结果初期黄冠梨对春施15N-尿素的吸收、分配与利用

以3年生黄冠梨为材料,探讨了早春施用¹⁵N尿素后,树体在萌芽期-新梢缓慢生长期和新梢缓慢生长期-果实成熟期对氮素的吸收、分配与利用特性。结果表明: 梨树在萌芽期-新梢缓慢生长期主要以新梢和叶片等营养器官生长为核心;在新梢缓慢生长期-果实成熟期则以根系等贮藏器官生长为主,果实产量品质形成为辅,且树体尤其是贮藏器官的生物量成倍增加。由于各器官尤其是新梢和叶片生长旺盛、新梢缓慢生长期吸收的标记氮量相对较多,各器官吸收的肥料氮(Ndff)值相对较高;果实成熟期除粗根外各器官的Ndff值均低于新梢缓慢生长期。萌芽期到新梢缓慢生长期吸收的标记氮主要分配在新梢和叶片营养器官中,新梢缓慢生长期到果实成熟期吸收的标记氮则主要分配在贮藏器官中;整个生育期间,植株吸收的标记氮在贮藏器官中分配率最高,营养器官次之,生殖器官中分配率最低。3年生梨树从萌芽期-新梢缓慢生长期、新梢缓慢生长期-果实成熟期吸收的肥料氮分别占当年总吸氮量的31.1%和21.0%,而两个时期内吸收的土壤氮占比分别达68.9%和79.0%。     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响

氮素平衡对干物质积累与分配的影响是农业生态系统研究的重要内容,在保障产量前提下减少氮肥施用量可减少环境污染与温室气体排放。以晚播冬小麦为研究对象,设置4个施氮量水平:0 kg/hm2(N0)、168.75 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、281.25 kg/hm2(N3),每个施氮量水平下设置2个追氮时期处理:拔节期(S1)、拔节期+开花期(S2),研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施氮肥(S1)条件下,在225 kg/hm2(N2)基础上增施25%氮肥(N3)对开花期氮素积累总量和营养器官氮素转运量无显著影响;拔节期+开花期追施氮肥(S2)条件下,随施氮量增加,开花期氮素积累总量和花后营养器官氮素转运量升高;S2较S1显著提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量、花后籽粒氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了成熟期的干物质积累量、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累强度和花后籽粒干物质积累量。同一追氮时期条件下,籽粒产量N2与N3无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了晚播冬小麦的籽粒产量和氮肥吸收利用率。拔节期+开花期追施氮肥,总施氮量225kg/hm2为有利于实现晚播冬小麦高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

大豆叶面施氮量及氮素利用率的~(15)N标记

为研究大豆(Glycine max)叶面适宜施氮量及叶面氮素吸收与利用的规律,以黑龙江省三江平原大豆主栽品种合农64为实验材料,采用15N标记示踪法在大豆需氮关键时期R5期进行叶面施氮,分析大豆组织器官标记氮素的积累量及回收率。结果表明:在4.5 kg·hm–2(N3)施氮条件下,大豆组织器官干物质量及氮素积累量显著高于其它处理,其中籽粒干物质平均重22.7 g,总干物质平均重73.2 g,分别比不施氮处理(N0)高17.92%和16.38%;籽粒氮素积累量平均为134.4mg·plant–1,比不施氮处理(N0)高13.13%,说明4.5 kg·hm–2(N3)施氮条件是合农64在R5期的最适叶面施氮量。在不同施氮条件下,各组织器官标记氮积累量随着施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,籽粒标记氮积累量在4.5 kg·hm–2(N3)施氮条件下最高,为9.96 mg·plant–1。这一结果同样说明了4.5 kg·hm–2(N3)是合农64在R5期的最适叶面施氮量,同时明确了叶面氮素是籽粒氮素积累增加的主要原因。在同一施氮水平下,各组织器官标记15N积累量顺序为籽粒茎叶荚皮叶柄根,且各器官间差异显著,说明在R5期叶面施氮籽粒积累的叶面氮素最多。从15N标记在各组织器官的贡献率来看,在3.5 kg·hm–2(N1)施氮条件下,籽粒氮素贡献率与植株氮素回收率最高,说明在叶面施氮量较小的条件下,氮素更容易被籽粒吸收利用,但净积累量却低于最适施氮量处理(N3)。在3.5 kg·hm–2(N1)施氮条件下,植株氮素回收率高于最适施氮量处理(N3)。     

