纽绵蚧跳小蜂在蚧虫体内发育的形态观察(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

通过解剖皱大球坚蚧Eulecanium kuwanai Kanda雌成虫, 对寄生在其内的纽绵蚧跳小蜂Encyrtus sasakii Ishii的各个虫期的形态特征进行了观察比较,并做了显微拍照。结果显示,纽绵蚧跳小蜂一年发生一代,以蛹在寄主体内越冬。除虫体由龄期引起的个体差异外,纽绵蚧跳小蜂的一、二龄幼虫腹部末端都具有长形通气柄,到第三、四龄期其通气柄变为尾囊状构造。成虫期的雌性小蜂中胸小盾片为黄色,前翅淡烟色并有一个暗斑,上密生黑色粗毛;雄性的为黑色,前翅色淡,无暗斑。     

四川省蚂蚁区系研究（膜翅目：蚁科）

研究了四川（含重庆）蚂蚁的种类和分布,得知目前分布于四川的蚂蚁共有78种,分别隶属于5亚科27属,并发现1新种;古蔺立毛蚁Paratrechina gulinensis,sp.n。提供了新种的特征描述,根据地貌环境和气候的差异。将四川蚂蚁分为4个动物地理域,并讨论了四川蚂蚁区系的特点。     

The distribution of Gobius cobitis in the British Isles

Records of occuerence of Gobius cobitis on the British coast are listed from the literature and from extensive collecting in interfidal areas. In Britain the number of suitable habitats is reduced and the density of population is lower than in the Channel Islands and Brittany.     

The position of the Hymenoptera within the Holometabola as inferred from the mitochondrial genome of Perga condei (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Pergidae)

We sequenced most of the mitochondrial genome of the sawfly Perga condei (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Pergidae) and tested different models of phylogenetic reconstruction in order to resolve the position of the Hymenoptera within the Holometabola, using mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial genome sequenced for P. condei had less compositional bias and slower rates of molecular evolution than the honeybee, as well as a less rearranged genome organization. Phylogenetic analyses showed that, when using mitochondrial genomes, both adequate taxon sampling and more realistic models of analysis are necessary to resolve relationships among insect orders. Both parsimony and Bayesian analyses performed better when nucleotide instead of amino acid sequences were used. In particular, this study supports the placement of the Hymenoptera as sister group to the Mecopterida.     

Brachymeria lasus: effects of nutrient level on in vitro larval growth of a chalcid insect parasite

Exponential weight gain equations and growth rates were determined during larval development of Brachymeria lasus reared aseptically on chemically defined media with varying amino acid and glucose levels. The rate of weight gain increased from 0 to 2% dietary glucose and mean growth rate increased from 160 to 260 micrograms/mg x day. Similar results were observed for larvae reared on media containing 1 to 4% free amino acids. At higher nutrient levels, growth rate and rate of weight gain declined and maximal growth occurred at dietary osmolalities of 500-700 mOsm/kg. A further experiment utilizing nutritionally inert L-glucose suggested that this osmolality range does not reflect the optimal for growth but rather the point at which the detrimental effects of dietary osmotic pressure exceed the nutritive benefit of the dietary ingredients.     

Conservation value of road verges in the semi-arid Karoo, South Africa: ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as bio-indicators

Ground-foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) were used to assess the conservation value of road verges in a semi-arid region around Prince Albert, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Ant communities were sampled using pitfall traps on 50 sites along two roads. Four transects were sampled at each site, two in the road verge and two in adjacent rangeland. A total of 43,298 individual ants of 34 species were caught, with 31 and 32 species in the road verge and adjacent rangeland respectively, but on average road verges were the more species-rich. Road verges also contained relatively more rare species (i.e. those species that occurred in <10% of the traps. Ant species richness appeared to be influenced by food availability. Although ants appeared to be negatively impacted by higher grazing intensities in the rangeland, there was no difference in species richness between fenced and unfenced road verges. Species in the road verge may benefit directly from road kills, and indirectly from lower grazing pressure on plants, increased surface run-off and differences in soil surface temperatures. No alien ant species were observed or captured at any of the sites.     

