Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the gut mucosal cells of various mammal species: distribution along the intestine and molecular forms

1. A cholinesterase activity was shown to be present in the homogenates of the gut mucosal cells from seven mammal species examined. 2. The distribution of the cholinesterase activity in the mucosal cells along the intestine differs from one species to another. This distribution is not correlated with that of the aminopeptidase which is a specific marker of the enterocyte plasma membranes. 3. Except rabbit, all the other species contain a (G4) globular tetrameric form and either a (G1) monomeric form (pig, ox) or a (G2) dimeric form (mouse, rat, sheep). Both (G1) and (G2) forms are found with the (G4) form in the mucosal cells of kitten and cat. The solubility characteristics of these various forms were studied by sucrose gradient centrifugations in the presence and the absence of 1% Triton X-100. 4. The mucosal cells from the studied species essentially possess either acetylcholinesterase (rabbit, kitten, cat) or butyrylcholinesterase (ox, pig, sheep, rat, mouse). These findings indicate that both enzymes probably present identical physiological functions in this cell type.     

The periodic acid-schiff reaction in the adrenal medulla

Summary The PAS reaction in the adrenal medulla of rat, rabbit, hamster, ox, pig and sheep was investigated. The medullary cells were positive in cryostat sections and potassium dichromate fixed material but not in formaldehyde fixed paraffin sections. The latter result is due mostly to the extraction of PAS positive lipids and loss of PAS positive proteins. No glycogen was detected in the chromaffin cells histochemically. The catechol amines played no part in the PAS reaction unless the fixative contained dichromate. The connective tissue elements were also PAS positive, and the nerve fibres in ox, sheep and pig. Periodate cannot be used to differentiate between adrenaline and noradrenaline storing cells.     

Antigenic comparison of five species of mammalian zonae pellucidae

A comparison of glycoproteins of the zona pellucida (ZP) of five different mammalian species (cat, dog, rabbit, pig, and rat) has been made using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polyclonal antisera against total rabbit and pig ZP recognize their homologous ZP to the greatest extent but also detect crossreactive antigenic determinants in the ZP of all other species tested. Polyclonal antibodies against each of two purified rabbit ZP glycoproteins or one purified pig ZP glycoprotein also show some recognition of heterologous (pig, cat, and dog) ZP, but not rat ZP. Monoclonal antibodies (McR5-rabbit ZP protein determinant; McPSI-determinant associated with post-translational modifications of pig ZP proteins such as carbohydrates) further demonstrate that specific determinants are shared between some but not all of these mammalian species. For example, both of these antibodies recognize distinct determinants which are most abundant in pig and cat ZP. However, McR5 recognizes a determinant on all species of ZP except the rat, while McPSI does not recognize either the rabbit or rat ZP. Collectively, these studies suggest that the molecules of the pig, dog, and cat ZP are more closely related to each other than to those of the rabbit ZP, while there is little similarity with rat ZP molecules. Immunoblot analysis of ZP glycoproteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to identify antigenic relationships among four different species. The polyclonal antisera show that all of the major proteins of pig, rabbit, cat, and dog ZP are antigenically related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Animal liver tryptophan pyrrolases: Absence of apoenzyme and of hormonal induction mechanism from species sensitive to tryptophan toxicity.

1. Liver tryptophan pyrrolase exists as holoenzyme and apoenzyme in rat, mouse, pig, turkey, chicken and possibly man. 2. The apoenzyme is absent from cat, frog, gerbil, guinea pig, hamster, ox, sheep and rabbit. 3. The hormonal mechanism of induction of the pyrrolase is absent from species lacking the apoenzyme. 4. The concentrations of tryptophan in livers and sera of these species are lower than in species possessing the apoenzyme. 5. Species lacking the apoenzyme or the hormonal induction mechanism have a deficient kynurenine pathway and are sensitive to the toxicity of tryptophan. 6. It is suggested that these species are not suitable as models for studying human tryptophan metabolism. 7. The possible significance of these findings in relation to veterinary and human neonatal care is discussed.     

