以掷孢酵母作为伴生菌产生VC前体KGA的研究

以掷孢酵母作为伴生菌与氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌组成新混菌体系,通过测定生长代谢曲线,对其产酸性能和特点进行了研究。结果表明：相同条件下,新菌系产酸能力高于现有菌系,酸量增加5-7mg/ml,发酵周期缩短6-8h,酸转化率提高3-4%,最高产酸点pH值下降约0.5个单位,表现出较大的产酸潜力和可修饰性。     

维生素C二步发酵的新组合菌系

以掷孢酵母作为伴生菌与氧化葡萄糖酸酐菌组成新混菌体系,对其产酸性能和特点进行了研究。实验室摇瓶结果显示,新菌系混菌状态不同,产酸不同,以KGA含量为4．8,小菌／掷孢酵母为31：1种液接种时,最有利于产酸,增加接种生物量可提高产酸速度,缩短发酵周期,但不影响最终产酸量,相同条件下,新菌系产酸能力高于现有菌系,酸量增加5mg/ml-7mg/ml,发酵周期缩短6h-8h,酸转经率提高3％4－％,最高产酸点PH值下降约0．5,表现出较大的产酸潜力和可修饰性。     

环境因子对新组合菌系产生Vc前体KGA的影响

通过测定氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌产酸变化,研究了环境因子对新菌系产酸酌影响。结果显示：新混菌体系产酸温度范围为24—33℃,28℃左右为最适,适当增加通气量(25—35ml装液量,300ml三角瓶)有利于掷孢酵母和氧化葡萄酸杆菌协调,通气量过大、过小都会破坏二菌比例,进而破坏而二菌间协调性,不利于2-酮基-L-古龙酸的积累。     

Vc二步发酵中伴生菌的作用机制

应用细胞培养和膜分离技术研究了Vc两步发酵中伴生菌巨大芽孢杆菌（Bacillus megaterium）对氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter oxydans）产酸作用机制。结果表明：巨大芽孢杆菌培养液中分子量在30－50kD及大于100kD组分明显促进产酸：其组分通过凝胶怪析分离纯化,自动紫检测仪检测（280nm）,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及考马斯亮兰G250特异染色,初步证实为蛋白质,且至少是两种以上蛋白质,它们在低温下稳定性较好。     

新组合菌系SCB329—SCB933利用L—山梨糖发酵产生维生素C前体2—酮基—L—…

在分析了新组合菌系ＳＣＢ３２９－ＳＣＢ９３３发酵过程特征的基础上,对流加发酵工艺中的种子培养、ｐＨ、溶氧的控制,以及发酵液初始培养基中的Ｌ－山梨糖浓度和流加起始点进行了优化,获得了比分批发酵更为满意的结果：发酵最终总糖达１３％（ｗ／ｖ）左右,发酵周期４０￣５０ｈ,产２－酮基－Ｌ－古龙酸达１１５－１３０ｍｇ／ｍｌ,克分子转化率达８８ｍｏｌ％左右。     

新组合菌系SCB329—SCB933利用L—山梨糖发酵产生维生素C前体——2—酮基…

采用紫外照射,化学诱变和原生质融合等方法选育到一株性状更优良的突变株ＳＣＢ３２９,并与新筛选的一株芽孢杆菌ＳＣＢ９３３搭配组成新的组合菌系,产酸小菌ＳＣＢ３２９与其亲本菌株氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌性状相似,伴生大菌ＳＣＢ９３３属苏芸金芽孢杆菌（Ｂ．ｔｈｕｒｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）,新组合菌系列Ｌ－山梨糖的发酵液提取后经纸层析,元素分析和红外吸收光谱等项鉴定,其发酵产物克系２－酮基－Ｌ－古龙酸,对新组合菌系的生物     

