三峡库区三种林下地被物储水特性

通过对三峡库区3种森林类型(松栎混交林、栓皮栎纯林、马尾松纯林)林下地被物调查及其持水试验,分别得到3种森林类型林下地被物最大储水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数,结果表明,栓皮栎纯林林下苔藓层储水量最大,为其风干重的303．1％,松栎混交林林下的为283．8％,马尾松纯林林下的为242．3％．松栎混交林林下枯落物最大储水量为其风干重的282.2％,栓皮栎纯林林下的为262．5％,马尾松纯林林下的为239．3％。经分析拟合,得到林下苔藓层、林下枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间之间关系式为S=kt^n,在同为中龄林条件下,3种森林类型林下苔藓层储水量均高于林下枯落物储水量,而林下地被物储水量随时间变化过程与森林类型无关。     

川西高山和亚高山灌丛的地被物及土壤持水性能

线以上和干旱阳坡等环境较为恶劣的地段,生态水文效应尤为重要.以往对于该区域灌丛的研究,多集中于类型、生物量等方面,生态水文效应方面的研究基本上属于空白.通过对苔藓、枯落物和土壤的野外调查与室内实验,分析了川西高山和亚高山3种主要灌丛在不同海拔梯度的地被物及土壤持水性能,其有利于加深对长江上游高山和亚高山区灌丛水文效应的认识.研究表明：（1）3种类型中,杜鹃灌丛持水性能最强,其苔藓、枯落物和土壤0～40cm最大持水量在各海拔梯度平均为46.73、139.98 t/hm^2和2216.92t/hm^2;高山栎灌丛各海拔梯度平均为1.64、72.08 t/hm^2和2114.88 t/hm^2;橿子栎灌丛没有苔藓,枯落物和土壤0～40cm最大持水量在各海拔梯度平均为84.55 t/hm^2和2062.83 t/hm^2.（2）杜鹃灌丛苔藓蓄积量及最大持水量随海拔升高而降低;高山栎灌丛苔藓蓄积量及最大持水量先随海拔升高而增加,在3400m处达到最大,之后又降低.杜鹃灌丛苔藓最大持水率远高于高山栎灌丛.杜鹃灌丛和高山栎灌丛枯落物蓄积量及最大持水量均随海拔升高而降低;橿子栎灌丛则随海拔升高而升高.（3）3种灌丛在不同海拔随土壤深度的增加,土壤容重均显著增大,最大持水量显著下降,但毛管持水量和最小持水量仅在部分类型显著下降.土壤0～40cm最大持水量只有杜鹃灌丛随海拔升高而显著降低,其他两种不同海拔间差异不显著.     

川西亚高山林区不同土地利用与土地覆盖的地被物及土壤持水特征

川西亚高山森林是我国西南亚高山水源涵养林的重要组成部分.随着20世纪中叶以来农业人口的增加和森林的开发利用,受干扰强度、频度和干扰时间的影响,原始暗针叶林退化为耕地、草地、灌丛、次生阔叶林或人工林.1998年后,该区相继启动天然林保护工程和退耕还林工程.为评价工程效益,确定长江上游水源涵养林的恢复与重建模式,需要进行不同土地利用类型之间生态水文效应的对比分析.通过野外调查与室内实验,对比分析了川西亚高山林区农田、草地、退耕还林地、灌丛、次生桦木林、人工云杉林和老龄针叶林的地被物(苔藓与枯落物)和土壤持水特征,结果表明:不同土地利用与覆盖类型间地被物和土壤持水性能差异显著.随着干扰程度的增加,苔藓、枯落物蓄积量及最大持水量下降,土壤容重增加,土壤持水性能下降.苔藓最大持水量排序是老龄针叶林>人工云杉林>天然次生林>灌丛.枯落物最大持水量排序是老龄针叶林>天然次生林>人工云杉林>灌丛>草地>退耕还林地.人工云杉林与天然次生林之间、草地与退耕还林地之间苔藓和枯落物最大持水量没有显著差异.土壤0～40cm最大持水量排序是天然次生林>老龄针叶林>人工云杉林>灌丛>农田>草地>退耕还林地,其中天然次生林显著高于人工云杉林,草地与退耕还林地之间没有显著差异.对于森林恢复途径和树种的选择,需要考虑未来林分的多种生态系统服务功能.     

