扶桑绵粉蚧寄生性天敌班氏跳小蜂生物学研究

本文对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley的重要天敌班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei Hayat(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)的雌雄形态特征、发育起点温度和有效积温、在长沙地区的理论发生代数进行了研究。结果表明:班氏跳小蜂是扶桑绵粉蚧若虫-成虫期寄生蜂;在28℃下,班氏跳小蜂一代的历期为17.8d;成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为:14.42、15.29、14.89、15.18℃,发生一代的发育起点温度为14.62℃;成虫、卵、幼虫和蛹的有效积温分别为87.92、9.74、68.41、75.84日·度,发生一代的有效积温为249.92日·度;由此预测班氏跳小蜂在长沙地区一年可发生9代。     

温度对短小扇头蜱和银盾革蜱发育的影响

短小扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus pumilio Schulze)在20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃各期发育的平均天数:卵期为62.35,29.15,19.98,15.04天;幼虫蜕化期为28.34,12.10,8.85,7.32天;雌性若虫蜕化期为40.46,20.45,13.84,10.58天;雄性若虫蜕化期为41.14,21.18,14.13,11.00天.各期发育的有效积温和温度低阈:卵期为297.67日度和115.11℃;幼虫蜕化期为141.01日度和14.12℃;雌、雄性若虫蜕化期分别为213.54日度、223.59日度和14.58℃、14.47℃.银盾革蜱(Dermacentor niveus Neumann)在各等级温度中各期发育的平均日数:卵期为49.19,25.27,16.39,12.83天;幼虫蜕化期为13.47,7.85,5.43,4.27天;雌性若虫蜕化期为35.57,20.69,13.74,10.75天;雄性若虫蜕化期为36.50,21.81,14.29,11.44天.各期发育的有效积温和温度低阈:卵期为256.94日度和14.72℃;幼虫蜕化期为93.13日度和13.05℃;雌、雄性若虫蜕化期分别为225.95日度、244.12日度和13.98℃、13.42℃.两种蜱若虫蜕化期发育所需时间,雄虫若虫比雌性若虫延长.     

刺槐叶瘿蚊发育起点温度和有效积温

在实验室条件下对刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldemann)发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,发育历期缩短;刺槐叶瘿蚊的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和全世代的发育起点温度分别为4.51,6.15,4.79和14.17℃,有效积温分别为62.20,281.42,124.45和55.48日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为8.01℃,有效积温为506.93日.度;刺槐叶瘿蚊在秦皇岛年发生代数的预测值为5.12~5.76代。     

温度对水椰八角铁甲生长发育的影响

研究表明,水椰八角铁甲卵的发育起点温度为13.4±0.4℃,有效积温为69.75±3.56日度;2龄幼虫发育起点温度最低,为10.4±2.8℃,有效积温为84.51±16.66日度;蛹的发育起点温度为11.0±1.5℃,有效积温为111.07±10.48日度;卵至蛹的发育起点温度为11.6±1.2℃,有效积温为624.17±46.26日度;在海南文昌一年发生2.96代。成虫羽化适宜温度为29℃。     

杨始叶螨生物学和有效积温研究

杨始叶螨Eotetranychus populi(Koch)是危害杨柳科植物的重要害螨。本文研究了该螨的主要生物学特性和有效积温。结果表明：在16℃一28℃范围内,该螨的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,反之则延长。经测定,卵的发育起点为(8.77±0.83)℃,有效积温为(100.0±5.96)日度; 幼螨至成螨的发育起点为(9.64±1.60)℃,有效积温为113.3±13.88)日度;全世代的发育起点为(8.67±0.92)℃,有效积温为(2182±14.37)日度。同时还观察了该螨在不同温度下的产卵进度、单雌产卵量、寿命和交配活动等。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus的发育起点温度和有效积温