微生物混合培养从D山梨醇产生维生素C前体——2-酮基-L-古龙酸

氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter oxydans)SCB329以D－山梨醇为底物培养时可产生微量2－酮基－L－古龙酸;而葡萄糖酸杆菌（Gluconobacter sp.)SCB110能将D－山梨醇以较高效率转化为L－山梨糖,但不产2－酮基－L－古龙酸。将两种微生物在以山梨醇为底物的培养基中混合培养,其代谢产物经分离提纯后进行熔点测定、元素分析、红外吸收光谱测定等,确定其主要的代谢产物是2－酮基－L－古龙酸。     

微生物混合培养从D-山梨醇产生维生素C前体-2-酮基-L-古龙酸发酵条件的研究

在成功利用SCB329和SCB110混合培养完成从D-山梨醇转化产生2-酮基-L古龙酸的基础上,为了消除副产物和获得高的产量,首先对两菌搭配比例,初始pH值,培养基成分等发酵培养条件进行单因子实验,在此基因上采用L9（3^4)正交实验优化其发酵培养基,其最终的优化培养基的成分为：D-山梨醇9g,玉米浆1.5g,尿素1.5g,磷酸二氢钾0.1g,碳酸钙0.2g。用优化后的培养基发酵,没有检测出副产物2-酮基-D-古龙酸,2-酮基-L-古龙酸产量提高了20%。     

新组合菌系SCB329-SCB933利用L-山梨糖发酵产生维生素C前体——2-酮基-L-古龙酸的研究 Ⅰ.新组合菌系SCB329-SCB933的生物学特性

采用紫外照射、化学诱变和原生质融合等方法选育到一株性状更优良的突变株SCB329,并与新筛选的一株芽孢杆菌SCB933搭配组成新的组合菌系。产酸小菌SCB329与其亲本菌株氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌性状相似。伴生大菌SCB933属苏芸金芽孢杆菌（B.thuringiensis）。新组合菌系利用L-山梨糖的发酵液提取后经纸层析,元素分析和红外吸收光谱等项鉴定,其发酵产物确系2-酮基-L-古龙酸,对新组合菌系的生物学特性也进行了研究。     

基于组学技术的维生素C二步混菌发酵研究进展

二步发酵法是工业化生产维生素C (vitamin C, Vc)的主要方法,其中第二步由伴生菌与产酸菌(普通生酮基古龙酸菌)组合进行混菌发酵产生Vc前体2-酮基-l-古龙酸(2-keto-l-gluonic acid, 2-KLG)的机制,一直是科研人员研究的重要科学问题。通过高通量基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学等组学技术揭示生物系统中各个组分相互作用关系已经成为主要的研究手段。本文对近年来利用组学技术解析Vc混菌发酵中两菌互作关系、解除发酵系统的氧化胁迫、伴生活性物质、产酸菌群体感应、外源添加物、基因工程改造产酸菌促进产2-KLG等方面的研究进行综述,并为进一步的探索和深入研究提供思路。     

Gelatin enhances 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production based on Ketogulonigenium vulgare genome annotation

In the two-step fermentative production of vitamin C, its precursor 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KLG) was synthesized by Ketogulonicigenium vulgare through co-culture with Bacillus megaterium. The reconstruction of the amino acid metabolic pathway through completed genome sequence annotation demonstrated that K. vulgare was deficient in one or more key enzymes in the de novo biosynthesis pathways of eight different amino acids (l-histidine, l-glycine, l-lysine, l-proline, l-threonine, l-methionine, l-leucine, and l-isoleucine). Among them, l-glycine, l-proline, l-threonine, and l-isoleucine play vital roles in K. vulgare growth and 2-KLG production. The addition of those amino acids increased the 2-KLG productivity by 20.4%, 17.2%, 17.2%, and 11.8%, respectively. Furthermore, food grade gelatin was developed as a substitute for the amino acids to increase the cell concentration, 2-KLG productivity, and l-sorbose consumption rate by 10.2%, 23.4%, and 20.9%, respectively. As a result, the fermentation period decreased to 43 h in a 7-L fermentor.     