甜樱桃对^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以5年生‘早大果’甜樱桃为试材,研究了其在萌芽前土施^15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明：植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的^15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率（Ndff）均随时间推移逐渐升高,盛花期细根和贮藏器官的Ndff较高;果实硬核期,新生器官中长梢和长梢叶的Ndff增长迅速,分别达0.72%和0.59%;果实硬核期到采收期,果实的Ndff增长迅速,到采收期达到最高,为1.78%;果实采收后到花芽分化期,新生器官Ndff增长减慢而贮藏器官增长迅速.盛花期根系吸收的氮素首先分配到贮藏器官,粗根^15N分配率最高,为54.91%;果实硬核期细根和贮藏器官^15N分配率由盛花期的85.43%下降到55.11%,而地上部新生器官则升高至44.89%;果实采收期^15N分配率变化不大,果实采收后氮素营养迅速向贮藏器官中运转,花芽分化期细根和贮藏器官的^15N分配率升高至72.26%,而地上部新生器官^15N分配率与采收期相比下降了19.31%.从盛花期到花芽分化期,植株对^15N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,于花芽分化期达到最高,为16.86%.     

等量分次施氮对冬枣15N和13C利用与分配特性的影响

以4年生盆栽冬枣为试材,采用¹³C、¹⁵N双标记示踪技术,在果实发育期研究了等氮量分次追施氮肥对冬枣植株¹⁵N和¹³C吸收、利用、积累和分配的影响.结果表明: 至果实采收期,冬枣各器官Ndff值(植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率)随追氮次数的增多而显著增大.生殖器官(果实)和营养器官(叶片、枣吊、新生枣头枝和细根)的¹⁵N分配率以4次追氮处理最高,1次追氮处理最低,贮藏器官(主干、多年生枝和粗根)¹⁵N分配率的趋势相反;4次追氮处理¹⁵N利用率分别比1次和2次追氮处理高27.4%和15.5%.追氮次数越多,植株总氮量和¹⁵N吸收量越大;随时间的推移,1次追氮处理土壤¹⁵N丰度和总氮含量持续降低,2次追氮处理呈先升高后降低的趋势,4次追氮处理变化相对最为平稳,至处理后期显著高于其他处理;果实白熟至采收期,叶片叶绿素、氮含量和净光合速率均表现为4次追氮>2次追氮>1次追氮.不同处理¹³C同化物积累与分配不同.4次追氮处理¹³C固定总量分别是1次和2次追氮处理的1.1和1.2倍.增加追氮次数,促进了¹³C同化物向果实和贮藏器官的转移,而减少了向当年生营养器官的分配.综上,果实发育期4次追氮通过保证根层稳定、充足的氮素供应,提高了对氮素的吸收和利用,进而维持了较高的净光合速率,促进并优化了光合同化物的积累和分配,最有利于冬枣树体的生长及产量和品质的提高.     

春性和半冬性小麦植株氮素积累与运转特征差异

以江苏省6个半冬性和9个春性小麦品种为材料,研究两类型小麦品种在大田条件下的氮素积累、运转和分配差异.结果表明: 施氮量相同条件下,半冬性小麦群体植株平均氮素积累量在越冬始期-拔节期低于春性小麦群体,孕穗期-成熟期高于春性小麦群体;氮素阶段累积量在越冬始期-拔节期两类型群体间差异不显著,开花-成熟期半冬性群体显著高于春性群体.半冬性小麦平均总氮素转运量、花后积累量显著高于春性小麦;两种类型小麦总氮素转运率、积累氮贡献率、总转运氮贡献率差异均不显著.半冬性小麦营养器官中叶片氮素转运量、转运率、转运氮贡献率均低于春性小麦,茎鞘氮素转运量、转运率、转运氮贡献率则高于春性小麦,茎鞘氮素转运量差异达显著水平;同一类型内不同品种间植株氮素积累量、总氮素运转量、花后氮素积累量、总氮素转运率、总转运氮贡献率等均存在差异.生产中应根据不同品种吸收、利用、运转氮素能力的差异,合理运筹生育期氮肥用量和施用比例,提高氮肥利用率.     

