益生菌对口腔微生物的影响

益生菌(Probiotic)是添加入食物的能够增加营养摄入并改善人体肠道菌群平衡的活菌。大量研究认为益生菌有促进人体健康的作用,目前研究主要集中在益生菌促进人体肠道菌群平衡的作用。口腔是消化道的起始端,最先接触到益生菌并且也有其特有的微生态系统,近年来越来越多的研究关注益生菌对口腔微生物的作用。本文主要从益生菌在口腔的定植,益生菌对口腔微生物群落的影响,益生菌对口腔细菌作用机制三个方面对近年来益生菌对口腔微生物的影响进行综述。     

鱼类肠道微生物与宿主免疫系统相互作用研究进展

鱼类肠道中存在大量微生物,对于维持宿主健康具有重要作用。鱼类免疫系统能够监视并调控肠道微生物组成,维持肠道菌群稳态。同时,鱼类肠道共生微生物调节鱼类免疫系统,抑制病原微生物的过度增殖,保证宿主的健康。本文回顾了鱼类肠道微生物与宿主免疫系统相互作用的研究进展,重点介绍了宿主免疫系统识别肠道微生物、塑造肠道菌群以及益生菌对宿主免疫和肠道菌群的调控等,提出了理想的益生菌应该来自动物自身胃肠道,生产中应谨慎选用非宿主来源的益生菌,以期为推动鱼类肠道功能微生物开发和应用提供理论支撑。     

口腔及肠道微生物与自身免疫性疾病的研究进展CSCD

微生物在人类疾病中的作用不容忽视,这些微生物与人类共同进化,协同机体维持免疫和代谢功能。超过100万亿个共生微生物在人体各处定植,包括口腔、皮肤和胃肠道。口腔是人体微生物种类最丰富的地方之一,仅次于胃肠道。环境和功能上的差异使得口腔和肠道的常驻微生物群的组成基本不同,并在两个黏膜部位形成独特的微生态系统。新的证据表明,口腔和肠道微生物及其代谢产物为研究人类的反应机制打开了新的大门。更重要的是,它揭示了新的和潜在的治疗方法,包括粪菌移植、益生菌和益生元等,但是确切的作用机制仍不明确。作为一种有价值的治疗方法,值得我们进行更深入的研究。     

益生菌与宿主疾病关系的研究进展

人类肠道中含有的多种微生物,称为肠道菌群,它们对宿主的健康起着至关重要的作用。肠道菌群的组成包括细菌、病毒和真核生物,已经被证明与宿主健康有密切的联系,尤其是其中的益生菌。益生菌通过多种途径发挥作用,包括与宿主微生物的相互作用、抵御病原菌的定殖、改善肠道屏障功能、调节免疫功能、产生相关代谢产物,在宿主的代谢、免疫和神经系统中发挥有益作用。综述益生菌的作用机制,讨论了近年来益生菌应用临床研究实例以更好地理解其对疾病风险和健康可持续性的贡献,将为新的治疗干预和疾病预防策略提供参考。     

布拉酵母防治病原微生物感染的机制及效果

肠杆菌科细菌、霍乱弧菌、难辨梭菌、幽门螺杆菌和原虫等病原体感染是引起腹泻的主要原因.布拉酵母作为一种益生菌,通过抗微生物、免疫调节、肠道屏障、增加肠道营养等方面维持肠道微生态平衡.该酵母用于治疗肠杆菌科细菌、霍乱弧菌等病原菌感染引起的急性腹泻,能显著降低腹泻频率,缩短腹泻时间;而作为辅助药物联合抗生素治疗难辨梭菌、幽门螺杆菌和原虫等顽固性病原微生物感染,具有提高根除率、减少副作用、降低复发率的作用.本研究综述了布拉酵母对若干腹泻病原体的防治机制和临床应用研究进展.     

