠球菌属(Enterococcus)7株,环丝菌属(Brochothrix)1株,魏斯氏菌属(Weissella)2株,链球菌属(Streptococcus)2株.指纹图谱聚类分析树状图显示乳球菌属(Lactococcus)和肠球菌属(Enterococcus)存在种及菌株水平上的遗传差异,前者包括4个种,后者2个种.[结论]新疆额尔齐斯河流域冷水鱼肠道中分离的耐低温乳酸菌以球菌为主,没分离到常见的乳杆菌,需进一步完善分离培养的方法,深入挖掘和研究其物种多样性和遗传多样性.     

橘小实蝇成虫肠道可培养细菌群落结构分析

【目的】研究橘小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis) 3个种群(实验室正常喂养种群、实验室无菌糖水喂养种群和野生种群)成虫肠道可培养细菌的群落结构组成。【方法】利用16S rRNA基因的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)分析技术,结合菌落形态观察和生理生化特征鉴定细菌种类。【结果】从橘小实蝇3个种群成虫肠道600株可培养细菌得到53种不同细菌遗传型,分属于肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)、肠球菌科(Enterococcaceae)和芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)等3个科。其中肠杆菌科是肠道可培养细菌最优势的细菌种类。同样以序列相似性大于97%的菌株归为相同的细菌种类为标准,找到了橘小实蝇3个种群可培养细菌的共有菌种,结合菌落形态观察和生理生化特征鉴定,确定共有菌种为肠杆菌属5株,克雷伯氏菌属2株,柠檬酸杆菌属1株,泛菌属1株,肠球菌属2株,以及芽孢杆菌属4株。【结论】通过研究橘小实蝇成虫肠道可培养细菌群落结构组成,可为探讨肠道菌群对寄主的生理功能和生态学意义奠定基础,最终为利用微生物防治此类害虫提供新思路。     

一株猪源屎肠球菌HDRsEf1益生特性研究

本研究旨在筛选一株具有优良生物特性的屎肠球菌,作为微生态制剂候选菌株;重点研究其与肠道相关的抗逆性能和对病原菌的抑菌活性。以自健康通城猪直肠内容物分离得到的屎肠球菌HDRsEf1为研究对象,通过耐受试验、抑菌试验研究该菌的益生特性。发现屎肠球菌HDRsEf1能够耐受浓度为0.5%的胆盐,并能在pH为2.0的酸中存活;对粘蛋白有显著的粘附作用(P0.05);能耐受70℃的温度。该菌发酵上清液能够抑制食源致病菌和畜禽临床主要致病菌的生长,结果表明屎肠球菌HDRsEf1可作微生态制剂菌株。     

草鱼肠道纤维素降解细菌的分离与鉴定简

为更好地弄清草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)肠道纤维素降解细菌的种类,采用羧甲基纤维素(CMC)作为唯一碳源的选择性培养基,分别从草鱼肠道内容物和肠道黏膜中分离到了40株产纤维素酶细菌。16S rRNA基因序列的分析结果显示,大多数产纤维素酶细菌为气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)的种类,其次为肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)的细菌以及未经分离纯培养的细菌(Uncultured bacterium)。进一步研究细菌产纤维素酶能力发现,纤维素酶活性显著性高于其他菌株的分别是A.veronii MC2、A.veronii BC6、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)中一种未经分离纯培养的细菌BM3(Uncultured bacterium BM3)和A.jandaei HC9。草鱼肠道中简答气单胞菌(A.jandaei)、类志贺邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas shigelloides)、阴沟肠杆菌(E.cloacae)以及产气肠杆菌(E.aerogenes)是被作为产纤维素酶细菌的首次报道。     

