共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Juichi Yamagiwa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(3):273-282
To clarify the advantages of solitary life in gorilla males, a lone silverback mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) was studied for nine months in the natural habitat of the Virunga volcanoes. While the time budget for each activity and
daily activity cycle were similar to those of groups, his daily journey distance and ranging patterns differed from those
of groups. His movements were little influenced by the distribution and abundance of foods, which strongly influence the movements
of groups. He notably increased his day journey distances when he encountered neighboring groups. He persistently followed
the groups for days and went out of his usual range area. These encounters shifted his monthly range from his natal group's
range to that of other groups. When the silverbacks of the encountered groups noticed his presence, they usually gave hoots
and chest-beats and sometimes fought violently with him, while females and immatures did not show positive responses towards
him. Lone males could have more chance to contact females and to lure them away from their groups than silverbacks within
groups. The lone male stage, accompanied by frequent contacts with different groups, probably provides maturing males with
useful knowledge of neighboring groups and areas. 相似文献
2.
Radio-collared coyotes (Canis latrans) were relocated every 15 min during continuous 24-h sampling periods. The data were used to estimate patterns of home-range use by coyotes. Utilization of the the home range was found to vary spatially and behaviourally. Spatial use was determined by relative amounts of time coyotes spent and amounts of distance they travelled within each are of their home ranges. Behavioural use was based on identification of three types of movement patterns that werew postulated to represent three general kinds of behaviour: (1) resting behaviour, (2) hunting or investigative behavour, and (3) ranging or traveling behaviour. Spatial and behavioural uses of the home range area were found to be interrelated; core areas in which animals spent most of their time were also used primarily for resting or hunting. In areas in which animals spent little time, coyotes exhibited primarily ranging behaviour. Use patterns were postulated to be the result of coyotes' selection of areas due to unique vegetal, faunal, or physiogfaphic characteristics. Temporal variatrions in home-range use were found and were postulated to result from seasonal and diel changes in coyote behaviour due to the annual reproductive cycle, the seasonal and diel cycle of temperature, possible cycles in prey behaviour. 相似文献
3.
Marco Campera Valentina Serra Michela Balestri Marta Barresi Murielle Ravaolahy Faly Randriatafika Giuseppe Donati 《International journal of primatology》2014,35(5):957-975
Degraded forest habitats typically show low fruit availability and scattered fruit tree distribution. This has been shown to force frugivorous primates either to move further in search of food, resulting in large home ranges, or to use energy saving strategies. Malagasy lemurs are known to face pronounced seasonality and resource unpredictability, which is amplified by the overall reduction in food availability due to the human-driven habitat disturbance on the island. To explore lemur flexibility to habitat disturbance, we examined the ranging behavior of collared brown lemurs (Eulemur collaris) in two differently degraded fragments of littoral forest of southeastern Madagascar. We collected data from February 2011 to January 2012 on two groups living in a degraded area and two groups living in a less disturbed forest. We calculated annual ranges, monthly ranges, and daily distance traveled. We then ran repeated measures ANOVAs using seasonality as dichotomous, intrasubject factor and site/group as intersubject nested factors. In the degraded forest, the lemurs had larger monthly ranges, and their annual ranges were either fragmented or characterized by multiple core areas. They were able to use a habitat mosaic that also included nonforested areas and swamps. In addition, they shortened their daily path length, possibly to preserve energy, and used different areas of their annual home ranges seasonally. Although a number of possible confounding factors may have been responsible for the observed differences between sites, our findings highlight the ranging flexibility of collared brown lemurs in littoral forest fragments. 相似文献
4.