Genetic engineering of Ketogulonigenium vulgare for enhanced production of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid

Folate derivatives are crucial growth factors for Ketogulonigenium vulgare which is used in mixed culture with Bacillus megaterium for the industrial production of 2-keto-l-gulonic acid (2-KGA), the precursor of l-ascorbic acid (l-AA) or vitamin C (Vc). To improve the growth and 2-KGA production, five genes involved in folate biosynthesis identified in a folate gene cluster from Lactococcus lactis MG1363, including folB, folKE, folP, folQ and folC, were over-expressed in K. vulgare. Intracellular folate concentration in the recombinant strain harboring folate biosynthesis genes cluster under the control of P_sdh (sorbose dehydrogenase gene sdh promoter from K. vulgare) was 8 times higher than that of the wildtype K. vulgare DSM 4025 (P < 0.001). In shake flask studies, the cell density and 2-KGA production of the recombinant K. vulgare Rif (pMCS2PsdhfolBC) were increased by 18% (P < 0.001) and 14% (P < 0.001), respectively, under a relatively stable pH 7 condition. In fermentor studies, enhancements around 25% cell density (P < 0.001) and approximately 35% 2-KGA productivity (P < 0.001) were observed in comparison with the controls without over-expressing the folate biosynthesis genes. This was the first successful study of metabolic engineering on K. vulgare for enhanced 2-KGA production.     

Screening for L-sorbose and L-sorbosone dehydrogenase producing microbes for 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production

Acetic acid bacteria incompletely oxidize L-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KLG) by L-sorbose- and L-sorbosone dehydrogenases. In order to isolate novel microorganisms with these enzyme activities, a new screening method has been studied with a presumption that microorganisms reuse their metabolic products when principal carbon sources are exhausted. When various keto-aldonic acid-producing microorganisms were tested for the ability to grow in minimal media containing such products as 2,5-diketo-gluconic acid, 2-keto-D-gluconic acid, 5-keto-D-gluconic acid or 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, they grew with these keto-aldonic acids as the sole carbon source. By enriching the isolates collected from screening samples for their growth in minimal medium containing 2KLG as the sole carbon source, as much as 50% of selected strains showed L-sorbose- and L-sorbosone dehydrogenase activities. In spite of the presence of these enzymes, no significant amount of 2KLG was detected in the culture broth, possibly due to 2KLG reductase activity, indicating that the direct screening for 2KLG producer microorganisms would be less successful. These results suggest that the screening strategy using 2KLG as a carbon source is a useful method for the selective screening of microorganisms with L-sorbose- and L-sorbosone dehydrogenases, and that a similar strategy may be applied to other cases. Received 14 December 1998/ Accepted in revised form 07 May 1999     

Metabolomic analysis of the positive effects on Ketogulonigenium vulgare growth and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production by reduced glutathione

Ketogulonigenium vulgare has long been used in industry to produce 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2KGA), the precursor of vitamin C. This fermentation process involves co-culture of K. vulgare and a Bacillus species. Early studies demonstrated that the presence of the Bacillus strain can enhance the cellular growth and 2KGA production of K. vulgare. However, the molecular mechanism behind how Bacillus affects the growth of K. vulgare and 2KGA production remains unclear. In addition, the inclusion of Bacillus in the fermentation process presents difficulties for the post-separation and purification of 2KGA. To address these issues, efforts have been made to replace the Bacillus strain with chemical compounds. In this study, we found that adding thiol compounds such as reduced glutathione (GSH) and dithiothreitol (DTT) to the K. vulgare mono-culture system can increase the growth of K. vulgare about twofold, and increase 2KGA production by about fivefold. The effects of thiols on the concentrations of some cellular metabolites were determined using gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results showed that the levels of intracellular amino acids and intermediates in the pentose phosphate pathway increased significantly after thiol addition. Interestingly, when GSH was added, the levels of key intracellular metabolites in primary metabolic pathways and the cell biomass both reached their maximum in the first 36 h, and then decreased when the thiol was exhausted. These findings indicate that cell growth needs the assistance of a high concentration of thiols. This study is the first report that chemically defined compounds were used to enhance the growth of K. vulgare and 2KGA production. Furthermore, it also provides new insights into the possible cellular interaction between Bacillus species and K. vulgare.     

