铁矿开采对褐马鸡种群的影响

在山西五鹿山自然保护区的核心区就铁矿开采对褐马鸡(Casoptilon mantchuricum)种群的影响进行了调查。将铁矿周围的栖息环境分为<50 m、50-100 m和>100 m 3个分布带。开采前期,3个分布带中都可以遇见褐马鸡;开采初期,在<50 m分布带中已经看不到褐马鸡的踪迹,50-100 m分布带中的数量也有所减少,而在>100 m的分布带中褐马鸡的数量却有所增加,这表明由于铁矿开采的影响,褐马鸡从距铁矿较近的<50 m和50-100 m的分布带中,被迫转移到>100 m的分布带中活动。在铁矿开采3年以后,<50 m和50-100 m分布带中的遇见数都降至0,而>100m分布带中遇见的个体与开采初期相比,也有所下降。在开采初期,由于铁矿的数量较少,对褐马鸡种群活动综合影响并不显著,其种群密度并未发生明显变化。随着铁矿数量的增多和开采时间的延长,原来许多的觅食地,如林缘灌丛和地表草本都遭到破坏,而且铁矿开采的嘈杂声和爆破声此起彼伏,严重影响了褐马鸡正常的觅食活动。与开采初期相比,这种限制作用愈益显著,褐马鸡种群密度和空间分布也发生较大变化。研究结果表明,褐马鸡已不能适应铁矿开采带来的不良影响,在一些铁矿开采时间较长和数量较多的局部区域,褐马鸡已无法生存。     

江西官山自然保护区四种雉类的生境选择差异

2009年10月—2010年11月在江西官山国家级自然保护区对白颈长尾雉、白鹇、勺鸡和灰胸竹鸡4种雉类的生境选择进行了研究:共调查了6条样线上的388个样方,选取了与这四种雉类栖息地相关的17个生态因子进行观测和测量。结果显示,4种雉类均偏好阔叶林和针阔混交林、阳坡或半阴半阳坡的生境。Kruskal-Wallistest检验表明,4种雉类在海拔、坡度、乔木盖度、灌木盖度、灌木数量、灌木高度、草本盖度、草本种类、草本数量、落叶层盖度和水源距离11个生态因子上存在极显著差异(P<0.01),乔木种类存在显著差异(P<0.05),其余生态因子无显著差异(P>0.05)。典则判别函数图显示,4种雉类在生境选择上存在一定程度的重叠,又有比较明显的差异。逐步判别表明在区分4种雉类生境选择差异方面有一系列的生态因子发挥作用,依照贡献值的大小依次为海拔、草本数量、灌木高度、水源距离、灌木盖度、乔木盖度、坡度、落叶层盖度、灌木数量、草本盖度。由这10个变量构成的方程对4种雉类生境选择差异的正确区分率为74.7%。     

贺兰山马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择

2007 年12 月至2008 年1 月,在贺兰山地区,利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对马鹿阿拉善亚种的冬季取食和卧息生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15 条沟段里进行调查,共测定了72 个取食利用样方,59 个卧息利用样方和131 个对照样方的18 种生态因子。结果表明,马鹿在冬季偏好的取食地为平滑起伏坡,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏、间距较远,灌木密度大,草本盖度较高,位于< 15°的半阴半阳坡的下坡位,距裸岩远,隐蔽度高;偏好的卧息地在山地疏林草原带的平滑起伏坡上,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏,灌木矮小、稀疏且距离较远,草本盖度较高,位于< 15°阳坡的下坡位,远离裸岩,隐蔽程度高。马鹿冬季的取食和卧息生境在草本盖度和隐蔽度上差异极显著。相对于卧息生境,马鹿冬季的取食生境对草本盖度和隐蔽度要求更低一些。马鹿冬季取食地的资源选择函数为1.155 - 0.149 × 乔木高度- 0.066 × 草本盖度+ 0.190 × 坡度,模型的正确判别率为86.8% ;马鹿冬季卧息地的资源选择函数为- 30.936
+ 0.494 × 乔木高度+ 0.257 × 坡度-0.002 × 海拔高度+ 0.387 × 隐蔽度,模型的正确判别率为95.8% 。食物、隐蔽条件以及贺兰山的独特地形特征是影响马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择的主要因素。     

A survey of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Ahuriri Scenic Reserve,Banks Peninsula,and comparisons with a previous survey performed 30 years earlier

