稻纵卷叶螟幼虫对不同氮、糖含量人工饲料的营养消耗和利用

本文以不同氮、糖含量的系列人工饲料为材料,研究了稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée幼虫的营养消耗和利用。结果表明,3龄幼虫对不同氮或糖含量饲料的营养指标之间无显著差异、其对氮的消耗与利用指标与试验中饲料的含氮量之间也无显著关系;对于5龄幼虫而言,相对生长速率(RGR)以氮含量1.53%和1.16%饲料时最高、糖含量为16.75%饲料时RGR最高,氮消耗速率(NCR)在氮含量1.46%饲料时最大,在氮含量1.33%和1.46%饲料上的氮利用率(NUR)值最低。5龄幼虫取食高氮饲料时的NUR及NCR高于低氮饲料。5龄幼虫的氮利用率和氮生成速率(NPR)均低于3龄幼虫,导致虫体含氮量的迅速下降。这些结果表明稻纵卷叶螟3龄幼虫对氮的需求与利用比5龄幼虫高。     

棉铃虫对氮的消耗和利用

在25℃下分别用棉叶/桃和人工饲料饲养棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera),测定幼虫对食物中氮的利用效率,以及通过棉铃虫不同发育期的氮流.除棉叶/桃组2—3龄幼虫的氮累积速率低于4龄幼虫外,两组幼虫对食物中氮的消耗速率、虫体氮的累积速率(毫克氮/毫克千重/天)和幼虫含氮百分率均随幼虫龄期的增加而降低.氮的排出速率(毫克氮/毫克干重/天)在2—3龄期间趋于降低,但4龄以后略有升高,幼虫发育后期的粪便含氮百分率也趋于升高.因此,幼虫在4龄以后对食物中氮的利用效率显著降低,表明它对氮的需要逐渐减少.人工饲料的含氮量约比棉桃高70%,但棉叶/桃组幼虫对氮的同化效率却比人工饲料组幼虫高10%左右.两组雌蛹—成虫的氮转化率在71—74%之间.雌蛾含有的氮约有37%(人工饲料组)—45%(棉叶/棉桃组〕用于繁衍后代.本试验提供的资料结合含糖量和含水分较多的寄主植物器官对幼虫有较好营养效应的假设可以比较合理地解释棉铃虫在田间的为害习性.     

亚洲玉米螟幼虫对氮、糖的吸收和利用

本文以不同含氮和含糖量的系列人工饲料为材料,研究了亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia fur nacalis(Guen6e)幼虫对氮和糖的吸收和利用。结果表明：幼虫对饲料中氮的吸收能力随虫龄增加而下降,对糖的吸收能力则随之而增强;5龄幼虫对糖的吸收能力随所食饲料中氮含量的增加而增强,而对氮的吸收则与饲料糖含量关系不大,5龄幼虫对氮和糖的消耗速率均随饲料含糖量增加而加快,但幼虫的氮利用率和虫体含氮量则随之下降;幼虫的氮消耗速率随饲料含氮量的增加而增加,而氮利用率则下降,5龄幼虫的氮利用率比3龄幼虫的氮利用率低,导致虫体含氮量的迅速下降。这些结果说明饲料中氮含量影响幼虫对糖的吸收,高龄幼虫对糖的需要量增加而对氮的需要则较稳定,饲料中糖比氮更重要。     

施氮量对棉株和棉铃虫的影响

用盆栽进行了不同施氮量对棉株和棉铃虫幼虫生长发育影响的试验。花期土壤施硫酸铵量分别为0、2、4和16克/盆。每盆土45斤。施氮后,土壤全氮增加,施氮量的增加提高了单株铃和叶片的干物质的累积,以及棉株不同部位的全氮含量。用含氮量显著不同的幼铃饲喂棉铃虫时,高氮食物使6龄幼虫的干重增长,同时食物利用率提高。随着饲喂铃含氮量的增长,6龄幼虫虫体和虫粪以及雌蛹的全氮含量均有所升高。 根据生物和化学两方面数据,我们认为:增施氮肥引起土壤、植株和昆虫全氮含量增长,特别是增加了棉株和棉铃虫的氮素营养。增施氮肥在一定范围内使棉株生长良好,使幼虫生长更好。由此可见:氮肥的增加可以提高棉花的产量,但也会使虫害加重。上述研究将有助于寻找大田棉花生产的氮肥合理施用量,而且对棉铃虫的有效防治有一定的参考价值。     