地上枯落物的累积、分解及其在陆地生态系统中的作用

了解陆地生态系统地上枯落物的累积和分解过程对认识它的生态作用、通过管理地上枯落物调控陆地生态系统功能和服务有重要意义。综述了陆地生态系统地上枯落物的积累和分解过程及其影响因素,然后概括了通过这些过程地上枯落物所发挥的生态作用,最后,在全球变化背景下,基于当前研究进展提出陆地生态系统地上枯落物研究的前景。地上枯落物累积在时间尺度上一般遵循植物的生命周期,同时也受环境因子的调控。大的空间尺度上,枯落物累积主要受水热因子控制,伴随植被类型的变化,表现随纬度升高而减少的趋势。然而,在局域尺度内,枯落物累积除受水、热因子限制,还被群落结构、土壤条件、植食动物等因素影响,表现较大变异性。当前,人类干扰作为一个不可忽视的因素,正在强烈甚至不可逆转的改变地表植被覆盖和枯落物累积。地上枯落物的分解过程包括淋溶、光降解、土壤动物和微生物分解,这些过程同时进行并相互影响。尽管目前还不清楚,但区分这些分解过程和分解产物的去向对了解陆地生态系统物质循环有重要意义。枯落物分解首先被自身类型、化学组成、物种多样性决定,同时也受分解者群体、非生物环境影响。其中,枯落物分解与其化学特性、物种多样性及土壤养分状况的关系是研究的热点,也是广泛争议的焦点。通过累积和分解,地上枯落物对陆地生态系统有物理、化学、生物作用。目前,枯落物的物理和化学作用研究较为透彻,而由于受枯落物数量、环境条件、响应植物特征或一些有待挖掘的未知因素的共同限制,地上枯落物的生物作用,尤其对植物的作用在不同研究中仍没有达成普遍的共识。全球变化可能影响地上枯落物累积、分解和生态作用。在全球变化的背景,研究地上枯落物产量和性状变化、阐明枯落物分解的分室模型、继续分析枯落物性状和分解关系、深入揭示枯落物的生态作用及其制约因素,理解和预测地上枯落物数量和质量变化对陆地生态系统功能和服务的影响是必要的。     

小叶章草地枯落物的季节动态

本项研究于1988年4月至1989年10月在黑龙江省宝清原种场(N46°19′,E132°11′)进行。观测样地的概况笔者已作过报道。观测过程中,立枯物测定采用收获法;凋落量的测定采用网罗法;凋落物分解的测定采用网袋法。     

长白山暗针叶林苔藓枯落物层的降雨截留过程

对长白山北坡暗针叶林地面苔藓枯落物层 (苔藓植物和枯落叶交织而成的层状结构 )持水能力、截留降雨过程及动态变化进行了研究。结果表明苔藓枯落物层持水能力很强 ,最大持水量相当于 4 .8mm的降雨量 ,这个结果大于将苔藓与枯落物分开来测定的结果之和 ,说明成层结构能够提高持水能力。在一次降雨过程中对降雨截留过程的观测发现 :持水量刚开始随降雨增加而增加 ,到一定量时 ,降雨再增加 ,持水量反而缓慢下降。对持水动态变化一个月的观测 ,表明苔藓枯落物层水分蒸发较快 ,当长时间无雨时 ,持水量显著下降 ,当降雨再次发生时 ,持水量迅速回升 ,这种动态过程伴随着降雨的发生而不断往复。此外 ,在夜间苔藓枯落物层有吸收空气中水气的特点 ,吸收量受空气湿度的影响     

川西亚高山桦木林的林地水文效应

川西亚高山森林是我国西南亚高山林区水源涵养林的重要组成部分,原生的亚高山暗针叶林在经历大规模采伐利用后,天然更新的次生桦木林已成为该区域的主要森林类型之一。前人对原始暗针叶林水文学的研究已相当丰富,内容涉及冠层截留、地被物持水特征、森林蒸发散、土壤入渗、根土作用层等诸多方面;而对于采伐后人工林和天然次生林的研究较少,仅有的结论也以人工林为主。通过对林地苔藓、枯落物和土壤的野外调查与室内实验,分析了川西亚高山次生桦木林在不同林龄和海拔梯度间的林地水文效应,这对于丰富亚高山森林水文学的研究、确定长江上游水源涵养林的恢复与重建模式,都具有重要的意义。研究表明:桦木林苔藓蓄积量及最大持水量在不同林龄间差异显著,随林龄增大而显著增加;而在不同海拔间差异不显著。枯落物蓄积量及最大持水量在不同林龄及海拔间均差异显著,随林龄的增大而增加;在林龄相同的条件下,在中海拔(3200m、3400m)较高,在较高(3600m)、较低(3000m)海拔偏低。苔藓最大持水率平均为945%,在林龄和海拔间差异不显著;枯落物最大持水率平均573%,在林龄和海拔间均差异显著。各林龄和海拔梯度上的桦木林,随土壤深度的增加土壤容重均显著增大,最大持水量显著下降,但毛管持水量和最小持水量仅在部分类型下降显著。土壤0~40cm最大持水量在不同林龄间差异不显著,而在不同海拔间差异显著;这种差异主要表现在林龄10~25a的林分,随海拔升高土壤0~40cm最大持水量增大。在大规模采伐后,苔藓层的恢复是一个长期过程,可以作为次生林地水文效应向原始暗针叶林恢复程度的一个指标。     