肠球菌属细菌感染耐药性分析

目的了解中国医科大学附属盛京医院肠球菌属细菌的临床分布及耐药情况,为指导临床制定合理有效治疗方案提供理论依据。方法收集2017年1月1日至2017年12月31日我院门诊、住院患者肠球菌属细菌病原学资料,回顾性分析其菌种分布、标本分布、科室来源及其耐药特征。结果共分离出466株肠球菌属细菌,其中粪肠球菌211株(45.28%)、屎肠球菌255株(54.72%)。肠球菌属细菌均以尿液标本为最主要的来源,其次为全血标本,并且来源于尿液标本的肠球菌属细菌对临床常用抗生素的耐药率普遍高于非尿液标本肠球菌属细菌耐药率。儿科为屎肠球菌最主要的分布科室,而粪肠球菌则主要分布于泌尿外科。耐药性方面,除四环素、利福平和喹努普汀/达福普汀外,屎肠球菌对受检的其余18种抗生素的耐药性均高于粪肠球菌,但对喹努普汀/达福普汀无耐药性,而粪肠球菌对此种抗生素的耐药率却为100.00%。二者对克林霉素的耐药率均为100.00%。共检出耐万古霉素肠球菌7株(1.50%),耐替考拉宁肠球菌6株(1.28%),未发现对替加环素、利奈唑胺耐药菌株。结论屎肠球菌在肠球菌属细菌中占主要地位,且耐药率方面明显高于粪肠球菌,耐糖肽类抗生素菌株的出现需引起临床的高度警惕,应进一步加强耐药菌株的监测,并对临床应用抗生素加以规范。     

纹藤壶附生菌的分离鉴定及蛋白酶菌株的产酶性质研究

目的：研究纹藤壶附生菌的分离鉴定及蛋白酶菌株的产酶性质。方法：黄渤海潮间带海域纹藤壶中分离到54株菌株,经酪蛋白酶实验,筛选得到4株高产蛋白酶的菌株,并对其进行菌种鉴定、产蛋白酶的发酵条件优化及产酶活性测定。结果：经筛选,得到4株高产蛋白酶的菌株,编号分别为X8、X18、X21、X48。通过16S rDNA序列分析,结合透射电镜及形态学观察、生理生化测试结果,初步鉴定X8为河豚毒素假交替单胞菌、X18为乔治亚海杆菌、X21为杀鱼假交替单胞菌、X48为康氏菌。通过测定菌株的生长曲线,确定菌株X8发酵量最高的培养时间为18h、确定菌株X18发酵量最高的培养时间为18h、确定菌株X21发酵量最高的培养时间为21h、确定菌株X48发酵量最高的培养时间为18 h。在最适培养时间的基础上,通过单因素多水平试验设计,可得产蛋白酶菌株X8的最佳发酵条件：可溶性淀粉5.0‰、初始pH 7.0、培养基盐度10‰、培养温度25℃;X18最佳发酵条件：可溶性淀粉5.0‰、初始pH 7.0、培养基盐度15‰、培养温度30℃;X21最佳发酵条件：蔗糖5.0‰、初始pH 7.0～8.0、培养基盐度15‰、培养温度25℃;X48最佳发酵条件：可溶性淀粉5.0‰、初始pH 7.0、培养基盐度15‰、培养温度25℃。结论：在优化发酵条件下,X8、X18、X21、X48菌株产蛋白酶酶活力分别达到707.06、240.00、441.18、328.22 U/mL。该研究为探索潜在的高产蛋白酶菌株提供了科学依据。     

多项分类方法鉴定西藏地区藏灵菇中的乳酸球菌

【目的】采用多项分类法对16株分离自藏灵菇中的乳酸球菌进行准确鉴定。【方法】首先应用传统的生理生化试验,之后采用16S-23S rRNA间区序列多态性分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)进行了鉴定,最后,通过16S rRNA基因序列分析进行验证。【结果】将16株菌株初步鉴定为3个菌群:片球菌群、乳球菌群和肠球菌群,进一步鉴定为14株耐久肠球菌,1株乳酸片球菌,1株乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种,16S rRNA基因序列分析验证的结果与前3种试验方法的结果相一致。【结论】试验结果表明传统的生理生化鉴定和16S-23S rRNA间区序列多态性分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)相结合的多项分类方法有利于乳酸球菌种间的准确鉴定。     