对橘小实蝇卵寄生蜂阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus(Sonan)的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的卵、幼虫、蛹、雌成虫、雄成虫和世代的发育起点温度分别为9.7、8.8、8.5、8.7、8.7和9.3℃;有效积温分别为25.2.200.2、133.6、344.4、242.8和440.2日度。在19-31℃之间,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。     

不同温度和寄主植物对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育的影响

为明确温度和寄主对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis生长发育的影响,本文在室内研究了不同温度和不同寄主上该虫的发育历期、发育起点温度、有效积温、成虫性比和存活率,结果表明:18℃-30℃范围内,随着温度升高,扶桑绵粉蚧发育历期逐渐缩短,34℃与30℃下无明显差异。该虫不同虫期发育起点温度均较高,其中2龄雄若虫和雌若虫最高,分别为19.11℃、16.14℃,蛹最低,为12.22℃。有效积温蛹最大,为87.40日·度,1龄若虫次之(77.12日·度),2龄雄若虫最小(26.32日·度)。18℃-30℃时各虫期死亡率随着温度升高而降低,34℃时又有升高。取食4种寄主时扶桑绵粉蚧发育历期有所变化,1龄若虫番茄上显著长于马铃薯;2龄雌雄若虫番茄上显著长于扶桑和马铃薯;3龄雌若虫以烟草和番茄上较长,扶桑和马铃薯上较短;雄蛹、雄成虫历期均无差异;烟草上雌成虫存活时间最长;雌虫整个虫期存活时间最长,为53.77 d,番茄次之(48.65 d),扶桑、马铃薯较短,分别为43.39 d、39.79 d。雄虫整个虫期存活时间烟草明显长于扶桑。不同寄主上扶桑绵粉蚧雌雄虫比率差异较大,以马铃薯上雄虫率最高(37.78%),其次为扶桑(26.67%),烟草上最低(8.01%)。     

草地贪夜蛾在不同温度条件下的生长发育特性

为掌握草地贪夜蛾的主要生物学特性,本文在5个恒温条件下:20℃、25℃、28℃、32℃和35℃,采用玉米苗作为饲料,测定了不同虫态的发育历期、繁殖力、发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在20~35℃温度条件下,草地贪夜蛾的发育历期随着温度的升高逐渐下降,完成一个世代发育历期在23.0~48.3 d;其中,卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和世代发育起点温度分别为:12.70℃、11.11℃、11.01℃、5.65℃和9.21℃,有效积温分别为:39.40日·度、201.25日·度、134.12日·度、171.06日·度和636.53日·度;20~32℃是卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫产卵的适宜温度,15℃、35℃恒温条件下不适宜草地贪夜蛾的生长发育。根据本试验测定的发育起点温度与有效积温,推测草地贪夜蛾在滇中、滇西、滇南、滇东南、滇西南、滇东北、滇西北年发生世代分别为2.18~8.59代、2.28~10.15代、3.43~12.13代、3.15~8.46代、2.75~9.39代、1.38~6.87代、1.11~6.72代。     