浑善达克沙地植物群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

2004年8月,以浑善达克沙地植物群落样方调查资料为基础,对流动-半流动沙丘、固定沙丘、丘间低地和淖尔边缘4种生境的21种群落类型的物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数、生态优势度指数和均匀度指数进行比较分析,并通过相关分析对各种指数与土壤因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明:分布在流动-半流动沙丘的植物群落的物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数最低,生态优势度指数较高,群落均匀度指数高于其它3种生境;固定沙丘的物种丰富度指数、物种多样性指数最高,优势度指数最低;丘间低地和淖尔边缘的植物群落的丰富度指数和多样性指数低于固定沙丘,但高于流动-半流动沙丘,优势度指数高于固定沙丘,均匀度指数低于流动-半流动沙丘.相关分析表明,均匀度指数与土壤pH以及全氮含量显著相关,丰富度指数与有机质含量显著相关.     

AMF对喀斯特土壤枯落物分解和对宿主植物的养分传递

为探索丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)在喀斯特土壤中养分利用机制,采用分室系统隔室装置(用20μm或0.45μm尼龙网双层隔离)对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)幼苗进行幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)接种处理和施氮处理,并采用15N稳定同位素技术标记了黑麦草(Lolium perenne)枯落物作为土壤有机残体,幼苗生长15周后测定了隔室幼苗生长性状指标、氮、磷摄取量、植株和隔室土壤中的δ15N值、微生物量碳、微生物量氮以及菌丝体密度,结果表明:AMF具有腐生营养能力,促进了土壤枯落物的分解并吸收其释放的15N传递给宿主植物利用;香樟幼苗优先利用根际周围氮维持生长;在低氮状态下,香樟植株通过AMF菌丝体更多地利用了相邻隔室枯落物分解释放的15N;施加根际外源氮有利于AMF对隔室枯落物的分解,但降低了植株对枯落物氮的利用;根际高氮状态下植株的氮、磷摄取量较大;高养分状态下提高了相邻隔室微生物量碳、氮含量和菌丝体密度。     

枯落物覆盖对阔叶红松林土壤蒸发的影响

通过对枯落物覆盖下森林土壤蒸发的观测,研究了不同干重及类型的枯落物对土壤蒸发的影响,及其与含水率的关系。结果表明:土壤含水率相同,枯落物覆盖量越大,土壤蒸发量越小;不同类型的枯落物对土壤蒸发的抑制作用不同,在相同干重的枯落物覆盖下,未分解、半分解和分解的枯落物对土壤蒸发的抑制能力依次减弱。土壤蒸发量与枯落物质量呈对数关系。随土壤含水率的降低,土壤蒸发量减少,含水率在41%～38%时,每下降1%,75g、45g、15g枯落物覆盖下的土壤蒸发量依次减少2.38g、1.43g、1.30g,且在土壤含水率下降过程中,覆盖的枯落物分解程度越高,土壤蒸发速率降低越不显著。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液灌溉对土壤理化特征和草本花卉生长的影响

以草本花卉植物一串红和石竹为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同浓度垃圾渗滤液灌溉对土壤理化性质及生物学性质、植物生长、氮磷和重金属吸收的影响。渗滤液灌溉提高了土壤有机质、氮含量和电导率,其中,黄壤盐分积累速度大于紫色土,而对土壤磷和重金属含量的影响不明显,土壤脲酶活性随渗滤液浓度的提高呈先升高后降低趋势,紫色土和黄壤在渗滤液灌溉浓度分别为60%和40%时脲酶活性最强;随渗滤液浓度提高紫色土过氧化氢酶活性略为上升,黄壤过氧化氢酶活性降低。渗滤液灌溉使两种花卉根系生长受到抑制,但对植物地上部的生长发育存在低浓度促进高浓度抑制的双重作用。渗滤液灌溉可提高两种植物地上部的氮含量,对一串红磷含量影响不明显,使石竹磷含量降低,对Cu、Zn含量的影响因土壤和植物的不同而异,但高浓度渗滤液灌溉使两种植物Pb、Cr和Cd含量均提高。结果表明,适当浓度渗滤液灌溉具有改善土壤肥力,促进植物地上部生长发育的作用,渗滤液灌溉不会引起土壤和植物体内重金属过量积累,土壤氮过量积累导致的氮磷营养失调和盐分过度积累是高浓度渗滤液抑制植物生长的重要原因。从土壤性质变化和植物生长反应看,渗滤液灌溉浓度以20%—40%为佳。     