棉铃虫营养生态学的研究:食物中糖含量的影响

用人工饲料研究了食物中不同含糖量对棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hfibner)生长、发育和繁殖的影响.基础饲料含粗蛋白质9.7%.饲料含糖12.5%对棉铃虫有最佳的营养效应.糖对蛋白质的比率在1.0—2.0对棉铃虫种群生长比较适宜.含糖量低于10%导致蛹的脂肪含量下降、成虫寿命缩短、产卵量显著减少.饲料含糖量超过28%使幼虫取食速率降低、代谢负担加重、发育历期延长、成虫繁殖力下降.因此,棉铃虫正常发育和繁殖所需的饲料碳水化合物含量应高于其蛋白质含量.这些结果与棉铃虫的食性特点是一致的.     

不同食料对亚洲玉米螟种群增长的影响

研究表明,食料对亚洲玉米螟的发育、存活、繁殖和种群增长的影响显著。取食玉米雌穗的幼虫发育快、历期短,取食棉花茎秆的幼虫发育慢、历期长。无论是2代还是3代,均表现为食玉米雌穗的幼虫滞育率高．食棉铃和棉茎的滞育率低。饲以玉米雌穗的种群世代存活率最高,棉铃次之,棉茎最低;以玉米雌穗、棉铃与棉茎为食料的种群趋势指数依次为42．28、25．77和0．64。影响第三代玉米螟种群增长的主要虫期是第二代5龄幼虫的滞育或营养不良。     

绿原酸对美国白蛾幼虫生长发育和解毒相关蛋白活性的影响

【目的】明确植物次生代谢物质绿原酸对美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea幼虫生长发育和解毒相关蛋白活性的影响。【方法】将含不同浓度绿原酸(0, 0.125%, 0.250%, 0.500%, 1.000%和2.000%)的人工饲料饲养美国白蛾幼虫,测定各组中5龄幼虫6 d内的死亡率, 各组中5龄幼虫在取食48 h时的营养效应指标,0.500%绿原酸处理组中幼虫(3龄幼虫开始)的生长发育,以及在取食36 h时各组中5龄幼虫肠道中的解毒相关蛋白活性。【结果】绿原酸处理组中美国白蛾5龄幼虫6 d内的死亡率随着人工饲料中绿原酸浓度的增大而逐渐升高,且显著高于对照组(取食含10% DMSO人工饲料的)。绿原酸对美国白蛾5龄幼虫的营养效应指标有显著影响,各处理组幼虫的相对取食量和近似消化率显著高于对照组,食物转化率显著低于对照组,除0.125%绿原酸处理组外,其余处理组幼虫的食物利用率和相对生长速率也显著低于对照组。0.500%绿原酸处理使美国白蛾3-5龄幼虫发育历期比对照组显著延长28.24%(3.7 d),老熟幼虫(6-7龄幼虫)的发育历期缩短8.97%(0.7 d),且幼虫总成活率、化蛹率、羽化率、雌雄性比及产卵量等各项指标均显著低于对照组。不同浓度绿原酸处理对美国白蛾幼虫肠道中的细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGT)和ABC转运蛋白(ABC transporters)的活性具有显著影响,但对羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性未见显著影响。【结论】绿原酸可影响美国白蛾幼虫的存活率、食物利用效率、生长发育和繁殖,而美国白蛾幼虫可能通过调节食物利用率和诱导其解毒相关蛋白活性从而对食物中绿原酸产生适应性。     