Julie Wieczkowski 《African Journal of Ecology》2013,51(4):544-551
A group of Tana River mangabeys Cercocebus galeritus studied in 2000–2001 fissioned into two daughter groups in 2004, the first reported case of fission in Cercocebus. Data were collected on each daughter group in 2005–2006 to investigate how the groups divided the parent group's range, the quality of habitat used by each group, and if fruit abundance was correlated with the spatial relationships between the groups. Six days of ranging data were collected each month and input into ArcView GIS 3.3 to measure home ranges and core areas. Phenological data were collected from nine important food species. Habitat quality was measured by counting all reproductive‐sized individuals of those nine food species in the ranges. The daughter groups shared the parent group's home range and core area, although the larger group used more of those areas than the smaller group. The two groups got equal quality home ranges and core areas as measured by per capita food trees, but the larger group had access to a larger and richer exclusive area. Proximity of the groups to each other was not correlated with fruit abundance. This study contributes to the small body of literature that addresses ecological consequences of primate group fission. 相似文献
5.
Vultures in the Gyps genus are declining globally. Multiple threats related to human activity have caused widespread declines of vulture populations in Africa, especially outside protected areas. Addressing such threats requires the estimation of foraging ranges yet such estimates are lacking, even for widespread (but declining) species such as the African white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus). We tracked six immature African white-backed vultures in South Africa using GPS-GSM units to study their movement patterns, their use of protected areas and the time they spent in the vicinity of supplementary feeding sites. All individuals foraged widely; their combined foraging ranges extended into six countries in southern Africa (mean (± SE) minimum convex polygon area = 269,103±197,187 km2) and three of the vultures travelled more than 900 km from the capture site. All six vultures spent the majority of their tracking periods outside protected areas. South African protected areas were very rarely visited whereas protected areas in northern Botswana and Zimbabwe were used more frequently. Two of the vultures visited supplementary feeding sites regularly, with consequent reduced ranging behaviour, suggesting that individuals could alter their foraging behaviour in response to such sites. We show that immature African white-backed vultures are capable of travelling throughout southern Africa, yet use protected areas to only a limited extent, making them susceptible to the full range of threats in the region. The standard approach of designating protected areas to conserve species is unlikely to ensure the protection of such wide-ranging species against threats in the wider landscape. 相似文献
6.
Studies on the ranging behaviour of birds often suggest that ranges vary seasonally with larger ranges in the non‐breeding compared to the breeding season. However, due to limitations in tracking methods very little is known about the underlying processes driving seasonal differences in ranging behaviour, especially in fragmented, heterogeneous landscapes. Such knowledge is particularly important if movements deliver essential ecosystem functions such as seed dispersal. We contrasted the daily ranging behaviour between the breeding and non‐breeding season of a frugivorous bird and demonstrate how larger seasonal ranges in the non‐breeding season emerge through switching from a stationary home range behaviour to nomadism. We tracked movements of 29 male trumpeter hornbills Bycanistes bucinator across a fragmented landscape of eastern South Africa during different breeding and non‐breeding seasons using high temporal resolution GPS data‐loggers. Birds in the breeding seasons showed a typical, stationary home range pattern. In the non‐breeding seasons birds, rather than expanding their stationary daily ranges, switched to nomadic movements that were characterized by shifts of the general location of daily ranges to a different area every couple of days. We also found that during the breeding seasons hornbills were mostly located in large continuous forests; birds in the non‐breeding seasons frequently used forest patches within the agricultural landscape and residential areas. These seasonal differences in the movement behaviour of trumpeter hornbills may have important consequences for seed dispersal of plant species. Our findings show how seasonal range expansion of frugivorous birds may be driven by fundamental behavioural changes that have important consequences for ecosystem processes. 相似文献
7.