Bioreactor landfill technology in municipal solid waste treatment: An overview

In recent years, due to an advance in knowledge of landfill behaviour and decomposition processes of municipal solid waste, there has been a strong thrust to upgrade existing landfill technologies for optimizing these degradation processes and thereafter harness a maximum of the useful bioavailable matter in the form of higher landfill gas generation rates. Operating landfills as bioreactors for enhancing the stabilization of wastes is one such technology option that has been recently investigated and has already been in use in many countries. A few full-scale implementations of this novel technology are gaining momentum in landfill research and development activities. The publication of bioreactor landfill research has resulted in a wide pool of knowledge and useful engineering data. This review covers leachate recirculation and stabilization, nitrogen transformation and corresponding extensive laboratory- and pilot-scale research, the bioreactor landfill concept, the benefits to be derived from this bioreactor landfill technology, and the design and operational issues and research trends that form the basis of applied landfill research.     

Phytoextraction of As and Fe using Hibiscus cannabinus L. from soil polluted with landfill leachate

Terrestrial plants as potential phytoremediators for remediation of surface soil contaminated with toxic metals have gained attention in clean-up technologies. The potential of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) to offer a cost-effective mechanism to remediate Fe and As from landfill leachate-contaminated soil was investigated. Pot experiment employing soil polluted with treatments of Jeram landfill leachate was conducted for 120 days. Plants were harvested after 8th, 12th, and 16th weeks of growth. Accumulation of Fe and As was assessed based on Bioconcentration Factor and Translocation Factor. Results showed sequestration of 0.06-0.58 mg As and 66.82-461.71 mg Fe per g plant dry weight in kenaf root, which implies that kenaf root can be an bioavailable sink for toxic metals. Insignificant amount of Fe and As was observed in the aerial plant parts (< 12% of total bioavailable metals). The ability of kenaf to tolerate these metals and avoid phytotoxicity could be attributed to the stabilization of the metals in the roots and hence reduction of toxic metal mobility (TF < 1). With the application of leachate, kenaf was also found to have higher biomass and subsequently recorded 11% higher bioaccumulation capacity, indicating its suitability for phytoextraction of leachate contaminated sites.     

The effect of landfill age on municipal leachate composition

The influence of municipal landfill age on temporal changes in municipal leachate quality on the basis of elaboration of 4 years monitoring of leachate from landfill in Wysieka near Bartoszyce (Poland) is presented in this study. In leachate, concentrations of organic compounds (COD, BOD(5)), nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus), mineral compounds, heavy metals and BTEX were investigated. It was shown that the principal pollutants in leachate were organics and ammonia - as landfill age increased, organics concentration (COD) in leachate decreased from 1,800 mg COD/l in the second year of landfill exploitation to 610 mg COD/l in the sixth year of exploitation and increase of ammonia nitrogen concentration from 98 mg N(NH)/l to 364 mg N(NH4) /l was observed. Fluctuation of other indexes (phosphorus, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, dissolved solids, heavy metals, BTEX) depended rather on season of the year (seasonal variations) than landfill age. Moreover, the obtained data indicate that despite of short landfill's lifetime some parameters e.g. high pH (on average 7.84), low COD concentration (<2,000 mg COD/l), low BOD(5)/COD ratio (<0.4) and low heavy metal concentration, indicated that the landfill was characterized by methanogenic conditions already at the beginning of the monitoring period.     

An investigation into the microbial clogging potential of selected filter media as a result of biodegradation of a high-strength sulphate-rich alkaline leachate

The research examines the potential for bio-clogging in filter packs containing fine sand of the type typically used in extraction wells for pumping leachates containing fine particulate matter, such as cement kiln dust (CKD). Three filter media with different particle sizes were used: 1.7–4.75, 0.35–1.0, and 0.235–0.45 mm. Each sand filter was tested using a leachate recirculating column reactor with a free drainage layer, on top of which was placed the filtration medium which was kept saturated and at a positive hydrostatic head by a 2-l reservoir of leachate. The leachate was collected from a landfill site that had been used for the co-disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) and CKD. The leachate used was filtered by passing through a Whatman GFA filter paper before being added to the reactors in order to eliminate as far as possible the non-biological clogging which might have resulted from the introduction of particulate matter in the form of CKD. The filters and a control experiment were run under anaerobic conditions at 35 °C. The bio-clogging potential was observed by taking differential manometer readings from manometers located in the drainage and reservoir sections of the reactor. No clogging was detected using the coarser of the filter media, but there was some clogging when a finer filter medium was used. Head space gas analysis indicated that methanogenic activity was inhibited and analysis of the liquid phase indicated that the microbial process responsible for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was principally one of sulphate reduction.     