微生态调节剂对大负荷运动下肠道微生物群调节作用的研究进展

大负荷运动不仅会使运动系统如骨骼、骨骼肌等受到影响，还可导致消化系统出现功能障碍，包括肠道微生物群失调、微生物多样性降低、肠屏障功能损伤等问题。而益生菌、益生元等微生态调节剂则可以对肠屏障功能、肠道微生物群等起到积极的调节作用，降低大负荷运动所引起的不良影响，提高恢复能力，进而提高运动表现。这提示微生态调节剂作为营养补剂在运动营养领域中具有重要的应用前景。该文对大负荷运动影响肠道微生物群及其作用机制进行介绍，并梳理益生菌、益生元等微生态调节剂对肠道微生物群的调节作用。     

益生菌调控幼龄畜禽消化道微生物研究进展

益生菌是一类对宿主(人类或动物)有益的活性微生物,包括细菌、真菌(如酵母)等,具有促进动物生长、提高免疫力的作用,是潜在的抗生素替代品。益生菌可能通过与动物消化道微生物互作来发挥益生作用,但具体机制仍不明确。综述了基于高通量测序技术研究益生菌调控幼龄畜禽(仔猪、雏鸡、反刍动物)消化道微生物群落组成的最新进展,并提出了未来研究方向,包括益生菌如何通过与消化道微生物互作影响其功能,益生菌对于幼龄畜禽不同健康状态下肠道微生物的影响,以及宿主因素如何影响益生菌对于幼龄畜禽消化道微生物的作用效果。     

肠道微生物菌群与消化道肿瘤关系的研究进展

人体肠道作为一个多元化的微生态系统,其中共生着100多万亿个微生物菌群,约有1 000多种,是人体细胞的10倍。肠道微生物固有的微生物基因有300多万个,是人体基因的100多倍,这些微生物基因帮助人体微生物适应多变的环境,与人类相互作用,对人类健康产生了巨大影响,其中有积极的作用,同时又伴随着潜在的威胁。总结了肠道微生物菌群与消化道肿瘤的关系,从肠道菌群的多样性、影响因素及其作用机制展开综述,以期为开展肠道微生物的研究提供参考。     

肠道中多不饱和脂肪酸及其衍生物研究进展

肠道菌群是人体微生态学的重要组成部分,也是最大、最复杂的微生态系统,在宿主的营养吸收、肠道与免疫系统发育等重要生理过程中发挥作用,与人类健康和疾病密切相关。这些共生微生物排除肠道病原体的功能主要依赖于其产生的生物活性物质,如多不饱和脂肪酸等。同时这些脂肪酸在肠道微生物的作用下能够进一步转化为具有特殊结构和功能的多不饱和脂肪酸衍生物。这些多不饱和脂肪酸衍生物对维持健康稳定的肠道菌群至关重要。此外,多不饱和脂肪酸在宿主防御和免疫中发挥了多重关键作用,包括抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化活性,以及降低肠道致病菌的竞争能力等。主要对肠道中多不饱和脂肪酸的来源及其重要的生理功能,以及肠道微生物对多不饱和脂肪酸的转化衍生机制进行了综述,并提出肠道微生物是特殊多不饱和脂肪酸及衍生物生产菌株潜在的种子及基因库,以扩展功能油脂生产菌株的来源。     

单胃动物肠道微生物菌群与肠道免疫功能的相互作用

动物胃肠道栖息着大量的微生物,这些微生物及其代谢产物在营养、免疫等方面对宿主的健康有重要的意义。近年来研究发现肠道微生物与免疫系统间存在密切的交流和互作机制,尽管肠道共生菌具有定植抑制效应,但肠道微生物也可通过其特定组分刺激免疫细胞如Tregs细胞、Th17细胞的分化,肠道菌群的紊乱可能导致细菌移位、肠道屏障功能损伤,影响机体健康。宿主免疫系统可通过分泌多种免疫效应因子如MUC、sIgA、ITF、RegIIIγ、α-防御素等调节肠道微生物的分布和组成,调节肠道菌群的稳态。本文综述了单胃动物肠道微生物菌群的组成,深入探讨了肠道微生物菌群与动物肠道免疫功能之间的相互作用。     

Probiotics: a therapeutic concept awaiting recognition

The history of emergence of the probiotics concept as well as basic knowledge on the mechanism of their action is described. The possibilities of the therapeutic use of probiotics, in particular for cases of Crohn's disease, viral gastroenteritis and travelers' diarrhea are discussed. The conclusion is made that the effectiveness of the use of probiotics has not yet been proved due to the fact that in clinical trials of these preparations many uncontrolled variables are not taken into consideration. For this reason at the present moment the prophylactic and curative use of probiotics is an idea whose constructive character has yet to be proved.     