Flurina M. Wartmann Cecilia P. Juárez Eduardo Fernandez-Duque 《International journal of primatology》2014,35(5):919-939
In addition to environmental factors, social variables such as group size may play an important role in explaining primate ranging patterns. In this study we investigated range sizes, site fidelity, and range overlaps of owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) in Northern Argentina. We calculated the size of home range and core areas for 18 groups in our study area. For the six most intensively studied groups we tested whether precipitation as a crude proxy for food availability or group size had an influence on range size, assessed the degree of site fidelity by quantifying overlaps of annual ranges and core areas, and calculated the amount of range overlap between neighboring groups for each year. We used the kernel density estimation method to calculate home ranges as 90% kernel and core areas as 50% kernel. Home range size (mean ± SD) was 6.2 ha (± 1.8) and core area size 1.9 (± 0.6). Rainfall and group size were not statistically significant predictors of range sizes. Site fidelity was high, with a range overlap of 82% (± 11) between consecutive years. Neighboring groups overlapped over 48% (± 15) of the outer parts of their group ranges and 11% (± 15) of their core areas. We found no evidence that larger groups occupy larger areas than smaller groups, suggesting that food availability might be above a critical threshold for owl monkeys so that larger groups do not need to extend their foraging areas to meet their energy requirements. Our findings indicate that ranges remain stable over several years as groups visit the same locations of fruit trees within their range. We showed that owl monkeys exhibit a considerable degree of range overlap. However, we suggest that this range overlap might be spatial rather than temporal, which maximizes access to clumped feeding resources in overlapping areas that are used at distinct times, while excluding other males from access to females in exclusively used areas. 相似文献
8.
Lemur catta troops in a 1-km
2
study area at Berenty Reserve have maintained fidelity to core areas since Budnitz and Dainis' study of 1972–1973, and for two troops possibly since 1963. Population in 1 km
2
fluctuated from 155 to 105 to 282 individuals (excluding infants), and the number of troops increased from 12 to 21. Most troops retain the same core areas from year to year (170 observed troop-years). Ten troops derived from known fissions have settled in parts of their parent troop range or an adjacent neighbor's range. Five more troops may derive from similar matrilocal fissioning, inferred from behavior and ranging patterns. One has remained unchanged. Five have unknown parentage, in the ranges of four previously censused troops. Once a fissioned troop completely replaced another, one troop permanently extended its range, three times females joined a different troop, once a female remained nomadic for two years without stable home range. No fissioned troop has been seen to leapfrog others: to settle discontiuously from its parent. Intertroop antagonism may reflect benefits of long-term core area control. 相似文献
9.
Melissa J. Remis 《American journal of primatology》1997,43(2):111-133
The ranging and grouping patterns of a gorilla group were studied during 27 months from 1990–1992 at the Bai Hokou study site, Central African Republic. The study group ranged far daily (average = 2.3 km/day) and had a large home range (22.9 km2), relative to mountain gorillas, and ranging patterns differed between years. During 1990–1992, the bimale study group foraged less cohesively and had more flexible grouping patterns than mountain gorillas. The study group sometimes split into two distinct foraging subgroups, each led by a silverback, and these subgroups occasionally slept apart (mean = 950 m apart). Lowland gorillas rely on many of the same fruit resources as sympatric chimpanzees, and under certain demographic situations gorillas, like sympatric chimpanzees, may adapt their foraging group size to reduce intragroup feeding competition. However, the fiber content of the lowland gorilla diet likely relaxes constraints on foraging party size and facilitates group cohesion relative to chimpanzees. Am. J. Primatol. 43:111–133, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
10.
Habitat use and ranging behaviour of tree hyrax were investigated by radio-tracking in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Individuals were predominantly arboreal and showed a daily pattern of vertical movement, being found highest in the canopy at night. Hyrax often spent the night in tree cavities and spent the day resting on branches. Habitat use is discussed in terms of thermoregulation and predator avoidance. Tree selection, modelled by logistic regression analysis, was most influenced by shelter properties. These criteria were best satisfied by large, cavity-forming Hagenia abyssinica , which were preferentially used. Tree hyrax population density was potentially limited by the availability of shelter. Home ranges were identified by minimum convex polygons for ten individuals. Total area and number of trees used were positively correlated with body mass, whilst the core area was negatively correlated with tree density. Ranges were not stable over the 4-month tracking period. There was considerable overlap of core areas between individuals. Core areas of mature males encompassed those of several females but no evidence of adult male range overlap was found. Female core areas tended to overlap with individuals of different ages. Male–female pair bonds were observed but the commonest association was parent–offspring. 相似文献
11.