渗滤液覆盖层灌溉处理对夹竹桃的生理生态效应

以夹竹桃（Nerium indicum Mill．）作为填埋场覆盖层封场植被材料,历时1a现场研究了有无渗滤液灌溉下夹竹桃生长及其生理生化反应。结果表明,10mm／d渗滤液灌溉下夹竹桃持续生长,生长的快慢呈季节性,且生长较对照组略快;渗滤液灌溉组和对照组夹竹桃丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸（Pro）含量的动态变化同气温变化规律相似,超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和抗坏皿酸（AsA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量基本呈季节性波动。盛夏（6—8月份）和秋冬（10-4月份）SOD、POD活性明显提高,AsA、GSH积累显著;1a中渗滤液灌溉组各生理生化指标均较对照组变化辐度大,但两组间差异基本不显著;表明有无渗滤液灌溉下,夹竹桃生理生态反应主要受气候的季节性变化调控,渗滤液灌溉处理不会显著加大对夹竹桃胁迫。     

Phytodesalination of landfill leachate using Puccinellia nuttalliana and Typha latifolia

Abstract

Landfilling has been widely used for solid waste disposal; however, the generation of leachate can pose a major threat to the surrounding environment in the form of soil salinity. Two native plants of North America Puccinellia nuttalliana (alkaligrass) and Typha latifolia (cattail) were selected in this study to investigate bioaccumulation of sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^?) under controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments include irrigation of the plants using fertilizer (F), landfill leachate (LL), and tap water (control, C). Plants cultivated after one season (12?weeks) were harvested by separating aboveground tissues and roots, and soil from each treatment was collected for analysis. The results show that alkaligrass irrigated with LL had 2.13% more biomass yield than control, but 17.63% less than that with F. However, cattail yielded 19.70% more biomass with the irrigation of LL than C and 3.04% less compared to F. Alkaligrass and cattail accumulated 6.85 and 7.00?g Na⁺/Kg biomass with the irrigation of LL, respectively. Alkaligrass and cattail irrigated with LL accumulated 120.14% and 94.47% more Cl^? than C. When alkaligrass and cattail were irrigated with LL, the electrical conductivity of soil was reduced by 71.70% and 45.36%, respectively. This study demonstrated that using North American native halophytes could be a cost-effective and promising approach for phytoremediation of landfill leachate.     

Powdered activated carbon added biological treatment of pre-treated landfill leachate in a fed-batch reactor

Biological treatment of landfill leachate usually results in low treatment efficiencies because of high chemical oxygen demand (COD), high ammonium-N content and also presence of toxic compounds such as heavy metals. A landfill leachate with high COD content was pre-treated by coagulation-flocculation followed by air stripping of ammonia at pH = 12. Pre-treated leachate was biologically treated in an aeration tank operated in fed-batch mode with and without addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC). PAC at 2 g l^–1 improved COD and ammonium-N removals resulting in nearly 86% COD and 26% NH₄-N removal.     

Co-digestion of intermediate landfill leachate and sewage sludge as a method of leachate utilization

This study examines the co-digestion of intermediate landfill leachate and sewage sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Application of leachate as a co-fermentation component increased the concentrations of soluble organic compounds (expressed as total organic carbon), ammonium nitrogen, and alkalinity in the digester influents.The biogas yield obtained from the co-fermentation of a 20:1 sewage sludge: intermediate leachate mixture was 1.30 m³ per kg of removed volatile solids (VS), while that from a 10:1 mixture was 1.24 m³ per kg of removed VS. These values exceeded the biogas yield for the sludge alone by 13% and 8%, respectively. The leachate addition influenced the proportion of methane to a minor extent. Increased methane yields of 16.9% and 6.2% per kg of removed VS were found for the two sewage sluge:intermediate leachate mixtures, respectively.     

Biodegradation of rubber particles in soil

The biodegradation of rubber particles in rubber-soil mixtures at different rubber contents was monitored by the carbon dioxide production. The cumulative carbon dioxide production was modelled according to a two parameter exponential function. The model provides an excellent fit (R²>0.98) for the observed data. The two parameters yield a reliable estimate of the half-life for the process observed, but estimation of the true half-life of rubber in soil will need more research.