The role of the gut microbiota in the pathology and prevention of liver disease

Several microorganisms belonging to the intestinal microbiota act in an ecosystem responsible for maintaining the homeostasis and vital functions of human beings. From birth to old age the diversity of the intestinal microbiota may change due to environmental factors such as nutrition, immunity, diseases or the use of antibiotics leading to dysbiosis. Improvement in microbiota diversity can be achieved by modifying related risk factors through changes in lifestyle and a healthy diet. Besides, the addition of probiotics, prebiotics or the combination of both (symbiotics), can result in the improvement of the intestinal permeability, inflammatory pathways and the immune system. Also, the use of probiotics prevents harmful bacteria and their derived products (e.g., bacteriocins, endotoxins, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) to leak through the intestinal wall to the circulation that results in the activation of signaling pathways that may be implicated in liver disease. The liver receives a constant flow of noxious entities that promote inflammation and oxidative stress. The use of probiotics with clinical evidence in liver disease, represent a novel therapeutic alternative, inducing positive changes in the balance of the intestinal microbiota which lead to improvement in liver function tests (AST and ALT), decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), andblood cholesterol, among other risk factors. In this review, we discuss the main elements that play a leading role in the development of steatosis as well as the benefits of using probiotics and the impact in the quality of life of patients that develop cirrhosis.     

Research progress on the regulation mechanism of probiotics on the microecological flora of infected intestines in livestock and poultry

The animal intestine is a complex ecosystem composed of host cells, gut microbiota and available nutrients. Gut microbiota can prevent the occurrence of intestinal diseases in animals by regulating the homeostasis of the intestinal environment. The intestinal microbiota is a complex and stable microbial community, and the homeostasis of the intestinal environment is closely related to the invasion of intestinal pathogens, which plays an important role in protecting the host from pathogen infections. Probiotics are strains of microorganisms that are beneficial to health, and their potential has recently led to a significant increase in studies on the regulation of intestinal flora. Various potential mechanisms of action have been proposed on probiotics, especially mediating the regulation mechanism of the intestinal flora on the host, mainly including competitive inhibition of pathogens, stimulation of the host's adaptive immune system and regulation of the intestinal flora. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technology has given us a clearer understanding and has facilitated the development of research methods to investigate the intestinal microecological flora. This review will focus on the regulation of probiotics on the microbial flora of intestinal infections in livestock and poultry and will depict future research directions.     

Interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection: insights for viral disease control in farmed animals

Viral diseases cause serious economic loss in farmed animals industry. However, the efficacy of remedies for viral infection in farmed animals is limited, and treatment strategies are generally lacking for aquatic animals. Interactions of commensal microbiota and viral infection have been studied in recent years, demonstrating a third player in the interaction between hosts and viruses. Here, we discuss recent developments in the research of interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection,including both promotion and inhibition effect of commensal bacteria on viral pathogenesis, as well as the impact of viral infection on commensal microbiota. The antiviral effect of commensal bacteria is mostly achieved through priming or regulation of the host immune responses, involving differential microbial components and host signaling pathways, and gives rise to various antiviral probiotics. Moreover, we summarize studies related to the interaction between commensal bacteria and viral infection in farmed animals, including pigs, chickens, fish and invertebrate species. Further studies in this area will deepen our understanding of antiviral immunity of farmed animals in the context of commensal microbiota, and promote the development of novel strategies for treatment of viral diseases in farmed animals.     

益生菌黏附能力评估模型的研究进展

益生菌的黏附能力是益生菌在宿主肠道中稳定定殖的关键,也是益生菌发挥作用的前提。研究者常以益生菌的黏附能力作为筛选益生菌菌种的重要标准,因此建立稳定的益生菌黏附能力评估模型一直是该领域的研究热点。着重介绍了益生菌黏附能力评估模型的种类和检测方法,旨在为益生菌黏附能力评估模型的研究及应用提供参考。     

Microbiome alterations in HIV infection a review

Recent developments in molecular techniques have allowed researchers to identify previously uncultured organisms, which has propelled a vast expansion of our knowledge regarding our commensal microbiota. Interest in the microbiome specific to HIV grew from earlier findings suggesting that bacterial translocation from the intestines is the cause of persistent immune activation despite effective viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Studies of SIV infected primates have demonstrated that Proteobacteria preferentially translocate and that mucosal immunity can be restored with probiotics. Pathogenic SIV infection results in a massive expansion of the virome, whereas non‐pathogenic SIV infection does not. Human HIV infected cohorts have been shown to have microbiota distinctive from that of HIV negative controls and efforts to restore the intestinal microbiome via probiotics have often had positive results on host markers. The microbiota of the genital tract may play a significant role in acquisition and transmission of HIV. Modification of commensal microbial communities likely represents an important therapeutic adjunct to treatment of HIV. Here we review the literature regarding human microbiome in HIV infection.     