等量分次施氮对冬枣15N和13C利用与分配特性的影响

以4年生盆栽冬枣为试材,采用¹³C、¹⁵N双标记示踪技术,在果实发育期研究了等氮量分次追施氮肥对冬枣植株¹⁵N和¹³C吸收、利用、积累和分配的影响.结果表明: 至果实采收期,冬枣各器官Ndff值(植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率)随追氮次数的增多而显著增大.生殖器官(果实)和营养器官(叶片、枣吊、新生枣头枝和细根)的¹⁵N分配率以4次追氮处理最高,1次追氮处理最低,贮藏器官(主干、多年生枝和粗根)¹⁵N分配率的趋势相反;4次追氮处理¹⁵N利用率分别比1次和2次追氮处理高27.4%和15.5%.追氮次数越多,植株总氮量和¹⁵N吸收量越大;随时间的推移,1次追氮处理土壤¹⁵N丰度和总氮含量持续降低,2次追氮处理呈先升高后降低的趋势,4次追氮处理变化相对最为平稳,至处理后期显著高于其他处理;果实白熟至采收期,叶片叶绿素、氮含量和净光合速率均表现为4次追氮>2次追氮>1次追氮.不同处理¹³C同化物积累与分配不同.4次追氮处理¹³C固定总量分别是1次和2次追氮处理的1.1和1.2倍.增加追氮次数,促进了¹³C同化物向果实和贮藏器官的转移,而减少了向当年生营养器官的分配.综上,果实发育期4次追氮通过保证根层稳定、充足的氮素供应,提高了对氮素的吸收和利用,进而维持了较高的净光合速率,促进并优化了光合同化物的积累和分配,最有利于冬枣树体的生长及产量和品质的提高.     

氮素营养水平对冬小麦碳氮运转的影响

在大田试验条件下,研究了不同施氮水平对2种穗型冬小麦品种花后干物质和氮素积累与运转的影响及其与产量和品质的关系,以探讨氮素营养水平对冬小麦碳氮运转的影响.结果显示,适宜的施氮量（180 kg·hm^-2）能够极显著增加2种穗型冬小麦品种叶片、茎鞘等营养器官花前贮藏物质及花前贮藏氮素的再运转量和运转率以及总再运转量和运转率,也能够极显著增加成熟期籽粒氮素含量和花前贮藏氮素总运转量对籽粒氮素含量的贡献率.各施氮处理对2种穗型小麦品种花后氮素积累量对籽粒氮素含量贡献率的影响效应不明显.结果表明,适宜的施氮量有利于小麦籽粒和蛋白质产量的提高.     

甜樱桃对15N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以5年生‘早大果’甜樱桃为试材, 研究了其在萌芽前土施¹⁵N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明：植株器官从肥料中吸收分配到的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)均随时间推移逐渐升高, 盛花期细根和贮藏器官的Ndff较高; 果实硬核期,新生器官中长梢和长梢叶的Ndff增长迅速,分别达0.72%和0.59%; 果实硬核期到采收期,果实的Ndff增长迅速,到采收期达到最高,为1.78%; 果实采收后到花芽分化期,新生器官Ndff增长减慢而贮藏器官增长迅速.盛花期根系吸收的氮素首先分配到贮藏器官,粗根¹⁵N分配率最高,为54.91%;果实硬核期细根和贮藏器官¹⁵N分配率由盛花期的85.43%下降到55.11%,而地上部新生器官则升高至44.89%;果实采收期¹⁵N分配率变化不大,果实采收后氮素营养迅速向贮藏器官中运转,花芽分化期细根和贮藏器官的¹⁵N分配率升高至72.26%,而地上部新生器官¹⁵N分配率与采收期相比下降了19.31%.从盛花期到花芽分化期,植株对¹⁵N尿素的当季利用率呈升高趋势,于花芽分化期达到最高,为16.86%.     

富士苹果幼树生长与氮素积累和利用动态

以6年生烟富3/SH6/平邑甜茶为试材,用整株破坏性解析的方法,研究了萌芽期至果实成熟期7个时期下的树体生长和氮素积累动态,并借助¹⁵N同位素示踪技术研究了树体对肥料氮的吸收利用和分配特性,以期阐明苹果树的氮积累动态和肥料氮的最大效率期,从而为科学施氮提供理论依据.结果表明: 萌芽期(3月25日)至果实成熟期(萌芽后210 d)红富士苹果幼树整株干物质净积累量为4.51 kg,其中果实占66.5%,叶梢(叶片与新梢,下同)占20.2%,多年生器官占13.3%;叶梢干物质积累量在萌芽后30～60 d增长幅度较大,占其整个处理时期的42.9%;果实干物质积累量在萌芽后120～180 d增长幅度大,占整个处理时期的70%.整株氮素净积累量为29.1 g,在萌芽后30～60 d和120～180 d增长较快,分别为7.2和12.8 g,占整个处理时期的24.7%和44%;叶梢在萌芽后0～60 d氮积累速率较快,占其整个时期的69.1%;果实的氮积累量在萌芽后120～180 d最快,占其整个时期的60.8%;多年生器官的氮积累量在处理周期内呈先下降后上升的趋势,并在萌芽后 60 d到达最低水平.树体在不同时期的¹⁵N利用率差异显著,分别在萌芽后30～60、120～150和150～180 d处于较高水平,¹⁵N利用率分别为2.3%、4.1%和4.0%;多年生器官在各个时期的¹⁵N分配率均呈现较高水平,新生器官的¹⁵N分配率均为先上升后下降的趋势,其中叶片新梢在萌芽后30～60 d达到最高水平,为38.4%;果实在萌芽后120～150 d和150～180 d到达最高水平,分别为15.0%和16.6%.因此,叶片和新梢氮素积累的关键时期为萌芽后30～60 d;果实氮素积累的关键时期为萌芽后120～180 d;树体对肥料氮的最大效率期为萌芽后30～60 d和120～180 d.     