Carabidae (Coleoptera) are commonly used as indicators of ecosystem health due to their high diversity, conservation value and relative ease of identification. Carabids were monitored at Ahuriri Scenic Reserve, Port Hills, Canterbury, from August 2007 to September 2008 using pitfall traps. Carabid captures, species richness and distribution across the reserve were compared with those found in a similar study in 1977–1978. Monthly carabid captures were highly correlated with average temperature in both studies. There was little evidence of carabids responding to habitat factors, such as leaf litter depth, pH or ground cover. However, Megadromus antarcticus was positively associated with canopy openness and ground cover, whereas Holcaspis angustula was more abundant where canopy cover was extensive and there was a relatively high incidence of bare rock. Thirteen species of carabid were recorded in 1977–1978, of which six were absent, four had decreased, one was stable and two species increased in abundance from collections made in 2007–2008. The loss of one Banks Peninsula and five New Zealand endemic beetle species from this reserve is of concern, and future work should aim to gain more detailed information on the habitat requirements of these species to assist conservation management strategies.     

四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择

四川梅花鹿Cervus nippon sichuanicus为国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物,四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区分布有我国现存最大的梅花鹿野生种群。2011年6—9月,采用样方法对保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择进行了调查,共布设109个样方(利用样方61个,对照样方48个),测量并比较了海拔、坡度等20个生境因子。结果显示,梅花鹿偏好利用的植被类型为灌丛、草甸、针叶林,同时选择隐蔽度较高的生境;此外,距水源距离、灌木高度、灌木盖度、灌木密度、草本高度和草本盖度6个连续变量在利用样方和对照样方之间差异有统计学意义(F<0.05或U<0.05)。回归模型分析结果表明,梅花鹿夏季偏好选择草本盖度大、靠近水源和林缘的生境,回避远离水源和林缘的生境。     

舟山群岛春秋季獐栖息地的生态特征

2008 年3 月和2008 年11 月,在舟山群岛以獐的足迹、粪便和卧迹等新鲜活动痕迹为依据,对獐春、秋季栖息地利用特征进行研究。共设置样方420 个,对样方内生境类型、乔木盖度、灌木盖度、草本盖度、坡位、坡度、坡向、海拔、人为干扰距离和水源距离等10 个生态因子进行测量评估。结果发现,獐春、秋两季的栖息地利用特征是(1)隐蔽和食物因子:春、秋季利用阔叶林、农田和山坡地,秋季对灌木林也有较高的利用率,而对农田的利用率下降;春、秋季乔木盖度、灌木盖度和草本盖度较低处(≤50%) 利用率较高,但春季对乔木盖度较高处(> 50% )也有较高的利用率; (2) 地形因子:春季对坡度较缓、中下坡位、海拔较低处(< 100 m)利用率较高;秋季对坡度较缓、中下坡位、海拔较低(<100 m)的南坡利用率较高; (3) 水源因子:春季利用水源距离较近(< 200 m) 的区域;秋季对水源距离较近(< 200 m)和较远(>600 m) 区域的利用率均较高; (4) 干扰因子:春季主要利用距离人为干扰近处(< 100 m),秋季主要利用距离人为干扰远(> 200 m)处。逐步判别分析显示,春、秋季獐栖息地利用特征存在显著差异,乔木盖度、坡度、坡向、海拔和人为干扰5 个因子是主要的区分因子。舟山群岛人为干扰剧烈、次生乔木和灌木较为发达以及草本植物不发达等一系列特点,造成了舟山群岛獐特殊的栖息地现状。本研究将对制订适合于海岛的动物栖息地保护对策提供理论依据,也为了解海岛生境下獐不同季节的生存状况提供科学依据。     

Marked colour divergence in the gliding membranes of a tropical lizard mirrors population differences in the colour of falling leaves

Populations of the Bornean gliding lizard, Draco cornutus, differ markedly in the colour of their gliding membranes. They also differ in local vegetation type (mangrove forest versus lowland rainforest) and consequently, the colour of falling leaves (red and brown/black in mangrove versus green, brown and black in rainforest). We show that the gliding membranes of these lizards closely match the colours of freshly fallen leaves in the local habitat as they appear to the visual system of birds (their probable predators). Furthermore, gliding membranes more closely resembled colours of local fallen leaves than standing foliage or fallen leaves in the other population''s habitat. This suggests that the two populations have diverged in gliding membrane coloration to match the colours of their local falling leaves, and that mimicking falling leaves is an adaptation that functions to reduce predation by birds.     