A comparative histochemical study of intrinsic laryngeal muscles of ungulates and carnivores

The intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the horse, donkey, sheep, ox, pig, dog and cat were examined for myosin ATPase, following acid and alkali pre-incubation, SDH and M-alphaGPDH activities. In all laryngeal muscles two fibre types, betaR and alphaR, belonging to slow and fast-contracting, fatigue-resistant motor units (types S and FR) were present in different proportions. The alphaW fibre type, belonging to fast-contracting and fatigue-resistant motor units was absent (type FF). The alphaR fibres of the dog and the cat were subdivided into groups by the various degrees of acid stable myosin ATPase, oxidative and glycolytic activities. In the ox and pig laryngeal muscles, the same fibres showed an atypical myosin ATPase activity, as high as the fast-contracting fibres but acid-resistant like the slow-twitch fibres. The most uniform muscle was the CAD, which was formed of a higher percentage of slow-twitch fibres than the other laryngeal muscles of the same species. Also the VE muscle was very uniform in the dog, horse and donkey but the fast-twitch fibres were by far the most numerous, the highest in fact among all the laryngeal muscles. In the TA muscle of the cat, sheep and ox, the percentage of fast-twitch fibres was very high in the rostral portion decreasing gradually towards the caudal portion. Thus it was possible to separate histochemically the TA muscle in the rostral (pars ventricularis) and caudal (pars vocalis) portions which are related to the VE and the VO muscles of the dog, horse and donkey. In the VO muscle the slow-twitch fibres are more numerous than in the VE. The two portions of the TA were not detected by histochemical methods in the pig. However, this muscle has the highest percentage of fast-twitch fibres. The qualitative and quantitative data presented in this paper together with the data reported in the literature, enable us to correlate morphological and functional aspects of fibre composition among the species.     

Sheep neuropeptide Y. A third structural type of a highly conserved peptide

Mammalian forms of neuropeptide Y (NPY) for which the amino acid sequences have previously been determined, are the human, pig, ox, rabbit, rat, and guinea-pig polypeptides. The only difference among these forms is at position 17, where pig and ox NPY have Leu and the others Met. We now show that sheep NPY differs from all the earlier characterized mammalian forms of NPY by having Asp instead of Glu at position 10. At position 17 it has Leu as do both pig and ox NPY. Consequently, 3 different structural types of mammalian NPY are now known.     

应用兔抗大熊猫免疫球蛋白G血清探讨大熊猫的分类地位

从大熊猫血清中纯化出免疫球蛋白(IgG),以此作为抗原免疫家兔,获得兔抗大熊猫IgG血清。以黑熊、小熊猫、狗、猫等动物血清为抗原,兔抗大熊猫IgG 血清为抗体．进行了免疫扩散和微量免疫电泳实验。 实验结果表明,收集的食肉目动物：黑熊、小熊猫、狗、猫的血清都可与兔抗大熊猫GIg血清进行沉淀反应,其中尤以黑熊的反应最强且与大熊猫的反应沉淀线完全融合;小熊猫、狗、猫反应较弱且融入大熊猫反应沉淀线后形成树板状。从此看出大熊猫lgG 与黑熊的IgG最相似,从亲缘关系上讲,二者更为接近,大熊猫反应属熊科。     

Xenotropic and amphotropic pseudotyped recombinant retrovirus to transfer genes into cells from various species

The ability to transfer genes into cells from different species with murine recombinant retroviruses was evaluated with the SVnls LacZ reporter gene. Mouse and cat packaging cell lines can be used to transfer amphotropic pseudotype, in human, mouse, cat, rabbit, sheep, horse and beef cells and with a very low efficiency in pig and avian cells. Xenotropic pseudotype recombinant retroviruses, produced in cat and rabbit packaging cell lines, transferred genes with the same efficiency as amphotropic retroviruses in human, cat, rabbit and sheep cells. In contrast to amphotropic retroviruses, xenotropic retroviruses infect beef, pig and horse cells with a high efficiency. These results emphasize the need to determine carefully the producer cell line (the type of helper virus and the species origin of the cell) for efficient transfer of genes in cells and embryos.     

Carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1). Amino acid composition of liver carboxylesterases.

The amino acid compositions of the carboxylesterases from chicken, ,orse, ox, sheep, and pig livers are reported and compared. As would be expected for this homologous series, the compositions show a general similarity. However, there are some significant differences, but the degree to which particular pairs of enzymes differ is consistent with the evolutionary history of the species from which they were isolated.     

Comparative chromosome painting defines the high rate of karyotype changes between pigs and bovids

Human and sheep chromosome-specific probes were used to construct comparative painting maps between the pig (Suiformes), cattle and sheep (Bovidae), and humans. Various yet unknown translocations were observed that would assist in a more complete reconstruction of homology maps of these species. The number of homologous segments that can be identified with sheep probes in the pig karyotype exceeds that described previously by chromosome painting between two non-primate mammals belonging to the same order. Sheep probes painted 62 segments on pig autosomes and delineated not only translocations, but also 9 inversions. All inversions were paracentric and indicate that these rearrangements may be characteristic for chromosomal changes in suiforms. Hybridizations of all sheep painting probes to cattle chromosomes confirmed the chromosome conservation in bovids. In addition, we observed a small translocation that was previously postulated from linkage mapping data, but was not yet described by physical mapping. The chromosome painting data are complemented with a map of available comparative gene mapping data between pig and sheep genomes. A detailed table listing the comparative gene mapping data between pig and cattle genomes is provided. The reanalysis of the pig karyotype with a new generation of human paint probes provides an update of the human/pig comparative genome map and demonstrates two new chromosome homologies. Seven conserved segments not yet identified by chromosome painting are also reported. Received: 2 October 2000 / Accepted: 15 January 2001     