Direct fermentation of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid in recombinant Gluconobacter oxydans

We isolated Gluconobacter oxydans T-100 that had an activity to produce 2-KLGA from D-sorbitol; however, the yield of 2-KLGA was quite insufficient. Therefore, enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of L-sorbosone and 2-KLGA, L-sorbose dehydrogenase (SDH) and L-sorbosone dehydrogenase (SNDH), respectively, were purified from G. oxydans T-100. A genomic library of G. oxydans T-100 was screened to clone both genes for SDH and SNDH based on their amino acid sequences. SNDH and SDH were encoded in sequential open reading frames with 1497 and 1596 nucleotides, respectively, which were verified by the expression in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence of SDH and SNDH showed close similarity with E. coli choline dehydrogenase (CDH) and betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), respectively, which cooperatively play a key role for conferring osmotic tolerance. Because the yield of 2-KLGA by G. oxydans introduced with the genes for SDH and SNDH were insufficient, replacement of the promoter with that of Escherichia coli tufB1 in combination with chemical mutagenesis by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine resulted in improvement of the production level.     

Macrokinetic model for Gluconobacter oxydans in 2-keto-L-gulonic acid mixed culture

A set of kinetic models have been developed for the production of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid from L-sorbose by a mixed culture of Gluconobacter oxydans and Bacillus megaterium. A metabolic pathway is proposed for Gluconobacter oxydans, and a macrokinetic model has been developed for Gluconobacter oxydans, where the balances of some key metabolites, ATP and NADH are taken into account. An unstructured model is proposed for concomitant bacterium Bacillus megaterium. In the macrokinetic model and unstructured model, the mechanism of interaction between Gluconobacter oxydans and Bacillus megaterium is investigated and modeled. The specific substrate uptake rate and the specific growth rate obtained from the macrokinetic model are then coupled into a bioreactor model such that the relationship between the substrate feeding rate and the main state variables, such as the medium volume, the biomass concentrations, the substrate, and the is set up. A closed loop regulator model is introduced to approximate the induction of enzyme pool during lag phase after inoculation. Experimental results demonstrate that the model is able to describe 2-keto-L-gulonic acid fermentation process with reasonable accuracy.     

两株乳酸菌的产酸性能及其对抗生素敏感性研究

从市售酸奶中分离出2株乳酸菌,经鉴定为嗜热链球菌(St)与保加利亚乳杆菌(Lb),并对其产酸性能及对抗生素敏感性进行了研究。结果表明:St与Lb 1∶1混合发酵效果优于单菌发酵;乳酸菌对4种抗生素类药物敏感性较弱,服用该类药物对人体肠道内乳酸菌的有益作用产生的影响较小。     

Citric acid production by 2-deoxyglucose-resistant mutant strains of Aspergillus niger

Summary Many mutant strains showing resistance to 2-deoxy-d-glucose (DG) on minimal medium containing glycerol as a carbon source were induced from Aspergillus niger WU-2223L, a citric acid-producing strain. The mutant strains were classifiable into two types according to their growth characteristics. On the agar plates containing glucose as a sole carbon source, mutant strains of the first type showed good growth irrespective of the presence or absence of DG. When cultivated in shake cultures, some strains of the first type, such as DGR1–2, showed faster glucose consumption and growth than strain WU-2223L. The period for citric acid production shortened from 9 days for strain WU-2223L to 6–7 days for these mutant strains. The levels and yields of citric acid production of the mutant strains were almost the same as those of strain WU-2223L. The mutant strains of the second type, however, showed very slow or no growth on both the agar plates containing glucose and fructose as sole carbon sources. In shake cultures, mutant strains such as DGR2-8 showed decreased glucose consumption rates, resulting in very low production of citric acid.