九龙山保护区黑麂栖息地选择的季节变化

2005年7月至2006年6月,以浙江省九龙山国家级自然保护区上寮坑保护站为中心,在其周围随机设置6条样线,每隔200m地面距离设置固定样方,共设定442个20m×20m的固定样方,并在其中设置灌木测量样方442个,草本植物盖度测量样方2210个。分春、夏、秋、冬4季记录样方的植被类型、乔木盖度、灌木盖度、草本盖度、坡位、坡度、坡向、食物丰富度、海拔、人为干扰距离和水源距离等11类生态因子,并用痕迹法检查样方是否被黑麂利用。通过Vanderloeg选择系数(Wi)和Scavia选择指数(Ei)研究影响黑麂栖息地利用和选择性的各生态因子,并采用主成分分析的方法研究影响黑麂栖息地选择的关键因子,得到了黑麂栖息地选择的主要特征及其季节变化。结果表明:黑麂总体上倾向选择在针阔混交林、乔木盖度60%-80%、灌木盖度中等(20%-60%)、草本盖度中等(20%-60%)、食物丰富度高(68%)和人为干扰距离远的生境,对海拔高度和坡位的选择表现出季节迁移性。     

Habitat shifts in rainbow trout: competitive influences of brown trout

Summary We compared habitat use by rainbow trout sympatric (three streams) and allopatric (two streams) with brown trout to determine whether competition occurred between these two species in the southern Appalachian Mountains. We measured water depth, water velocity, substrate, distance to overhead vegetation, sunlight, and surface turbulence both where we collected trout and for the streams in general. This enabled us to separate the effects of habitat availability from possible competitive effects. The results provided strong evidence for asymmetrical interspecific competition. Habitat use varied significantly between allopatric and sympatric rainbow trout in 68% of the comparisons made. Portions of some differences refelected differences in habitats available in the several streams. However, for all habitat variables measured except sunlight, rainbow trout used their preferred habitats less in sympatry with brown trout than in allopatry if brown trout also preferred the same habitats. Multivariate analysis indicated that water velocity and its correlates (substrate particle size and surface turbulence) were the most critical habitat variables in the interaction between the species, cover in the form of shade and close overhead vegetation was second most important, and water depth was least important.     

舟山群岛春秋季黄麂的栖息地特征及其利用的初步研究

栖息地选择是野生动物与其环境之间的基本关系,野生动物的栖息地特征研究对野生动物的保护和利用具有重要意义(骆颖等,2009).动物的食物资源具有季节性变化(蒋志刚,2004),在舟山群岛,春季有蹄类动物的可利用资源相对较为缺乏而到秋季相对丰富,有蹄类动物的栖息地特征由于不同季节间的环境可利用资源不同而产生差异(Sehmitz,1991).研究不同季节动物的柄息地特征及利用机制,可以深入了解动物是如何适应环境的(蒋志刚,2004).     

人工林赤腹松鼠危害程度与生境因子的关系研究

2009年3～6月,采用样方法对四川省洪雅县人工林赤腹松鼠危害相关的生境因子进行了调查。共设置了240个样方。样方调查中记录了2个反应危害等级的变量(危害株数和乔木总数)和11个生境变量(森林类型、海拔、坡向、坡度、坡位、距最近道路距离、距最近水源距离、乔木均高、乔木平均胸围、灌木盖度和草本盖度)。通过广义线性模型研究这些因子与人工林赤腹松鼠危害程度的关系。结果显示,赤腹松鼠危害程度与森林类型、坡度、坡向、乔木平均胸围呈显著性相关,与其他因子无显著相关性,在柳杉-杉木林中的危害高于纯柳杉林,在阴坡的危害低于其他坡向,危害程度随坡度和乔木平均胸围的增加而增加。     

Habitat selection of breeding brown eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve, Hebei Province, China

From April to July of 2003-2005,we investigated habitat selection of breeding brown eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in the Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve,Hebei Province.Our results show that brown eared-pheasants preferred deciduousconiferous mixed or deciduous forests with altitudes ranging from 1600 to 2200 m,steep gradients of slopes and medium or high positions on slopes.Moreover,they preferred habitats with more tree species,larger diameters at the breast height,more density and cover of trees and habitats with more types of grasses,high density and cover of grasses,but with fewer types of shrubs and lower density and cover of shrubs.They had larger territories in the early breeding stage than in the late breeding stage.There were significant differences in diameters at the breast height of trees,average height of trees,cover of trees,density of shrubs,cover of shrubs,aspect,distance to path,distance to water,distance to forest edge (P ＜ 0.01,respectively),density of trees,type of shrubs,height of shrubs,type of grasses,density of grasses and proportion of bareness (P ＜ 0.05,respectively).The result of the principal component analysis suggested that the principal components among the 23 habitat factors were the average height of trees,density of trees,diameters at the breast height of trees,density of shrubs,cover of shrubs and density of grasses.The differences in habitat selection of brown eared-pheasants between early breeding and late breeding stages may correlate with the dynamics of ambient environmental conditions,the reproductive behavior and energy requirements in their sub-stages of breeding.     

