海南坡鹿的兴衰与反思

对我国特产濒危物种海南坡鹿的兴衰和原因进行了分析,提出了保护野生动物应注意的问题。文中列举了调查研究中获得的宝贵数据,对物种保护及环境保护的宣传教育有重要参考价值。     

梅花鹿华南亚种和东北亚种警戒声比较

梅花鹿Cervus nippon是社群性哺乳动物,其声音通讯在社群中发挥十分重要的作用。梅花鹿目前存在3个亚种,本研究采集了浙江省清凉峰国家级自然保护区的野生华南亚种C.n.kopschi和浙江省温州康寿鹿业科技有限公司的圈养东北亚种C.n.hortulorum的警戒声,进行声音特征分析。结果显示:(1)华南亚种具有较为多态性的警戒声,具有单音节和双音节2种不同类型的叫声,明显清晰的频带有3~4个,频率分布在1 726~15 403 Hz,而东北亚种虽也有单音节和双音节2种不同类型的叫声,但明显清晰的频带只有1个,频率分布在307~4 523 Hz;(2)综合其他亚种的相关参数,认为清凉峰华南亚种的警戒声频率范围最广且频带最多,推测由其生存的环境或遗传因素导致;(3)东北亚种的警戒声频带数量少和频率范围较窄,推测与长期的人为养殖有一定的关系。本研究结果将对浙江清凉峰野生梅花鹿种群的保护、管理与利用提供一定的帮助。     

The genus Cervus in eastern Eurasia

In 2004, Christian Pitra and co-workers published the first molecular phylogeny of Old World deer which advanced our understanding of the Cervinae immeasurably by demonstrating the non-monophyletic status of the red deer/wapiti group, the chital/hog deer group and the swamp deer/Eld's deer group. Therefore, many conspicuous external features—antler complexity, mane and rump-patch development—turned out to be related not to phylogeny as much as to climatic-related lifestyle factors. At a lower level, molecular genetics has reinforced some conclusions drawn on the basis of morphology or behaviour. Striking examples are the divisions between mainland and Japanese sika and between northern and southern forms of Japanese sika. In this paper, I will look at the species living in what Pitra et al. (Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Mol Phylogenet Evol 33:880–895, 2004) identified as the heartland of cervine evolution: eastern Eurasia. I will consider the two species groups in this region that seem to crystallize both the problems of cervine classification and the ways in which the new sources of evidence have opened up new avenues of inquiry.     

Heterozygosity in Yellowstone Park elk,Cervus canadensis

Protein products of 24 loci from the genomes of Yellowstone Park elk were analyzed by electrophoresis. Heterozygosity was detected in only one system, making elk much less polymorphic than eastern whitetailed deer. Data for several other large mammals are compared with those for elk and reveal similarly low levels of isozymic variation. The data are consistent with the fine-grained niche theory but difficult to reconcile with bottlenecks and genetic drift.     

海南坡鹿 (Cervus eldi hainanus)

坡鹿(Cervus eldi),别名泽鹿,是生活在亚洲热带的鹿科动物,分布于印度、缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝、越南和中国海南岛.海南岛特有的海南坡鹿(C.e.hainanus)是坡鹿的一个亚种, 历史上曾在岛内广泛分布.海南坡鹿在中国濒危动物红皮书中被列入濒危级保护动物,是国家一级重点保护动物.它的野生种群目前仅见于海南岛东方市的大田地区( 东经108°47′～108°49′,北纬19°05′～19°17′).保护海南坡鹿,对于保护全球生物物种多样性具有重要的意义.     

吉林双阳型梅花鹿sentrin/SUMO的发现

为了确定梅花鹿未知的编码区cDNA,我们利用TaKaRa公司的cDNA 合成试剂盒及PCR cDNA文库试剂盒,构建了吉林双阳型梅花鹿子宫PCR cDNA文库。将文库的PCR产物克隆入pGEM-Teasy载体并进行测序后,应用BLAST网络服务对测得的序列在GenBank数据库中进行同源性比较。结果显示构建的PCR cDNA文库中包含有不同长度的cDNA片段,而且自该文库中我们发现了一与人sentrin-1/SUMO-1（small ubiquitin-related modifier 1）高度同源的全编码区cDNA序列。此序列已在Genbank登录,登录号为AF 242526。这说明我们自梅花鹿子宫PCR cDNA文库中发现了梅花鹿的sentrin/SUMO基因。 Abstract: In order to identify unknown encoding cDNAs of Cervus nioppon Temminck (sika deer),we constructed a cDNA library of uterus from Jilin-Shuangyang Cervus nippon Temminck using PCR cDNA library kit.PCR products of the library were cloned into pGEM-Teasy vectors and the cDNAs were sequenced and analyzed by nucleotide homology comparison against GenBank Database using the BLAST network service.The results showed that the cDNA library contained cDNA fragments of different lengths and a full length encoding cDNA highly homologous to human sentrin-1/SUMO-1 (small ubiquitin-related modifier 1) was identified.The cDNA was deposited in GenBank under the accession number AF 242526.These show that Cervus nippon Temminck-derived sentrin/SUMO gene has been discovered from PCR cDNA library of uterus from Cervus nippon Temminck.     