益生菌缓解新型冠状病毒感染症状的研究进展

由急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒2(severeacuterespiratorysyndromecoronavirus2,SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒感染(coronavirusdisease2019,COVID-19)从2020年初迅速扩展至全球,成为人类历史上最严重的大流行之一。已有证据证明当SARS-CoV-2的刺突蛋白(S蛋白)与细胞表面受体血管紧张素转化酶2 (angiotensin converting enzyme 2, ACE2)结合时,可感染宿主细胞,引起肠道菌群失调,并引发不同的并发症。益生菌是活的微生物,已被证明对人体健康有益。因其在调节肠道菌群、治疗多种疾病和抗病毒方面的功效而被考虑用来改善COVID-19。本文基于目前公开的临床前和临床试验结果,总结了益生菌在缓解COVID-19临床症状及胃肠道不良反应的效果,并讨论了益生菌在改善COVID-19后遗症方面的潜力,从而为后续管理COVID-19提供新的方向,进一步为呼吸系统疾病提供理论依据。     

Biotherapeutic agents and vaginal health

Treatment of vaginal infection requires different drugs although the recurrence rate post treatment remains high due to adverse effects on the beneficial microbiota. Thus, there are clear clinical advantages for the use of biotherapeutic agents (prebiotics and/or probiotics) for treating these infections. Pre‐ and probiotic beneficial effects can be delivered topically or systemically. In general, both approaches have the potential to optimize, maintain and restore the ecology of the vaginal ecosystem. Specific carbohydrates provide a therapeutic approach for controlling infections by stimulating the growth of the indigenous lactobacilli but inhibiting the growth and adhesion of pathogens to the vaginal epithelial cells. Overall, little evidence exists to promote the prevention or treatment of vaginal disease with prebiotic carbohydrates in formulations such as pessaries, creams or douches. However, recent reports have promoted prebiotic applications in ecosystems other than the gut and include the mouth, skin and vagina. This review focuses on the utilization of pre‐ and probiotics for vaginal health.     

Oral administration of a Spirulina extract enriched for Braun-type lipoproteins protects mice against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection

A growing body of research indicates that oral administration of bacteria (such as probiotics) can exhibit a protective effect against influenza A (H1N1) viral infection in mice. In the present study, we used a mouse model to examine whether oral administration of Immulina^®, a commercial extract from the cyanobacteria Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, can reduce the severity of illness resulting from influenza A (H1N1) viral infection. The main active compounds within Immulina^® are bacterial Braun-type lipoproteins that activate innate immune cells through a toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-dependent pathway. Mice that were fed Immulina^® for 30 days before and 21 days after infection with influenza A (H1N1) virus exhibited a statistically significant reduction in the severity of infection. Compared to the control group, Immulina^®-fed mice exhibited less weight loss, increased appetite, decreased clinical signs of disease, and lower lung histopathology scores. The results from the present study adds to the increasing evidence that oral administration of bacterial components that activate innate immune cells, whether derived from a bacterial preparation (probiotics or cyanobacteria) or from plant material containing endophytic bacteria, can exhibit a protective effect against influenza A (H1N1) viral infection.     

影响新生儿肠道细菌定植相关因素的研究进展

胃肠道内源菌群组成了人体内最大的微生物环境,它构成复杂,种类繁多,并且与人类的疾病和健康息息相关。同时新生儿阶段是建立肠道微生态系统的关键时期。对于新生儿来讲,肠道细菌定植过程中发生的异常可以提高许多疾病的发病风险。近年来国内外学者对新生儿肠道细菌定植状况及其影响因素进行了深入的临床和基础研究并取得了一定的进展。本文对影响生命早期肠道微生态系统建立和发展的主要因素进行系统地阐述,这些影响因素包括孕妇的口腔卫生、分娩时间、喂养方式、分娩方式、抗生素的使用以及益生菌的应用等。