Diurnal shifts in use of summer habitat by age-0 brown trout in a regulated mountain stream

Diurnal shifts in habitat use by age-0 (< 50 mm total length) brown trout (Salmo trutta) were observed from June to July 1989 and 1990 in low-gradient (< 1% channel slope) reaches of Douglas Creek, Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. Fish were visually located during day and night, and water depth, water velocity, distance from the stream edge, substrate, habitat type, and cover were determined at each location. The fish were found predominantly in locations with slow water velocities in stream-margin and backwater-pool habitats. They were observed in slower water, closer to the stream edge at night than during the day.     

Habitat selection of breeding brown eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve, Hebei Province, China

From April to July of 2003–2005, we investigated habitat selection of breeding brown eared-pheasants (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) in the Xiaowutaishan National Nature Reserve, Hebei Province. Our results show that brown eared-pheasants preferred deciduous-coniferous mixed or deciduous forests with altitudes ranging from 1600 to 2200 m, steep gradients of slopes and medium or high positions on slopes. Moreover, they preferred habitats with more tree species, larger diameters at the breast height, more density and cover of trees and habitats with more types of grasses, high density and cover of grasses, but with fewer types of shrubs and lower density and cover of shrubs. They had larger territories in the early breeding stage than in the late breeding stage. There were significant differences in diameters at the breast height of trees, average height of trees, cover of trees, density of shrubs, cover of shrubs, aspect, distance to path, distance to water, distance to forest edge (P < 0.01, respectively), density of trees, type of shrubs, height of shrubs, type of grasses, density of grasses and proportion of bareness (P < 0.05, respectively). The result of the principal component analysis suggested that the principal components among the 23 habitat factors were the average height of trees, density of trees, diameters at the breast height of trees, density of shrubs, cover of shrubs and density of grasses. The differences in habitat selection of brown eared-pheasants between early breeding and late breeding stages may correlate with the dynamics of ambient environmental conditions, the reproductive behavior and energy requirements in their sub-stages of breeding.     

张广才岭藏獾洞穴生境选择

2008年9月至2009年8月,在黑龙江省方正林业局新风林场,用不定宽样线法对藏獾洞穴生境选择进行研究,共记录了55组藏獾洞穴,藏獾洞口平均直径为(27.40±7.15)cm,洞深平均为(84.18±22.04)cm,倾角平均为(26.36±9.10)°,洞口总数=3.02个常用洞数+0.80个不常用洞数+0.56个废弃洞数。相对于对照样方而言,藏獾洞穴更偏爱选择位于郁闭度和植被盖度小,灌木密度大、距离近,乔木距离远,距水源和农田近、人为干扰距离远,坡度较缓的向阳中坡位的生境。资源选择函数模型为:logit(p)=246.980-1.059×植被盖度-0.703×距水源距离-1.403×坡度-45.005×坡向,模型的正确预测率为93.9%。     

Feeding habitats of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) during winter and spring in Helan Mountains, China