The ecology of The Netherlands wetlands: characteristics,threats, prospects and perspectives for ecological research

Wetlands are among the worlds' most important, but also most threatened, environmental resources. Wetland losses have been in progress particularly from the industrial revolution onwards, because wetland functions could not successfully compete for space with other land uses. Wetlands became recently foci of conservation efforts because of the increased awareness of their importance in water management and wildlife conservation, and because of the diversity of their habitats. The Netherlands are relatively rich in wetlands: 16% of its' territory is regarded as internationally important wetland and 7% has been registered as such. The major Dutch wetland types are: coastal ecosystems, large riverine systems, base-rich freshwater systems, and nutrient-poor freshwater systems. Most threats to the Dutch wetlands are of man-made origin. They comprise: (1) Changes in hydrology leading to changed discharges, currents and desiccation; (2) Acidification; (3) Eutrophication; and (4) Toxification. Long-term threats are largely climate-change related, and concern temperature rise and the UV-B increase in irradiation. General conservation goals also apply to wetlands but Ramsar-registered wetlands have a special status. Conservation of the Dutch wetlands is difficult, because of the high population density of the country and its inherent threats. However, ecological targets and standards are increasingly set in national Policy Plans and international agreements. Rehabilitation and creation of wetlands is presently widely advocated, and sometimes realised. For ecological research, the sustainability of wetlands should get top priority. Such a research programme would focus on understanding the underlying ecological processes in natural and man-dominated wetland systems to prescribe conservation, rehabilitation and management strategies that would enhance the sustainability of these systems. Within this framework special attention should be directed to studies (1) At the ecosystem level of ecosystem parameters, of which natural oscillations and trends in time, and on which the impact of disturbances are quantified. Particularly these studies, in which often simulation models are used as tools for interpretation, can provide the basis for extrapolations in space and time; (2) On adaptation capacity and mechanisms of (groups of) species to extreme environmental conditions; (3) On (mutual) relationships between plants, animals and microorganisms (e.g. competition, grazing and mineralization); (4) On dispersion between small wetlands. For the contemporary quantitative assessment of the long-term effects of climate changes, the effects of temperature rise and increase in UV-B irradiation on individual species, communities and ecosystems should also be studied.     

The ant-parasitic genus Rhipipalloidea Girault (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae), with a description of a new species

The genus Rhipipalloidea Girault (1934 ), from the Australian region is revised. Rhipipalloidea gruberi Girault (1940 ) is synonymised with R. mira Girault 1934 . A new species, R. madangensis , is described from Papua New Guinea. This species is separated from R. mira from Australia by the distinct striation on the head, and ramose, 12-segmented antennae of the females. Males and a host for the genus are described for the first time.     

Seasonal variation in the reproductive strategy of the parasitic wasp Eulophus larvarum (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae)

ABSTRACT. 1. Eulophus larvarum (L.) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious parasitoid of lepidopterous larvae feeding on broad-leaved trees. Normally there are two generations a year.
2. Sex ratio in the spring generation of larvae is female biased. The bias is probably due to local mate competition as progeny from one brood emerge from their pupae in close proximity to each other.
3. Sex ratio in the summer generation of larvae is near equality. Local mate competition is absent as individuals from the same brood become separated during the winter.
4. Variation in sex-ratio in the spring generation is consistent with a binomial model. Variation in sex ratio in the summer generation is much greater than expected from a binomial model and there is a large proportion of single-sex broods.
5. Two hypotheses are put forward to explain the summer generation pattern: virgin oviposition, and strong intersexual competition.
6. No differences in clutch size were found between the two generations.     

Life history of Spalangia gemina Boucek (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a fast-breeding microhymenopteran pupal parasitoid of muscoid flies

Laboratory studies at 25.5 degrees C and 70-75% r.h. demonstrated that the average daily survival rate for females of the parasitoid Spalangia gemina Boucek (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was 0.907 over a 20-day period, with 50% mortality in 17.3 days. Mean immature developmental time of S.gemina was 22 days and the population growth rate was c. 40-fold per generation. The females successfully parasitized 1-, 2- and 3-day-old pupae of Musca domestica L. and parasitism of 98-100% was obtained at parasitoid to host ratios of 1:0.5-2.5. Parasitism of 81-87% was obtained at parasitoid to host ratios of 1:10. The male to female sex ratio was 1:1.59. S.gemina appears to have advantages over other Spalangia spp., which have immature development times of 28-32 days under comparable conditions, for the biological control of Muscidae.     