The social system of round-tailed ground squirrels, Spermophilus tereticaudus, is quantitatively described in terms of seasonal changes in interaction rates, the effect of age and sex on type and frequency of interaction, the differential response to kin and non-kin, the determinants of dominance, including territoriality, the associations between classes of individuals, and the dispersion of home ranges and core areas. From January to March, the adult squirrels were sociable and nonterritorial. Following copulation in March, they were unsociable and territorial. In May and June, juveniles lived mainly within their mothers' territories. Those juveniles that did not disperse from the study area in late June established territories near their mothers. From September to December, all squirrels were inactive underground. 相似文献
12.
《Mammalian Biology》2008,73(1):2-13
We studied the ranging patterns of 10 elephants in and around the Yala protected area complex, southern Sri Lanka, using VHF radio telemetry. All tracked elephants displayed similar ranging patterns. The observed home ranges were small (mean=115.2±64.0 km2) relative to reported home ranges in India, possibly in response to high habitat productivity and abundant perennial water sources. Elephants showed high fidelity to their ranges. Home ranges had relatively large core areas, suggesting intensive use of habitat. No geographically distinct seasonal ranges or migratory behavior was observed. Home range overlap was high, and territoriality was absent. Male musth ranges were considerably larger than non-musth ranges and may signify mate searching. Most elephants ranged both in and outside protected areas, suggesting that resources outside protected areas were important for their survival. Thus, translocating and restricting elephants to protected areas will be detrimental to their survival, as it limits resource access. The ranging patterns of Asian elephants suggest that conservation of the species requires their management both in and outside protected areas. 相似文献
13.
Luciana C. Ferreira Michele Thums Jessica J. Meeuwig Gabriel M. S. Vianna John Stevens Rory McAuley Mark G. Meekan 《PloS one》2015,10(2)
Tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) are apex predators occurring in most tropical and warm temperate marine ecosystems, but we know relatively little of their patterns of residency and movement over large spatial and temporal scales. We deployed satellite tags on eleven tiger sharks off the north-western coast of Western Australia and used the Brownian Bridge kernel method to calculate home ranges and analyse movement behaviour. One individual recorded one of the largest geographical ranges of movement ever reported for the species, travelling over 4000 km during 517 days of monitoring. Tags on the remainder of the sharks reported for shorter periods (7-191 days). Most of these sharks had restricted movements and long-term (30-188 days) residency in coastal waters in the vicinity of the area where they were tagged. Core home range areas of sharks varied greatly from 1166.9 to 634,944 km2. Tiger sharks spent most of their time in water temperatures between 23°-26°C but experienced temperatures ranging from 6°C to 33°C. One shark displayed seasonal movements among three distinct home range cores spread along most of the coast of Western Australia and generalized linear models showed that this individual had different patterns of temperature and depth occupancy in each region of the coast, with the highest probability of residency occurring in the shallowest areas of the coast with water temperatures above 23°C. These results suggest that tiger sharks can migrate over very large distances and across latitudes ranging from tropical to the cool temperate waters. Such extensive long-term movements may be a key element influencing the connectivity of populations within and among ocean basins. 相似文献
14.
J.H. Van Weerd Martin Knotters Paul J. Van den Brink 《Der Zoologische Garten (in deutscher Sprache / in German)》2010,79(4-5):179-187
Behavioural observations of the two female western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) composing an all-female group in Artis Royal Zoo (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) were evaluated. The two females had been observed for one-hr periods over a 166- day period, divided into a period before, and a period after the introduction of a new silverback male. Step intervention analysis showed that in both females locomotion and stereotypic behaviour significantly decreased after the introduction of the silverback. In one of the two females the public interaction also decreased significantly. 相似文献
15.