The feeding habitat selection of blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)was studied by direct observation method in the Helan Mountains,China during winter (from November to December)and spring (from April to June)from 2003 to 2004.We established 25 line transects to collect information on feeding habitats used by blue sheep.Blue sheep in the study area preferred mountain savanna forests,a habitat dominated by Ulmus glaucescens,with medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2),moderate tree height (4-6 m),higher shrub density (＞5 individuals/100 m2),higher shrub (＞1.3 m),higher food abundance (＞50 g),moderate distance to human disturbance (＜500 m),and mild distance to bare rock (＜2 m).Such habitats characterized by 12 ecological factors were preferred as feeding areas by blue sheep during winter.Similar to habitat selection by the species during winter,blue sheep also showed a preference for mountain savanna with tree dominated by Ulmus glaucescens and medium tree density (＜4 individuals/400 m2)during spring.Nevertheless,blue sheep preferred medium tree height (＜6 m),moderate tree density (5-10 individuals/100 m2),medium shrub height (1.3-1.7 m),higher food abundance (＞100 g),moderate altitude (＜2 000 m),moderate distance to water resource (＜500 m),and medium hiding cover (50%-75%)during spring.Selection of the feeding habitats by sheep showed a significant difference in vegetation type,landform feature,dominant tree,tree height,shrub density,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,slope direction,slope degree,distance to water resource,and hiding cover between winter and spring.Results of principal components analysis indicated that the first principal component accounted for 24.493%of the total variance among feeding habitat variance during winter,with higher loadings for vegetation type,dominant tree,tree height,distance to the nearest tree,shrub density,shrub height,altitude,distance to water resource,and distance to human disturbance.In spring,the first principal components explained 28.777%of the variance,with higher loadings for vegetation type,distance to the nearest tree,shrub height,distance to the nearest shrub,food abundance,altitude,and distance to human disturbance.     

基于贝叶斯二项式模型分析棕头鸥种群多度与环境因子间的关系

传统的种群多度调查方法由于默认观察率 p 等于 1,因此极有可能低估种群大小,进而误判种群多度与环境因子间的关系。为了了解禽流感爆发后青海湖棕头鸥种群与环境因子间的关系,为棕头鸥管理提供有效依据,于 2010 年和 2011 年的 4 ～6 月调查了青海湖保护区 23 个观测点的棕头鸥种群数量及环境因子。通过包含观察率的贝叶斯二项式混合模型分析棕头鸥种群多度与环境因子间的关系,采用 DIC 准则进行因子筛选。结果表明: 种群数量亚模型包含取样面积、放牧强度、距公路距离和植被盖度 4 个参数,种群数量随取样面积、距公路距离和植被盖度的增加而增加,随放牧强度的增加而减少; 观察率亚模型包含观察经验和棕头鸥的行为月节律 2 个参数,观察率随观察月的递增而降低,随观察经验的增加而升高,高经验观察者平均每千米观察到 18. 1 只棕头鸥,低经验观察者可以平均观察到 13. 7 只。天气状况不影响观察率,这可能与棕头鸥的觅食栖息地距岸边较近,不影响观察者的观察有关。     

基于多源遥感的贵州草海国家级自然保护区黑颈鹤生境适宜性评价

生境适宜性评价是保护和管理濒危物种的重要途径。已有研究中用于物种生境适宜性评价的环境变量数据多存在分辨率低精度不高的问题,在研究小尺度物种生境适宜性时误差较大。为解决这一问题,本文根据黑颈鹤的出现点数据与光学、雷达遥感数据及地形辅助数据得出栖息地与觅食地特征,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对草海越冬黑颈鹤细尺度的生境适宜性进行评价。结果显示：(1)运用多源遥感和地形辅助数据生成的环境变量结合MaxEnt预测黑颈鹤的栖息地与觅食地效果都较为优秀,两者受使用者工作特征曲线下的面积值(AUC)值均大于0.94;(2)距耕地距离、距水域距离、水深及距建筑距离是影响黑颈鹤栖息地主要环境因子,而影响觅食地分布的主要环境因子则是距耕地距离、优势植被、距建筑物距离和水深。(3)草海自然保护区黑颈鹤栖息地与觅食地的最适宜区和次适宜区面积较小,栖息地与觅食地最、次适宜区总和分别为6.404km~2与12.644 km~2,占比仅为研究区的6.43%和12.69%。通过调查发现,当前自然保护区的人为干扰源主要是游客和当地的居民,潜在地威胁着黑颈鹤的栖息地和觅食地。因此,为了避免保护区黑颈鹤栖息地与觅食地的退...     

Morphology, distribution and desiccation in the brown garden snail (

Size, density and distribution of the brown garden snail (Cantareus aspersus) were observed relative to cover at a coastal reserve on the North Island, New Zealand. Cover variables depended on vegetation height and available debris (rubbish, wood, cow dung). Air temperature, ground temperature, and relative humidity were recorded continuously during the field survey for the various cover types. Live snails used debris disproportionately as resting habitat, where relative humidity and temperature were the least variable. Desiccation rates were obtained by dehydrating snails of three size-classes and calculating desiccation rates as a function of water loss over time under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Results suggest that the shell aperture:size ratio is an important factor regarding desiccation stress in C. aspersus, especially in young and small-sized snails.