不同施氮量的寄主植物对棉铃虫发育与繁殖的影响

在光暗比(14,10)、温(27±1)℃、湿(60%一80%RH)环境模拟箱内,研究了取食低、中、高三种不同施氮量的棉花、小麦、玉米和大豆繁殖器官对棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera(Hubner)发育与繁殖的影响,并通过对不同施氮量寄主植物繁殖器官的成分分析,探讨了造成这些影响的原因。结果表明,四种寄主植物的C/N比均随施氮量的增加而降低,并且大豆的C/N比(分别为0.5、0.4和0.3)<棉花(分别为1.1、0.9和0.9)<小麦(分别为4.5、4.O和3.8)<玉米(分别为5.2、4.2和4.2)。取食不同的施氮量寄主植物对棉铃虫发育和存活的影响主要表现在低龄(1～3龄)幼虫期,即随寄主植物C/N比下降,低龄幼虫的发育历期缩短,存活率提高;并且取食C/N较低的寄主植物的发育速度和存活率高于取食C/N较高的寄主植物。随着施氮量的增加,取食不同寄主植物的棉铃虫成虫产卵量均呈上升趋势;取食较低C/N比寄主植物的种群增长指数呈先后升后降趋势,而取食较高C/N比的寄主植物则呈上升趋势。取食C/N比适中的寄主植物更有利于该害虫的繁殖及其种群增长,C/N比太高或太低均不太有利。不同施氮量的寄主植物对棉铃虫发育与繁殖的影响是由于其体内碳水化合物和蛋白质含量的差异及两者间比例的不同所致。     

两近缘种烟草上棉铃虫种群适合度的比较研究

分别在室内和自然条件下,比较研究了普通烟草和黄花烟草两种不同寄主植物上棉铃虫生长发育、食物转化和利用及种群增长情况。结果表明： (1) 室内26±1℃、75%±5% RH和16L∶8D光周期条件下,与普通烟草相比,黄花烟草上幼虫的发育历期显著延长,1龄和2龄幼虫的存活率及雌蛾产卵量显著下降,种群净增殖率（R₀=30.5374）和内禀增长率（r_m=0.0951）减小;(2) 6龄幼虫对两种烟草的近似消化率及其相对生长率无显著差异,但对黄花烟草的利用率和转化率显著下降,相对取食量显著提高;(3) 第2代棉铃虫在普通烟田的种群增长（I=1.9922>1）比黄花烟田（I=1.1581>1）快,“烟草和其他”对种群起主要控制作用,特别是对低龄幼虫;第3代棉铃虫在普通烟田的种群增长有所减慢但仍呈上升趋势（I=1.5994>1）,而在黄花烟田则呈下降趋势（I=0.6434<1）,低龄幼虫受烟草抗性和雨水等的影响较大,高龄幼虫被病菌感染的数量增多。这些结果表明,与普通烟草相比,黄花烟草不适合棉铃虫种群的增长和繁殖。     

以豆蚜为食物的大草蛉生命表及饥饿对其食物利用率的影响

在温度25℃±1℃、RH 55％±5％、光周期16L:8 D条件下,构建了以豆蚜Aphis craccivora为食物的大草蛉Chrysopa pallens实验种群生命表,明确其种群发育情况,并研究了饥饿对大草蛉食物利用率的影响.结果 表明,大草蛉卵、1龄、2龄、3龄幼虫和蛹的发育历期分别为3.03、3.10、3.39、4.43和12.52 d,雌成虫平均寿命为29.38 d,个体繁殖力为325.76±16.06粒.内禀增长率(r)、周限增长率(λ)、净增殖率(R0)和世代平均周期(T)分别为0.1197 d-1、1.1076 d-1、68.41粒/个体和41.36 d.在饥饿胁迫下,大草蛉3龄幼虫的食物利用率显著高于2龄幼虫,且随着饥饿程度的增加,2龄、3龄幼虫的食物利用率也逐渐增大.说明在25℃时,以豆蚜为食物的大草蛉个体发育和种群增长情况较好,为以豆蚜作为替代食物饲养大草蛉以及大草蛉作为天敌昆虫防控豆蚜提供了理论基础;饥饿对大草蛉的食物利用率的研究为明确天敌昆虫在田间应用时面临食物短缺问题时的取食状况提供了基础数据.     

Comparative production of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from transgenic cotton expressing either one or two Bacillus thuringiensis proteins with and without insecticide oversprays

Transgenic cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), expressing either one or two Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki Berliner (Bt) proteins was compared with the conventional sister line in field experiments with regard to production of bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and bolls damaged by bollworm. The relative numbers of bollworms that developed on Bollgard (Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO), Bollgard II (Monsanto Co.), and conventional cotton were estimated under nontreated conditions in 2000 and both insecticide-treated and nontreated conditions in 2001-2002 in North Carolina tests. Averaged across seven field studies under nontreated conditions, Bollgard cotton generated statistically similar numbers of large (L4-L5) bollworm larvae compared with the conventional variety; however, Bollgard cotton produced significantly fewer damaged bolls and bollworm adults than the conventional variety. Production of large larvae, damaged bolls, and adults was decreased dramatically by Bollgard II cotton as compared with Bollgard and conventional varieties. When comparing insecticide-treated and nontreated cotton genotypes, both Bt cotton sustained less boll damage than the conventional variety averaged across insecticide regimes; furthermore, Bollgard II cotton had fewer damaged bolls than the Bollgard variety. When averaged across cotton genotypes, pyrethroid oversprays reduced the numbers of damaged bolls compared with the nontreated cotton. Insecticide-treated Bollgard cotton, along with insecticide-treated and nontreated Bollgard II cotton reduced production of bollworm larvae, pupae, and adults. However, the addition of pyrethroid oversprays to Bollgard II cotton seemed to be the best resistance management strategy available for bollworm because no bollworms were capable of completing development under these conditions.     