南方粘虫之研究——Ⅳ.粘虫的发育起点、有效积温常数测定,及其研究方法、计算方法的比较

为研究粘虫的生长发育与温度的关系,进行了发育起点及有效积温常数测定,在此同时,采用了不同地区来源的材料(北京材料和广东材料)、恒温和变温的研究方法,迴归直线和加权的计算方法等进行了比较,企图获得一个实践上简单易行、容易推广的研究方法和计算方法,并将此次测定结果供生产上预测粘虫发生时期上的参考: 1.测定粘虫各虫态的发育起点及有效积温常数结果:发育起点卵期为10.2±0.7℃,幼虫期为7.4±0.6℃,前蛹期为8.7±1.7℃,蛹期为9.9±1.3℃,成虫产卵前期为10.0±1.1℃,全世代为8.7±0.8℃:有效积温常数卵期62.3日度,幼虫期为362.5日度,前蛹期为39.2日度,蛹期为150.7日度,成虫产卵前期为71.3日度,全世代为696.0日度(北京材料)。 2.温度与粘虫生长发育的关系,各种虫态均表现为逻辑斯帝曲线(Logistic-curve),即较低温时粘虫的生长发育比较缓慢,到达一定温度以后,呈直线上升,到相当高温时,生长发育又复迟缓,甚至不再上升或保持一定的水平,也有稍为下降的例子。 3.北京材料和广东材料对温度的反应基本一致,各虫态发育日数的变异率平均为9.61%,最大不超过25%,发育起点和有效积温常数之简,似亦无显著的差异。 4.用迴归直线法和加权法两种计算方法,来求算发育起点及有效积温常数的结果:认为两种方法都可应用,但迴归直线法只适用于恒温的试验结果,变温的试验结果则须应用加权计算法。 5.认为利用自然变温下饲育昆虫所得的发育日数,并以发育期间内日平均气温的平均数,来计算发育起点及有效积温常数的研究方法是可以符合实际要求的。在粘虫发生地理学的检验结果来看,与实测世代数尚符合。应用这种方法可以减免研究上恒温条件的许多困难,也可以减免恒温研究结果的若干局限性,而且变温的研究结果,应该更为接近实际,在生产实践上似较有实用价值。     

黄色潜蝇茧蜂发育起点温度与有效积温的研究

在15-30℃温度范围内,观察了不同梯度温度下黄色潜蝇茧蜂Opius flavus Weng etChen生长发育的历期,并对实验数据采用直线性回归的方法处理。结果表明：黄色潜蝇茧蜂卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为8.518℃、9.909℃和8.656℃,其有效积温分别为60.27日度、65.75日度和87.78日度;卵——成虫的发育起点温度是9.631℃,有效积温为203.04日度。     

龟纹瓢虫的行为学观察

通过以洋槐蚜Aphis robiniae Macchiati为食物对龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica(Thunberg)进行室内饲养和观察,记述了龟纹瓢虫幼虫的孵化、蜕皮行为,成虫的羽化、捕食、交配、产卵行为,并对幼虫成虫的自残行为进行了初步观察。结果表明幼虫孵化、蜕皮,成虫羽化后均有取食自己蜕皮时产生的残皮的行为;龟纹瓢虫成虫捕食行为分为搜寻、捕捉、清洁、静止排泄4个步骤;交配一般由雄虫发起,雌虫背负成虫进行交配。龟纹瓢虫每产一粒卵平均耗时3.75秒,两粒卵之间产卵时间间隔约31.75秒,每次产卵量平均12枚;龟纹瓢虫存在自残行为,成虫在食物不足时会取食幼虫和虫卵,高龄幼虫在饥饿的状态下也取食低龄幼虫和卵,且同龄幼虫之间也会出现相互咬食的现象。     

Change in levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP during pregnancy and larval development of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans

Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels change very little in response to feeding and mating, but during pregnancy and at parturition major changes can be detected in both the mother and larva. In both the female head and larva (whole body) cyclic AMP levels reach a peak at parturition. In the larval brain and ring gland cyclic AMP is at its lowest at parturition but rises sharply, reaching a peak 1.5 hr later at the time of pupariation . Though cyclic AMP levels in the head and thorax are consistently 10-60 times greater than levels of cyclic GMP, both the female abdomen and larva contain high concentrations of cyclic GMP with a ratio of cyclic AMP:cyclic GMP approaching 1:1. In the abdomen, the pattern of high cyclic GMP closely parallels the activity cycle of the female's milk gland.     