An interspecies comparison of gangliosides and neutral glycolipids in adrenal glands

Gangliosides and neutral glycolipids of adrenal glands of mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, pig, cow, monkey, and chicken were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The major gangliosides common to all species had lactosylceramide in their core structure. GM3 containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) was the major ganglioside in rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and cat, whereas GM3 containing N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) was the major one in mouse, cow, and monkey. GD3 was also detected in all species except mouse and GD3(NeuAc)2 was the major in pig adrenal gland. GM4(NeuAc) was detected in the adrenal glands of guinea pig and chicken but not in those of the other species. In the neutral glycolipid fractions, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, globotriaosylceramide and globotetraosylceramide were detected and the proportions of these glycolipids varied among the species. Guinea pig and chicken adrenal glands contained large amounts of galactosylceramide, this being consistent with the presence of GM4 in these two species. Globopentaosylceramide was detected in mouse, guinea pig, cat, and chicken by the TLC-immunostaining procedure.     

Comparative studies on the gastric glycopeptide in eleven animal species.

1. Glycopeptides in the stomachs of eleven mammalian species, including human, rabbit, horse, cow, pig, goat, sheep, dog, cat, guinea pig and rat were assayed by determining the carbohydrate content of materials which remained after proteolysis. 2. The glycopeptide content was higher in the mucosa than in the muscular layer including serosa, especially in the porcine stomach and the fourth stomachs of the ruminants than in the stomachs of any other animals. 3. The glycopeptide, which was stained with both alcian blue and PAS, was absent or sparingly present in the mucosae of the human, rabbit, horse stomachs and in the mucosae of the first to third stomachs of the cow, goat and sheep, whereas in the mucosae of the pig, dog, cat, guinea pig and rat stomachs and in the mucosae of the fourth stomachs of the cow, goat and sheep, it was found in noticeable extents.     

Plasma membrane nadh dehydrogenase and Ca2+-dependent potassium transport in erythrocytes of several animal species

Ca2+-dependent K+ transport and plasma membrane NADH dehydrogenase activities have been studied in several 'high-K+' (human, rabbit and guinea pig) and 'low-K+' (dog, cat and sheep) erythrocytes. All the species except sheep showed Ca2+-dependent K+ transport. NADH-ferricyanide reductase was detected in all the species and showed positive correlation with the flavin contents of the membranes. NADH-cytochrome c reductase was very low or absent in dog, sheep and guinea pig membranes. No correlation was found between NADH dehydrogenase and Ca2+-dependent K+ channel activities in the species studied. Nor were any of the above activities correlated with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity.     

Homology between the Lpm system of allotypes in the American mink and the Gp system of allotypes in the domestic pig]

The 5 alpha-macroglobulin allotypes alpha M1, alpha M2, alpha M3, alpha M4 and alpha M5 were identified in pig. The alpha M1 allotype was reported as a marker of pig alpha-macroglobulin, the latter being homologous to alpha 2-macroglobulins in human and in mink. The allotypes alpha M2-alpha M5 were specified as markers of the second isotypical variant of pig alpha-macroglobulins, which was homologous to mink Lpm macroglobulin (alpha 1M). As seen from data obtained by International Comparative Test ISABR 87-88, alpha M1 is a new allotype, while allotypes alpha M2--alpha M5 correspond to four allotypes in the Gp system (Janik et al.). Based on these data, a conclusion was made on the homology between the Lpm system in american mink and the Gp system in pig. Since the allotypes studied are the part of alpha-macroglobulins, a locus controlling them was designated the AM locus. We also find it more advantageous to apply the same name to the homologous locus in mink, instead of the Lpm used earlier. Genetic control of 5 allotypes was studied and the structure of the AM locus in pig analysed in detail. Comparative study of organization of the above locus and the homologous locus in mink was carried out.     

Zoo-FISH with region-specific paints for mink chromosome 5q: delineation of inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements in human, pig, and fox

Comparison of evolutionarily conserved mammalian chromosomes homologous to human chromosome 17, performed with microdissected painting probes, revealed rearrangements inside these chromosomes in mink and pig and a disruption of this conserved region in the fox. Detection of a homologous region on an Iberian shrew chromosome showed the efficiency of microdissected painting probes for delineation of homologous chromosome regions in species belonging to orders that diverged at least 100 million years ago.     