In vitro study on bacteriocin production of Enterococci associated with chickens

In recent years, the approach of using innovative strategies such as probiotics or bacteriocins for the prevention or treatment of bacterial infections has come into focus. The present study was undertaken to check in vitro ability of Enterococci-isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of chickens-to produce a bacteriocin-like substance and to describe some further probiotic properties in five selected Enterococcus faecium strains. All strains (n=17) were found to produce bacteriocin-like substances against 14 out of 20 indicator bacteria of animal, food or environmental origin. Selected E. faecium strains expressed sufficient survival by pH 3.0 after 3h, in the presence of 1% bile after 24h and they were sensitive to most of antimicrobials tested. All tested strains adhere to the human, canine and porcine intestinal mucus (between 1.5% and 9.2%). However, better adhesion ability was observed for the canine mucus. PCR detection of enterocin structural genes determined presence of enterocins A and P genes in all selected strains. Characterization of bacteriocin substance in detail was performed in E. faecium EF55. The EF55 strain produced a bacteriocin-like substance (during the late logarithmic and early stationary growth phase) with inhibitory activity mostly against Gram-positive bacteria (100-51,200 AU/mL) including Listeria monocytogenes. Proteinaceous character of the bacteriocin substance was confirmed (its inhibitory activity was lost after its treatment with proteases), it was found to be stable after heating (100 degrees C 10 min) and during 12 months storage at -20 degrees C. The highest inhibitory activity of bacteriocin produced by EF55 strain (growing in MRS) broth was achieved between pH 7.0 and 9.0.     

Antibiotic resistance and virulence traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates

This study compared virulence and antibiotic resistance traits in clinical and environmental Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates. E. faecalis isolates harboured a broader spectrum of virulence determinants compared to E. faecium isolates. The virulence traits Cyl-A, Cyl-B, Cyl-M, gel-E, esp and acm were tested and environmental isolates predominantly harboured gel-E (80% of E. faecalis and 31.9% of E. faecium) whereas esp was more prevalent in clinical isolates (67.8% of E. faecalis and 70.4% of E. faecium). E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from water had different antibiotic resistance patterns compared to those isolated from clinical samples. Linezolid resistance was not observed in any isolates tested and vancomycin resistance was observed only in clinical isolates. Resistance to other antibiotics (tetracycline, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin) was detected in both clinical and water isolates. Clinical isolates were more resistant to all the antibiotics tested compared to water isolates. Multi-drug resistance was more prevalent in clinical isolates (71.2% of E. faecalis and 70.3% of E. faecium) compared to water isolates (only 5.7% E. faecium). tet L and tet M genes were predominantly identified in tetracycline-resistant isolates. All water and clinical isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin and ampicillin contained mutations in the gyrA, parC and pbp5 genes. A significant correlation was found between the presence of virulence determinants and antibiotic resistance in all the isolates tested in this study (p<0.05). The presence of antibiotic resistant enterococci, together with associated virulence traits, in surface recreational water could be a public health risk.     

Infection density of Wolbachia and level of cytoplasmic incompatibility in the Mediterranean flour moth,Ephestia kuehniella

Wolbachia, a causative agent of various reproductive changes in arthropods, induces cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella. Two strains of E. kuehniella, Yokohama and Tsuchiura, harbor closely related Wolbachia, but the Yokohama strain expresses stronger CI than the Tsuchiura strain. A transinfected E. kuehniella strain that harbors the Wolbachia derived from the almond moth Cadra cautella, expresses weak CI at a similar level to the Tsuchiura strain. In the present study, we measured the Wolbachia density in the testis of the three E. kuehniella strains in order to examine the effects of bacterial strain and infection load on the expression of CI. When individuals of the same strain were compared, a correlation of bacterial density to CI level was observed. In addition, the Wolbachia density was higher in the Yokohama strain than the Tsuchiura strain in agreement with the CI levels expressed. However, this relationship did not hold in the comparison between the naturally infected and transinfected strains that carried phylogenetically distant Wolbachia.     

诺氟沙星壳聚糖微胶囊缓释作用研究

利用冷冻干燥法制备了诺氟沙星-壳聚糖微囊制剂,并比较了诺氟沙星-壳聚糖微囊制剂与诺氟沙星原料药在草鱼组织中代谢动力学的差异性。结果表明,同诺氟沙星原料药相比,壳聚糖包埋对诺氟沙星在草鱼血浆中的吸收、代谢速率明显延缓,生物利用度明显增加。壳聚糖包埋条件下T1/2 ka为单纯口灌诺氟沙星的8倍,达峰时间平均延长2倍有余,T1/2和T1/2也明显延长,消除率（CLs）是单纯口灌的1/2;5倍壳聚糖包埋条件下诺氟沙星在草鱼血浆中的吸收速度比10倍包埋条件下稍快,达峰时间短,消除速度明显加快,但分布半衰期和曲线下面积（AUC）大小二者比较接近。实验中诺氟沙星-壳聚糖微囊制剂同诺氟沙星原料药在草鱼体内代谢动力学差异表明壳聚糖包埋对诺氟沙星药效的释放及鱼体对药物的吸收代谢都具有明显的延缓效果,因此在实际的生产活动中可用壳聚糖作为缓释剂延长药效、延缓药物在养殖动物体内的吸收代谢,提高生物利用率,达到更好的预防和治疗效果。       