油茶象甲形态特征及生物学特性研究

油茶象甲Curculio chinensis Chevrolat是油茶的重要果实害虫,为害严重林分果实被害率高达79.3%。本文详细描述了该虫的形态特征;对其生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明该虫在广东省2年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在土内越过第1个冬天、以初羽化的成虫在土内越过第2个冬天,4月上中旬开始出土,5-6月为出土盛期。成虫栖息环境、产卵和油茶果实的生长发育有密切的关系,成虫无交配时多栖息在油茶嫩枝、嫩芽或油茶果实基部的枯萎花絮上,成虫交配盛期多被发现在油茶果实上;油茶果实一般以果皮厚度4.0-6.0 mm着卵量最多,林间每果一般只有1粒卵或1头幼虫。     

Life history changes in Trogoderma variabile and T. inclusum due to mating delay with implications for mating disruption as a management tactic

Controlling postharvest pest species is a costly process with insecticide resistance and species‐specific control requiring multiple tactics. Mating disruption (MD) can be used to both decrease a female's access to males and delay timing of mating and decreases overall mating success in a population and population growth rate. Development of new commercially available MD products requires an understanding of life history parameters associated with mating delay. These can provide information for targeting proportions of reproducing individuals using MD. After delaying mating for females of two closely related beetle species, Trogoderma variabile and T. inclusum, we surveyed survivorship, number of eggs laid, and number of progeny emerged. With increases in mating age, total number of eggs laid and total number of progeny emerged significantly declined over time. T. inclusum typically had greater numbers of eggs laid and progeny emerged compared to T. variabile as female age at mating increased, suggesting that T. inclusum may be more resistant to long‐term delays in mating. Life span showed an increase as mating age increased but life span significantly decreased almost immediately following mating. Simulations depicting multiple distributions of mating within a population suggest that in a closed population, high levels of mating delay significantly reduced reproductive growth rates. Although reproductive growth rates were decreased with increased mating age, they are still large enough to maintain populations. This study highlights the differences in life history between two closely related species, suggesting that T. inclusum outperforms T. variabile over the course of a life span, but T. variabile has better reproductive capabilities early in life. MD may also be a viable component of a pest management system for these two species as it significantly decreased overall reproductive output and population growth.     

Costs of mating and egg production in female Callosobruchus chinensis

Costs of reproduction include the costs of mating and egg production. Specific techniques such as irradiation or genetic mutation have been used to divide the expense into costs of mating and egg production in previous studies. We tried to divide the costs in the adzuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), which needs some kinds of bean as an oviposition substrate. Mated females that were not allowed to lay eggs had a shorter life span than virgin females, but they had a longer life span than mated females that were allowed to lay eggs. The results showed two independent significant costs, mating and egg production, on the life span in C. chinensis. Costs of mating, however, include the costs of sexual harassment by males and copulation itself, and we need further studies to divide the costs. The present method for dividing the cost of reproduction into costs of mating and egg production can be applied to a broad taxonomic range of insect species, and thus it will be a useful model system for inter-specific comparisons of costs of mating and egg production.     

Effects of social information on life history and mating tactics of males in the orb‐web spider Argiope bruennichi

Informed mating decisions are often based on social cues providing information about prospective mating opportunities. Social information early in life can trigger developmental modifications and influence later mating decisions. A high adaptive value of such adjustments is particularly obvious in systems where potential mating rates are extremely limited and have to be carried out in a short time window. Males of the sexually cannibalistic spider Argiope bruennichi can achieve maximally two copulations which they can use for one (monogyny) or two females (bigyny). The choice between these male mating tactics should rely on female availability that males might assess through volatile sex pheromones emitted by virgin females. We predict that in response to those female cues, males of A. bruennichi should mature earlier and at a smaller body size and favor a bigynous mating tactic in comparison with controls. We sampled spiders from two areas close to the Southern and Northern species range to account for differences in mate quality and seasonality. In a fully factorial design, half of the subadult males from both areas obtained silk cues of females, while the other half remained without female exposure. Adult males were subjected to no‐choice mating tests and could either monopolize the female or leave her (bigyny). We found that Southern males matured later and at a larger size than Northern males. Regardless of their origin, males also shortened the subadult stage in response to female cues, which, however, had no effects on male body mass. Contrary to our prediction, the frequencies of mating tactics were unaffected by the treatment. We conclude that while social cues during late development elicit adaptive life history adjustments, they are less important for the adjustment of mating decisions. We suggest that male tactics mostly rely on local information at the time of mate search.     