Leila M. Porter Sarah M. Sterr Paul A. Garber 《International journal of primatology》2007,28(5):1035-1058
We studied the diet, habitat use, and ranging behavior of 1 group of Callimico goeldii (callimicos) over 12 mo in northwestern Bolivia. The group’s diet was comprised of fungi (39%), fruits (31%), arthropods
(14%), exudates (14%), and other matter (2%). Callimicos concentrated their ranging activities in secondary forest (50%),
primary forest with dense understory (30%), and bamboo (17%) habitats. The group’s total home range was 114 ha; on average
they used 38.4 ha/ mo and had a day range of 925 m. Monthly average day ranges—but not monthly home ranges—increased as frugivory
declined, suggesting that subjects foraged on fungi and exudates by rechecking resources within a core area, making their
day ranges longer than during months when they concentrated on fruit resources. The callimicos formed polyspecific associations
with tamarins (Saguinus labiatus and S. fuscicollis) during 81% of observations. Day ranges increased in months with higher association rates which appears to result from the
callimicos using a broader set of habitats when with tamarins than when alone. The ranging pattern of callimicos appears to
be influenced primarily by 3 factors: their seasonal shift in diet requires that they forage in a variety of habitats across
the year; their depletion of resources causes them to shift their core area over time; and their lack of territorial behavior
eliminates the need to patrol boundaries as part of their daily movement. As a result, callimicos differ from many other callitrichids
in their low ratio of day range length to home range size. 相似文献
16.
Female-Female Competition in Bornean Orangutans 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Cheryl Knott Lydia Beaudrot Tamaini Snaith Sarah White Hartmut Tschauner George Planansky 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(4):975-997
The mostly solitary ranging of orangutans and the large areas over which they traverse have hampered quantification of Bornean
orangutan ranging patterns and feeding competition. Because of their semisolitary existence, female orangutans have few competitive
interactions among themselves. However, contest and scramble types of competition occur, and researchers consider both to
be important for the species. Using 9 yr of data and >22,300 h of observation of adult female orangutans in Gunung Palung
National Park in Indonesian Borneo, we examined both forms of competition. Based on our analyses, we have 4 conclusions: 1)
Adult female orangutans have highly overlapping home ranges, and thus there is potential for scramble competition to impose
a cost. 2) Adult female orangutans actively avoid each other, suggesting that scramble competition indeed imposes a cost.
3) Adult females have distinct core areas that overlap to a lesser degree than home ranges do. 4) Analyses of contest competition
reveal a slight spatial component to female competition for the first time. Preliminary evidence for core area defense and
passive range exclusion may be among the mechanisms responsible for maintaining distinct adult female core areas. 相似文献
17.
James Grogan Andrew Plumptre Joshua Mabonga Simon Nampindo Mustapha Nsubuga Andrew Balmford 《African Journal of Ecology》2020,58(1):2-13
Elephant populations are in decline across the African continent, but recent aerial surveys show that populations in Uganda are increasing. However, threats such as poaching and habitat disturbance remain. Having a comprehensive knowledge of the ranging behaviour of Ugandan elephants is crucial to understanding where critical habitat for the species occurs. We investigated various aspects of ranging behaviour of 45 radio-collared elephants (Loxodonta africana) in three areas—Queen Elizabeth Protected Area (QEPA), Murchison Falls (MFPA) Protected Area and Kidepo Valley (KVCA) Conservation Area. We also set Ugandan analyses in a continental context by comparison with home ranges reported in published literature. Elephants within KVCA had larger core ranges than elephants in QEPA or MFPA. Wet season ranges in KVCA were much larger than dry season ranges. The most important core areas in all three national parks were centred around water resources. Home range size was negatively correlated with net primary productivity (NPP) at Ugandan (N = 39 individuals) and continental (N = 17 sites) scales. This study indicates that, at a local scale, factors such as water source location are important in shaping elephant ranging behaviour. At larger scales, factors such as NPP are good predictors of elephant home range size. 相似文献
18.