土壤肥力和施氮量对小麦氮素吸收运转及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

在不同土壤肥力条件下,研究了施氮量对小麦氮素吸收、转化及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥可以提高小麦各生育阶段的吸氮强度,尤以生育后期提高的幅度为大认为是增施氮肥提高小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的基础,增施氮肥虽提高了小麦植株的吸氮强度。吸氮量增加,但开花后营养器官氮素向籽粒中的转移率降低,增施氮肥不仅促进了小麦植株对肥料氮的吸收,而且也促进了对土壤氮的吸收,并讨论了在高、低土壤肥力条件下氮肥合理运筹的问题。     

留营养枝对棉株同化物生产,运转,分配及产量的影响

运用＾１４Ｃ示踪技术研究了留营养支棉株＾１４Ｃ同化物生产运转分配规律。结果表明：留营养枝与否对全株＾１４Ｃ总同化量基本没有影响,但留营养２枝棉株果枝叶的相对光合强度（以放射性比强度表示）降低;主茎叶、果枝叶的＾１４Ｃ同化量显著降低;营养２叶具有较高的光合作用强度和向外输送＾１４Ｃ同化物的转运速率,在＾１４Ｃ同化物生产运转分配中占有很重要的地位。留营养枝棉株＾１４Ｃ同化物的转运速率,在＾１４Ｃ同化     

粗柄独尾草不同器官蒽醌类成分的消长规律

采用高效液相色谱法对沙生类短命植物粗柄独尾草苗期、营养生长期、初花期、盛花期、果期各器官中大黄素、大黄酚、大黄酸、芦荟大黄素含量的消长规律进行了研究。结果表明:叶中,芦荟大黄素的含量在苗期和初花期都较高,在盛花期时最低;大黄酸的含量在苗期最高,盛花期时最低;大黄素的含量在苗期达到最高,初花期和盛花期最低;大黄酚的含量也以苗期最高,盛花期和果期最低。且在初花期时,4种蒽醌类物质含量均呈现明显的叶先端>叶中部>叶基部的空间差异性。根中,芦荟大黄素的含量在苗期和营养生长期较高,而以盛花期和果期较低;大黄酸的含量在果期最高,其余时期差异不显著;大黄素的含量以苗期和初花期较高;大黄酚的含量在果期达最高,而盛花期时最低。同时期的根叶蒽醌含量相比,叶中的芦荟大黄素要高于根,而根中大黄酚含量要高于叶。同时期各器官蒽醌总量相比:叶>根>花>花葶。故若选取粗柄独尾草作为蒽醌类药材利用,建议最佳采集方式为采集初花期的叶先端部分。     

Nitrogen remobilization response to current supply in young citrus trees

Internal nitrogen (N) storage and remobilization processes support seasonal growth (flowering/fructification and subsequent leaf development) in particular in early spring, when soil temperatures are unfavourable for adequate N uptake. Storage nitrogen mobilization in young citrus trees was studied under two contrasting N supplies; high N (HN) and low N dose (LN) in the critical period of flowering and fruit set. ¹⁵N labelling technique was used to distinguish N derived from internal remobilization from that taken up by the roots. Regardless N supply, the greatest N remobilization took place from the beginning of the vegetative activity until flowering. Low N availability significantly increased (+14%) N retranslocation at the end of June drop agreeing with the hypothesis that reserve mobilization depends on soil N availability during flowering and fruit set. At the end of fruit drop, N remobilization contributed up to 70% and 61% of total N of young organs for LN and HN, respectively. Remobilized N was mainly recovered in abscised organs of both HN and LN trees and to a lesser extent in new flush leaves; however a greater percentage partitioned to abscised organs of LN as a consequence of the greater remobilization rate and the increased fruit abscission. Old leaves of LN remobilized significantly higher N, while woody organs and root system did not show differences between HN and LN supplied trees. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the amount of N remobilized by young citrus plants depends on external N availability. Thus, low N application rates in early stages (flowering and fruit set) lead to higher translocation of N stored during the previous cycle to developing new organs.     