江苏沿江棉区3代棉铃虫对棉花的为害及经济阈值

通过人工接虫为害,研究了3代棉铃虫对蕾铃脱落及结铃的影响,观察了不同年份棉铃虫卵和各龄幼虫的自然存活率及棉花蕾、幼铃的成铃率。结果表明,蕾铃的虫害脱落率对结铃的影响最大,直接通径系数达－0.8917,虫量和蕾铃脱落数主要通过接虫期间的虫害脱落率影响棉花结铃,其间接通径系数分别为－0.8894和-0.891,接虫期间的自然脱落率对结铃的直接和间接通径系数均很小,表明33代棉铃虫为害时棉花4的补偿能力已基本丧失,各龄幼虫的为害量观察表明,1－6龄幼虫的单虫为害当量分别为0.02、0.14、0.31、0.47、0.84和1.54个大铃,根据防治的直接和间接收益,得出3代棉铃虫的防治指标为百株累计卵量26粒。     

氮肥对棉田主要害虫种群密度及棉花产量的影响

通过2年的田间研究,分析了3种不同施氮水平对棉花主要害虫棉玲虫、棉蚜种群动态、棉花蕾铃脱落及棉花产量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥的棉田棉铃虫和棉蚜数量比对照田要高,但它们之间的差异没有达到显著的水平。不同年份对棉铃虫种群密度有显著影响,但对棉蚜种群没有显著影响。蕾花期施肥可减轻棉铃虫为害造成的花蕾脱落和自然脱落,增加有效铃数和产量,但增加量没有达到显著水平。     

Bt棉花对棉铃虫幼虫选择性行为的影响

利用“H”型嗅觉仪测定结果表明 :在棉花蕾期、花铃期 ,棉铃虫 2龄幼虫对常规棉的棉叶、嫩头的选择性明显高于转基因棉花品种 ,差异达显著或极显著水平。但 3龄幼虫对两者的选择性差异并不显著 ;而在棉花蕾期 ,果枝对棉铃虫 2龄幼虫选择性行为有一定的影响。试验初步说明Bt棉对棉铃虫低龄幼虫有一定的忌避作用 ,而对高龄幼虫忌避效应不显著。     

食物对棉铃虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

用棉花、花生、玉米及人工饲料作为食料,模拟幼虫田间取食习性,同时为雌蛾设立补充和无补充营养两个处理,研究了食物对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 生长发育及繁殖的影响。4种食料组幼虫历期之间有显著差异;雌、雄蛹重花生组显著小于其余三组。雌蛾腹部干重及其脂肪百分含量与雌蛹体重的排列顺序一样,雌蛾腹部干重人工饲料组显著大于棉花组和花生组。雌蛾寿命和繁殖受幼虫食料和成虫食物的双重影响。喂10%蜂蜜时,雌蛾寿命、交配率和产卵量在四个幼虫食料组之间没有显著差异。但喂以清水时,花生组雌蛾均未交配,寿命和产卵量显著小于其余三组。从同种幼虫食料来看,除人工饲料组外,其余3组雌蛾喂清水时的产卵量和寿命均比喂10%蜂蜜溶液时的显著下降。基于这些结果,作者认为棉花、玉米比花生更适合于棉铃虫的生长发育和繁殖。在田间自然栽培状态下,不同食料植物的糖分含量对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖影响较大,含氮量的变化影响小。     

Effects of kaolin particle film on oviposition,larval mining,and infestation of cotton by pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