Critical periods for developmental acclimation to cold in the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni

Rapid acclimation to cold can occur in Dacus tryoni during two short stages of its life history: the stage immediately prior to the “hopping larva” phase and the “pharate adult” stage within the puparium. Transfer from 25 to 15°C at either of these stages can produce full acclimation to cold within a few days. Acclimation is not detectable at other times in puparial life: during adult life it takes over 100 days.     

Dominance is not always an honest signal of male quality,but females may be able to detect the dishonesty

Females prefer dominant males as mating partners in numerous species. Male dominance rank is considered as an honest signal of male quality, because only healthy males in good condition are thought to be able to win fights with other males. Here, we tested whether activation of the immune system influences the success of males in male–male competition and mating in the field cricket, Gryllus integer. We activated the immune system of males with a nylon monofilament (to mimic a parasitoid larva), and arranged fights between male pairs to assess male dominance and associated mating success. Activation of the immune system with nylon monofilament substantially enhanced the fighting success of males during male–male competition but had no effect on mating success. However, sham-manipulation (a wound only) did not have any effect on fighting success although females mated more often with dominant males. Our study suggests that when male crickets meet an apparent survival threat they may behave more dominantly, probably owing to terminal investment. Male success during male–male competition is not always an honest signal of males’ quality, but females may be able to detect this dishonesty.     

取食重金属铜对棕尾别麻蝇亲代及子代生长发育与繁殖的影响

为了评估取食含重金属铜饲料对棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrine亲代及子代的生长发育与繁殖的影响,在室内给棕尾别麻蝇初产幼虫饲喂含不同浓度（200, 400,800和1 600 µg/g）Cu²⁺的饲料直至化蛹,并对亲代和子代的生长发育和繁殖有关指标进行了观察和分析。结果表明：低浓度的Cu²⁺（200 µg/g）对其体重和体长起促进作用,但对幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹历期、羽化率、性比、交配率和产仔量无显著作用;较高浓度的Cu²⁺ 则有抑制作用,且Cu²⁺处理浓度越高,亲代幼虫、蛹和雌雄成虫的体重越轻,幼虫和蛹的体长越短,化蛹率、羽化率、交配率和产仔量越低,幼虫历期和蛹期越长,成虫寿命越短。但Cu²⁺处理对成虫性比则无显著的影响。相比之下,经Cu²⁺处理后雌虫所产的子代若不再经Cu²⁺处理,其子代生存、生长发育与繁殖则基本不受影响,说明Cu²⁺对亲代的影响不能遗传至子代。此外,还探讨了该蝇亲代与子代体内Cu²⁺含量在其变态过程中的变化。     

Plasticity in male mating behavior modulates female life history in fruit flies

In many species, intense male-male competition for the opportunity to sire offspring has led to the evolution of selfish reproductive traits that are harmful to the females they mate with. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, males modulate their reproductive behavior based on the perceived intensity of competition in their premating environment. Specifically, males housed with other males subsequently transfer a larger ejaculate during a longer mating compared to males housed alone. Although the potential fitness benefits to males from such plasticity are clear, its effects on females are mostly unknown. Hence, we tested the long-term consequences to females from mating with males with distinct social experiences. First, we verified that competitive experience influences male mating behavior and found that males housed with rivals subsequently have shorter mating latencies and longer mating durations. Then, we exposed females every other day for 20 days to males that were either housed alone or with rivals, and subsequently measured their fitness. We found that females mated to males housed with rivals produce more offspring early in life but fewer offspring later in life and have shorter lifespans but similar intrinsic population growth rates. These results indicate that plasticity in male mating behavior can influence female life histories by altering females’ relative allocation to early versus late investment in reproduction and survival.