Genetic structure of,and hybridisation between,red (Cervus elaphus) and sika (Cervus nippon) deer in Ireland

This study investigated the levels of genetic diversity and variation exhibited by red and sika deer in Ireland, along with the extent and regional location of hybridisation between these two species. Bi-parental (microsatellites) and maternally-inherited (mitochondrial DNA) genetic markers were utilised that allowed comparisons between 85 red deer from six localities and 47 sika deer from 3 localities in Ireland. Population genetic structure was assessed using Bayesian analysis, indicating the existence of two genetic clusters in sika deer and three clusters in red deer. Levels of genetic diversity were low in both red and sika deer. These genetic data presented herein indicate a recent introduction of sika deer and subsequent translocations in agreement with historical data. The origins of the current red deer populations found in Ireland, based on genetic data presented in this study, still remain obscure. All hybrid deer (red/sika) found in this study were found in Wicklow, Galway and Mayo where the ‘red-like’ deer exhibited sika deer alleles/haplotypes, and vice versa in the case of Wicklow. Molecular methods proved invaluable in the identification of the hybrid deer because identification of hybrids based on phenotypic external appearances (pelage and body proportions) can be misleading. Areas where red and sika deer are sympatric need to be assessed for the level and extent of hybridisation occurring and thus need to be managed in order to protect the genetic integrity of ‘pure’ red deer populations.     

Successful in vitro production of embryos in the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and the sika deer (Cervus nippon)

The aim of our study was to define the conditions for IVM and IVF of oocytes in 2 common deer species as models for endangered related subspecies. Immature oocytes were recovered during the breeding season from postmortem ovaries (red deer) or by repeated laparoscopic follicular aspiration (sika deer). Oocytes were cultured for 24 h in IVM medium supplemented with EGF or FSH and follicular fluid. Stag semen was collected by electroejaculation (both species) or by epididymal flushing (red deer) and cryopreserved. For IVF, oocytes were exposed to different concentrations of thawed spermatozoa in a modified Tyrode albumin lactate pyruvate medium supplemented with 20% (v/v) estrus sheep serum for 18 h. After IVF, presumptive zygotes were allowed to develop in vitro for 7 days in synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) supplemented with fetal calf serum (10%, v/v). In both species, the presence of ovine FSH and follicular fluid improved the in vitro maturation rate. In the sika deer, the optimal sperm concentration for IVF was 10(6)/mL and some fertilized oocytes reached the early morula stage (20 to 25 cells). In the red deer, after IVF with ejaculated or epididymal spermatozoa (2.0 x 10(6)/mL), 20% of zygotes developed to the blastocyst stage (50 to 80 cells).     

Transmission of Megatrypanum trypanosomes to Cervus dama by Tabanidae

Four fallow deer, Cervus dama, became infected with Trypanosoma (megatrypanum) sp. by oral application of triturated guts from tabanids collected in an area with deer but without any cattle; four control calves remained negative. Upon challenge with triturated guts from tabanids from an area with pastured cattle, the four calves became infected with Trypanosoma (M.) theileri. The prepatent period in deer was five days or less. Haematopota spp. and Tabanus spp. were identified as vectors of the deer trypanosomes. It is concluded that the trypanosomes of C. dama belong to a Megatrypanum species that is not identical with T. theileri.     

四川梅花鹿(CAG)n微卫星文库构建

应用Dynal磁珠-生物素标记的微卫星探针与四川梅花鹿基因组酶切片段杂交,捕获200～750 bp含有微卫星序列的DNA片段,连接pMD18-T载体,再转化到感受态细胞JM109中以构建文库.通过PCR方法从(CAG)n文库中筛选阳性克隆,从576个转化子中获得了234个阳性克隆,对其全部进行序列测定,其中73个含有微卫星序列.除获得的目的微卫星序列(CAG)n外,还观察到(AG)n、(AT)n的重复序列.本研究表明,经过优化的磁珠富集法能够稳定、高效地获得四川梅花鹿微卫星标记.     

Yersinae isolated from wapiti (Cervus canadensis roosevelti)

Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia enterocolitica-like bacteria were isolated from 22 of 90 fecal samples taken from five herds of wapiti studied in northwestern California. The serotypes included: (5), (6), (11), (16), (2,19), (4,16) and (6,15). In one herd, all of the organisms were isolated from within a one hectare area. A significantly higher (p < .02) prevalence of isolations was obtained during April and May.