抑制E.coli的SOS应答对恩诺沙星抗药性的影响

通过敲除SOS应答启动蛋白基因rec A,探讨SOS应答对E.coli恩诺沙星抗药性的影响,并体外评价Rec A抑制剂和恩诺沙星联用对细菌协同抑制作用的影响.利用Red重组系统,构建E.coli ATCC 25922的rec A缺失菌株E.coli ATCC 25922/?rec A;在恩诺沙星压力下,利用荧光定量PCR测定SOS应答系统相关基因rec A和umu C表达量的变化.用微量肉汤稀释法测定恩诺沙星等常用抗生素对两个菌株的MIC变化;利用梯度平板法测定恩诺沙星对两个菌株抗药性变异的影响;合成Rec A抑制剂,并评估其与恩诺沙星联合抑制E.coli生长及其抗药性的作用.结果表明,E.coli ATCC 25922/?rec A菌株对恩诺沙星的最低抑菌浓度值降低至原始菌株的1/8;经药物处理后,在梯度平板上,rec A缺失菌株较野生型不易产生抗药性;荧光定量PCR表明,rec A缺失菌株或在Rec A抑制剂作用下,SOS应答系统受到一定的抑制.敲除rec A,使菌株对恩诺沙星的抗药性和抗药率均明显降低;Rec A抑制剂在一定程度上能抑制SOS应答,起到协同抑菌作用.     

Enterococcus faecium EK13--an enterocin a-producing strain with probiotic character and its effect in piglets

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the inoculation of the probiotic and enterocin A-producing strain Enterococcus faecium EK13 on selected parameters of metabolic profile, gut microflora, growth, and health in newborn piglets of Slovak White Improved. Piglets for study were divided into two groups: one group (EK13 group, n=8) received strain EK13 per os once daily for 7 days (2ml per piglet, 10(9)CFU/mL of saline buffer). The control group of piglets (n=7) was given placebo-saline buffer. The experiment lasted 14 days. After 7 days, strain EK13 reached 9.8 log(10) CFU/g in faeces of E. faecium EK13 treated piglets while counts of Escherichia coli were significantly lower (P<0.01) than in piglets of the control group. The concentrations of total serum protein, calcium, haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cell count and index of phagocytic activity of leukocytes were significantly higher after application of strain EK13. On the other hand, cholesterol was significantly lower in the EK13 group of animals. On day 14, piglets were killed and samples of intestinal contents were taken. Total counts of bacteria in the intestinal contents (jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon) were not significantly influenced. The pH value was significantly lower (P<0.05) only in duodenum of piglets receiving E. faecium EK13. There was a significant higher concentration of lactic acid (P<0.01) and propionic acid in the colon (P<0.001) of the EK13 group. Application of E. faecium EK13 did not influence the daily body weight gain significantly.     

Mutations in connexin43 (GJA1) perturb bone growth in zebrafish fins

Mechanisms that regulate the size and shape of bony structures are largely unknown. The molecular identification of the fin length mutant short fin (sof), which causes defects in the length of bony fin ray segments, may provide insights regarding the regulation of bone growth. In this report, we demonstrate that the sof phenotype is caused by mutations in the connexin43 (cx43) gene. This conclusion is supported by genetic mapping, reduced expression of cx43 in the original sof allele (sofb123), identification of missense mutations in three ENU-induced alleles, and by demonstration of partially abrogated cx43 function in sofb123 embryos. Expression of cx43 was identified in cells flanking the germinal region of newly growing segments as well as in the osteoblasts at segment boundaries. This pattern of cx43 expression in cells lateral to new segment growth is consistent with a model where cx43-expressing cells represent a biological ruler that measures segment size. This report identifies the first gene identification for a fin length mutation (sof) as well as the first connexin mutations in zebrafish, and therefore reveals a critical role for local cell-cell communication in the regulation of bone size and growth.     