Variability in ant eating has been observed in several populations of eastern and western gorillas. We investigated the occurrence of ant (Dorylus sp.) eating in two groups of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) with overlapping home ranges within Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda from September 2001 to August 2002. We calculated the frequency of ant eating by an indirect method of analyzing fecal samples from silverbacks, adult females, and juveniles. One group consumed ants significantly more often than the other (3.3 vs 17.6% of days sampled). Furthermore, the group that consumed ants more often also consumed them on a seasonal basis (September–February monthly range: 0–8%; March–August monthly range: 30–42.9%). Finally, females and juveniles of this group consumed ants significantly more often than did the silverback (total samples containing ants: silverback, 2.1%; adult female, 13.2%; juvenile, 11.2%). Differences in ant eating between groups are likely due to variability in use of habitats where ants occur (particularly secondary forests). Surveys of ant densities in differing habitats, nutritional analysis of ants, and quantification of the amount of ants in their diets are necessary to understand if ant consumption is due to availability, nutritional value, group traditions, or taste preference. 相似文献
19.
By studying the responses of different species to urbanization, it is possible to understand the impact of this type of habitat modification and to explore, more generally, the link between variations in the environment and changes in behaviour. We radio collared 17 badgers Meles meles from six social groups in a 1 km2 urban study area in Brighton, UK, where local badger population density was high, and collected data on their ranging behaviour between 2005 and 2007. We aimed to determine how badgers adapt their behaviour to an urban environment and to assess the generality of previously reported differences in the ranging and territorial behaviour of urban and rural badgers. Analysis of habitat preferences and movement patterns suggested that garden habitat was principally used for foraging, while scrub and allotment habitats were important in allowing animals to travel from one part of their range to another. Group and individual home ranges were the smallest so far recorded for badgers (mean 100% minimum convex polygons=9.26 and 4.91 ha, respectively). Individual range size was negatively correlated with the availability of garden habitat, suggesting that the rich food resources provided by gardens enabled ranges to be small. Group ranges were mostly non-contiguous and there was no evidence of territorial scent marking; rather, activity was mainly restricted to areas in the vicinity of main setts. It is clear that badgers can adapt successfully to urban habitats and that this process affects various aspects of their behaviour. However, our high-density population of urban badgers displayed patterns of behaviour that differed not only from those of typical rural badgers, but also in some respects from those of a previously studied low-density urban population. We conclude that generalizations about the effects of urbanization must be made with caution. 相似文献
20.
Geoffrey W. Potts 《Animal behaviour》1973,21(2):250-291
A small group of Labroides dimidiatus were studied over a period of 4 months in the shallow reef environment of Aldabra. It was found necessary to redefine the concept of a cleaning station. Different sizes of Labroides occupied different types of area and it was found the smallest individuals do not have fixed ranges, but move about beneath available crevices. Larger individuals occupied more open situations and the adults usually lived in pairs. The areas occupied appeared to reflect the fishes' ability to maintain position against strong water movements and tidal currents. Labroides dimidiatus shows territorial, intraspecific aggression and model presentation experiments indicate that body pigmentation acts as the releaser for this aggression. This aggression serves as a dispersal mechanism for young fish. Interspecific aggression occurred against fish with similar body markings to Labroides or which constituted a threat. The cleaning behaviour was studied and it was found that different species of host fish are cleaned in a highly specific manner, and certain hosts are preferred to others. There is evidence that this may be learned as a result of early experience with the host fish. Measurements are made of the cleaning intensity in the area. Some host fish were shown to be attracted to the cleaning range and may adopt invitation postures in the absence of the cleaner. The results are discussed in relation to the recent literature on Labroides dimidiatus and their importance to reef fish populations. 相似文献