We tested effects of kaolin particle film on oviposition, larval mining, and infestation of cotton by pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in the laboratory, greenhouse, and field. In laboratory choice tests, females laid seven times more eggs on untreated bolls than on bolls treated with kaolin. When neonates were put on bolls in the laboratory, each boll with a treated and untreated half, larvae and mines were found 24 h later on the untreated half but not on the treated half. In oviposition choice tests with whole plants in the greenhouse, females laid four times more eggs on untreated plants than on treated plants and the number of eggs on bolls was five times higher for untreated plants than for treated plants. Kaolin treatments altered the distribution of eggs among plant parts, with untreated bolls receiving a higher percentage than treated bolls, whereas the opposite occurred for petioles. In field tests, treatment with kaolin alone reduced the proportion of bolls infested with pink bollworm, but a mixture of kaolin and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin was most effective. The results suggest that kaolin particle film may be useful against pink bollworm, particularly in conjunction with other control tactics.     

Behavioral Response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cotton with and Without Expression of the CrylAc δ-Endotoxin Protein of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis> Berliner

Behavioral responses of larvae and adults of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera to cotton with (GK-12) and without (SI-3) expression of the CrylAc -endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner were observed during 2001 and 2002. Our results showed that 8.3% individuals fed with flowers and bolls of GK-12 could develop from neonate to pupa; however, pupal weight decreased by 48.6% and duration of development was delayed by 7.6 days compared with those fed with flowers–bolls of SI-3. Deterrence index (DI) of larvae decreased in later instars, which indicated that the Bt toxin decreased with age. Feeding frequency of 4th-instar larvae on GK-12 leaves decreased by 38.8%, but movement frequency increased by 37.1%. Larvae moved at least one plant away by the age of 10 days in both pure and mixed plantings of SI-3 and GK-12 in the field. Adults preferred to lay eggs on SI-3. The total number of eggs deposited on SI-3 plants in 3 days were about 232 and 95% greater than that on GK-12 plants at bud–flower stage and flower–boll stage, respectively. Based on the behavior of larva and adults in response to the transgenic cotton, the potential effect of refuge strategy in resistance management of H. armigera is discussed.     

The effects of the infestation ratio of spiny bollworm (Earias insulana) and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) on cotton yield grown in semi-arid region of Turkey

Abstract:  Field studies were conducted in Harran Plain, Turkey, to investigate the infestation of spiny bollworm (SBW) and pink bollworm (PBW) in cotton blind bolls during the period 1999–2001. Blind bolls left on the cotton plants after the harvest were collected, and the PBW and SBW larvae, which are the causes of infection were counted in the laboratory by splitting the bolls. The statistical methods reveal that the infestation ratio variable plays an important role in reducing cotton yield. The infestation ratio variable was found to be statistically significant in all models used. Different soil types may have little effects on yield. We also estimate elasticity of yield with respect to infestation ratio variable. A 1% increase in infestation ratio would reduce about 2.5–6% of cotton yield. Although the infestation ratio of cotton yield is inelastic, which means that the yield is less responsive to the infestation ratio, the elasticity is however an economically important indication because additional cost spent on pests will increase total cost thereby increasing the level where marginal revenue equals the marginal cost.     

Response of multiple generations of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, feeding on spring wheat, to elevated CO2

Abstract:  The growth, development and consumption of three successive generations of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), reared on milky grains of spring wheat grown under elevated CO₂ (double-ambient vs. ambient) in open-top chambers (OTCs) were examined. Decreases in protein, total amino acid, water and nitrogen content, and increases in total non-structure carbohydrates (TNCs) and ratio of TNC : nitrogen were found in wheat milky grains grown under elevated CO₂ conditions. Changes in quality of wheat grains affected the growth, development and food utilization of H. armigera . Significantly longer larval lifespan for the third generation and lower pupal weight for all generations were observed in cotton bollworm fed on milky grains of spring wheat grown under elevated CO₂ conditions. Bollworm fecundity was significantly decreased for the second and third generations under elevated CO₂ levels. The consumption, frass per larva and relative consumption rate significantly increased in elevated CO₂ compared with ambient CO₂ conditions. However, the potential population consumption was significant reduced by elevated CO₂ in the second and third generations. The results of this study indicate that elevated CO₂ levels adversely affect grain quality, resulting in consistently increased consumption per larva for a longer period to produce less fecund bollworm through generations, suggesting that net damage of cotton bollworm on wheat will be less under elevated atmospheric CO₂ levels because increased consumption is offset by slower development and reduced fecundity.