Composition of Bleeding Sap in Vigna radiata

Bleeding sap and nodules from Vigna radiata were analysed for their free amino nitrogen content and amino acid composition at different stages of growth and development. The bleeding sap contained mostly basic amino acids, whereas the nodules contained both acidic and basic amino acids. The amino nitrogen content of the bleeding sap increased during growth and then declined appreciably during fruit development. In contrast, nodule amino nitrogen declined from seedling stage onwards till flowering, increased during fruit development and then declined again. Nitrate reductase activity in the leaves examined at different stages of development increased from seedling stage onwards and was maximum during early fruit-development stage. It declined during pod-filling stage. The study suggests that the amount of nitrogen fixed from the atmosphere is insufficient, so that the plant has to draw upon soil nitrogen as well. This may be necessary due to the high demand of nitrogen during pod filling.     

Inflorescence of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.): a high ability to distribute its own assimilates

The distribution of carbon (C) into whole grapevine fruiting cuttings was investigated during flower development to determine the relative contribution of inflorescence and leaf photoassimilates in the total C balance and to investigate their partitioning towards other plant organs. A (13)C labelling procedure was used to label C photoassimilates by leaves and inflorescences in grapevine. Investigations were carried out at various stages of flower/berry development, from separated cluster to fruit set, using grapevine fruiting cuttings with four leaves (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay). This is the first study reporting that, during its development, (i) the carbon needs of the inflorescence were met by both leaf and inflorescence photosynthesis, and (ii) the inflorescence amazingly participated significantly to the total C balance of grapevine cuttings by redistributing an important part of its own assimilates to other plant organs. With regard to flowering, 29% of C assimilated by the inflorescence remained in the inflorescence, while partitioning towards the stem reached 42% and, as a lower proportion, 15% in leaves, and 14% in roots.     

The effect of partial flower removal on the relation betwen root, shootand fruti growth in the indeterminate tomato

The root, vegetative shoot and fruit growth of November and January sown glasshouse tomato plants grown in flowing water culture was followed over 6–7 months. The relationship between vegetative and reproductive growth was examined after two-thirds of the flowers were removed from half the experimental plants. This resulted in larger plants which had fewer, larger fruits and eventually a fruit yield almost as large as the controls. In the control plants, fruit growth increased steadily until it reached 90% of the total incremental fresh weight of the plant 50–60 days after first anthesis. Leaf growth was markedly depressed at this stage and root growth ceased 4 wk after anthesis. Some root death was observed from anthesis onwards. When fruit growth subsequently diminished, vegetative growth recovered but to a lower rate than before fruiting commenced. Following partial flower removal, only 64% or less of the total increment of fresh weight went into the fruit. Although vegetative growth at this stage was thus greater than in the control plants, both shoot and root growth followed the same qualitative pattern with time. The ratio of vegetative shoot to root fresh weight remained essentially constant throughout the fruiting phase in plants of both sowings whether flowers were removed or not. This suggests that the fruit grew in competition with the vegetative organs as a whole, although, for a short period at early fruiting, root growth was more seriously affected. The pattern and amount of fruiting in this indeterminate plant was influenced by the size of the vegetative organs at fruiting, and by the effect of the existing developing fruit on further vegetative and reproductive growth.     

库尔勒香梨春季施用15N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性

以6年生库尔勒香梨为试材,在春季香梨萌芽前施用¹⁵N尿素,研究香梨施用¹⁵N尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性.结果表明:不同生育期香梨吸收的¹⁵N在各器官的分配率存在显著差异,盛花期¹⁵N优先分配在根中,其Ndff(从肥料中吸收的¹⁵N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率)最高,新稍次之;新梢旺长期和果实膨大期根部吸收的¹⁵N优先向新生器官(叶和新稍)运转,根部¹⁵N的分配率不断下降;果实成熟期果实成为新的分配中心,其Ndff最高,果实累积的¹⁵N量占香梨树体总的¹⁵N吸收量的19.8%.香梨树体对土施¹⁵N-尿素肥料的当季利用率随生育期的推进而不断提高,到果实成熟期达到最大值(18.5%).