世界奇蚁属第三种记述(膜翅目:蚁科)

The third species of the ant genus Perissomyrmex in the world, P.fissus sp. nov., is collected from Ailao Mountain Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province. Perissomyrmex is a new record genus in China. Taxonomic key based on worker caste is provided for the 3 species: P.snyderi Smith, P monticola de Andrade, and P fissus sp. nov.     

Two new species of the cryptic chrysidid parasitoid subfamily Loboscelidiinae: The second species in Rhadinoscelidia and the first Loboscelidia for the Indonesian fauna

Two new species in the cryptic chrysidid wasp subfamily Loboscelidiinae are described based on males from Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia. One is the second species in Rhadinoscelidia Kimsey, and the other, belonging in Loboscelidia Westwood, is the first species of the genus for the Indonesian fauna.     

The genus Batozonellus from China with description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

The genus Batozonellus(Pompilidae: Pompilinae) from China is reviewed. A new species, B. flavithoracicus Li Li, sp. nov. from Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. A key to the Chinese species of Batozonellus, modified from Tsuneki(1989), is provided.     

Predictive model of distribution of Atta robusta Borgmeier 1939 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): subsidies for conservation of a Brazilian leaf-cutting ant endangered species

The aim of this work was to create a predictive model of the potential geographical distribution of the leaf-cutting ant Atta robusta Borgmeier 1939 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) using ecological niche modeling. We used previous collection records available in the literature together with our database. This is the first study in Brazil using ecological niche modeling as a tool for predicting ant species distribution. Besides the already known distribution, the model generated results showing a medium to low probability of occurrence in the coastal regions of Paraná and São Paulo states, and a very high probability of occurrence in southern Bahia State, in environments popularly known as muçunungas. These environments are characterized by a lower density of trees and the dominance of herbaceous-shrub vegetation. Moreover, we discuss how geographic barriers and anthropogenic pressure in restinga environments may be the determining factors in the current distribution of this species. According to the predictive model used in this study, there is strong evidence that this species occurs only in these states and deserves special attention from government conservation agencies in the restingas where it is located.     

中国肿腿蜂属新记录及一新种记述膜翅目：肿腿蜂科，肿腿蜂亚科）

记述了采自我国辽宁省的肿腿蜂属一新种：中华肿腿蜂Bethylus sinensis Xu, He et Terayama, sp. Nov.,这是我国肿腿蜂属的首次记录。模式标本保存于浙江大学植物保护系寄生蜂标本室。     

Conservation of Portuguese red-listed bryophytes species in Portugal: Promoting a shift in perspective on climate changes

Knowledge of bryophyte diversity can be an important tool for identifying overall biodiversity hotspots. The distribution of red-listed species is an essential data for biodiversity conservation actions, and the assessment of species' response to climate change scenarios is also a key tool in future conservation strategies. In this study, we examine the response of four phytogeographic assemblages of all Portuguese red-listed bryophytes whose distributions are well documented in Portugal. The red-listed species were selected based on their vulnerability as listed in the new Atlas and Red Data book of Portuguese bryophytes according to the IUCN criteria. The main purpose of this study is to develop predictive distributions of threatened bryophytes grouped according to phytogeographic trends aiming to conserve this bryoflora in future. This is achieved by the identification of relationships between specimens' distributions and environmental ecologically meaningful data, which is known to influence different phytogeographic assemblages. Significant differences were found in all distribution models based on future climate scenarios. Several variables play a vital role in the species' distribution models in present and future environmental conditions.     

中国肿腿蜂属新记录及一新种记述膜翅目：肿腿蜂科，肿腿蜂亚科）

 记述了采自我国辽宁省的肿腿蜂属一新种：中华肿腿蜂Bethylus sinensis Xu, He et Terayama, sp. Nov.,这是我国肿腿蜂属的首次记录。模式标本保存于浙江大学 植物保护系寄生蜂标本室。