一株溶藻细菌对海洋原甲藻的溶藻效应

从深圳大鹏湾南澳赤潮爆发海域的表层海水中分离得到1株对海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)具有溶藻活性的海洋细菌,菌株编号为N10。利用液相感染法研究了该溶藻细菌的溶藻效果和溶藻作用方式。结果表明,菌株N10能使藻细胞失去运动活性,并膨胀变形,细胞膜内物质聚集于一端,藻细胞最终破裂死亡。菌悬液接种到藻液中的量越大,初始细菌密度越高,其溶藻效果越强。菌悬液以1∶10的体积比接种到藻液中时,藻细胞在24 h的死亡率为83%,至72 h全部溶解死亡;体积比为1∶20的藻细胞在24 h的死亡率为71%,之后藻细胞密度略有波动,120 h时死亡率达77%;而体积比为1∶100的藻细胞密度在前24 h有所下降,死亡率达39%,之后藻细胞密度又开始明显上升;对照组的藻细胞密度均呈明显上升趋势。菌悬液过滤液和高温加热处理后的菌悬液过滤液对海洋原甲藻均无溶藻活性,表明菌株N10的溶藻方式为直接溶藻。通过16S rRNA序列分析并与GenBank数据进行同源性检索,并结合细菌形态及生理生化特征,菌株N10隶属于黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae)中的Muricauda sp.。     

Novel L-amino acid oxidase with algicidal activity against toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa synthesized by a bacterium Aquimarina sp

A brownish yellow pigmented bacterial strain, designated antisso-27, was recently isolated from a water area of saltpan in Southern Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicate that strain antisso-27 belongs the genus Aquimarina in the family Flavobacteriacea and its only closest neighbor is Aquimarina spongiae (96.6%). Based on screening for algicidal activity, strain antisso-27 exhibits potent activity against the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Both the strain antisso-27 bacterial culture and its culture filtrate show algicidal activity against the toxic cyanobacterium, indicating that an algicidal substance is released from strain antisso-27. The algicidal activity of strain antisso-27 occurs during the late stationary phase of bacterial growth. Strain antisso-27 can synthesize an algicidal protein with a molecular mass of 190 kDa, and its isoelectric point is approximately 9.4. This study explores the nature of this algicidal protein such as l-amino acid oxidase with broad substrate specificity. The enzyme is most active with l-leucine, l-isoleucine, l-methionine and l-valine and the hydrogen peroxide generated by its catalysis mediates algicidal activity. This is the first report on an Aquimarina strain algicidal to the toxic M. aeruginosa and the algicidal activity is generated through its enzymatic activity of l-amino acid oxidase.     

Characterization and identification of virulent Klebsiella oxytoca isolated from abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) postlarvae with mass mortality in Fujian, China

An epidemic of mass mortality of abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta) postlarvae aged 40 days or less has existed across south coast of China since the second half of 2002. Among 20 bacterial strains isolated from diseased abalone postlarvae on 2216E marine agar plates during an outbreak of postlarval disease in August 2005, a predominant strain (designated strain 20) was demonstrated to be virulent to postlarvae with an LD(50) value of 1.0x10(5) colony forming units (CFUml(-1)) on day 4, while the other 19 strains were either avirulent (16 strains) or weakly virulent (3 strains). The same bacterium could be re-isolated from postlarvae after bacterial challenge using 2216E marine agar plates. Preliminary toxicity tests of ECPs of strain 20 revealed that at 2.77mgproteinml(-1), crude ECPs completely liquefied postlarvae within 24h, leaving only shells. API 20E analysis identified strain 20 as Klebsiella oxytoca. 16S and ITS rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses further confirmed this identification. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed that strain 20 exhibited 94% of susceptibility to 16 various antibiotics tested and only showed resistance to streptomycin. Results of this work demonstrated that K. oxytoca is also linked to this epidemic in Fujian, China. This is considered to be the first report regarding K. oxytoca involved in the mass mortality of postlarval abalone in south China and the world.