Fine structure of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-granules in the atrial cardiocytes in the hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, cat and dog.

In the hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, dog and cat, the right and left atria and ventricles were examined by immunohistochemistry, and the right auricular cardiocytes were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, ANP-granules in the cardiocytes were analyzed by ultrastructural morphometry. Immunohistochemically, the most intensely ANP-reactive cardiocytes were localized in the right auricle, particularly more prominent in the hamster and guinea pig than in the rabbit, dog and cat. The immunoreaction in the dog and cat was weaker than that in the rabbit. ANP-immunoreactivity was not detected in the ventricular myocardium of any of all species examined, but was occasionally observed in the subendocardium of the ventricular septum. Ultrastructurally, ANP-granules were localized principally in the perinuclear region associated with the Golgi apparatus and scattered throughout the sarcoplasmic layers. The Golgi apparatus of the cardiocytes was better developed in the hamster and guinea pig than in the rabbit, dog and cat. It was poorly-developed in the dog and cat. By ultrastructural morphometry, the number of granules was greatest in the hamster followed by the guinea pig, rabbit and dog or cat, in this order. On the other hand, the diameter of granules was largest in the guinea pig and reduced via the hamster to the rabbit. The diameter was significantly smaller in the dog than in the rabbit. The diameter of granules of the cat was lay between the rabbit and dog.     

Electrophoretic differentiation of myofibrillar proteins in the pig

1. Starch-gel electrophoretograms of myosin and tropomyosin preparations in 8m-urea, from longissimus dorsi and psoas muscles of the pig, were characterized by laser densitometry. 2. The typical pattern for freshly prepared myosin from both muscles was similar, there being five electrophoretically distinct components. 3. The number of electrophoretically distinct components in both muscles increased after freeze-drying, but the effect of freeze-drying was more marked in longissimus dorsi. 4. Extraction with 8m-urea containing 2% β-mercaptoethanol decreased the number of major electrophoretically distinct components of the fresh myosin of both muscles to four. 5. Although there was also some simplification of the patterns after freeze-drying the greater susceptibility of the myosin from longissimus dorsi was still evident. 6. The typical pattern for freshly prepared tropomyosin in 8m-urea differed in the two muscles: in each case it was more complex than that of the corresponding myosins. 7. The pattern of tropomyosin from neither longissimus dorsi nor psoas was altered significantly after freeze-drying. 8. Electrophoretograms of pig longissimus dorsi tropomyosin in 8m-urea differed from those of longissimus dorsi tropomyosin from sheep, ox and rabbit. 9. Extraction of the tropomyosins in 8m-urea and 2% β-mercaptoethanol simplified the electrophoretic pattern to two major components with samples from pig, sheep and ox, and to one major component with samples from rabbit. 10. It was concluded that classification of skeletal muscles as `red' or `white' is insufficient to account for the degree of functional specialization which the electrophoretograms suggest.     

Amino-acid Sequence Homology in the Muscle Aldolases from Sturgeons of Different Species

STUDIES on the primary structure of aldolases isolated from ox, pig and rabbit muscle show that the amino-acid sequence of fructose 1,6-diphosphate aldolase [EC 4.1.2.13] has been highly conserved throughout mammalian evolution¹. But comparison of the primary structure of the enzyme from these species with that from the muscle of a single North Sea sturgeon, presumably Acipenser sturio, indicated that although the proteins were homologous, a number of amino-acid replacements occurred between sturgeon aldolase and the aldolases of the phylogenetically distant mammalian species¹. As a knowledge of the nature and number of amino-acid replacements between homologous proteins caft provide information both about the functional role of individual residues and about evolution, further comparative studies of rabbit and sturgeon aldolases were undertaken and an account of the sequence homology around the active-site-lysine residue of aldolases from rabbit muscle, rabbit liver and the muscle of the river sturgeon of Eastern Canada, Acipenser fulvescens, has been given^2,3.     

Comparative studies on glucose phosphorylating isoenzymes of vertebrates—VII. Mammalian hexokinases

• 1.1. The glucose-phosphorylating isoenzymes from the liver of animals belonging to 25 mammalian species were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and characterized with respect to Michaelis constants for glucose and other sugars and substrate specificities.
• 2.2. The full complement of four hexokinases (A, B, C and D) was observed in laboratory rodents only. A marsupial, several wild rodents and dog, presented hexokinases A, B and D. Monkey, rabbit, pig and a wild rodent (Octodon degus) displayed hexokinases A, C and D. A pattern of hexokinases A and C was shared by horse, alpaca, cow, sheep and goat. The pattern consisting of hexokinases A and B was found in bat and cat.
• 3.3. The hexokinases from skeletal muscle of a few mammals (bat, rabbit, rat, long-haired mouse, guinea pig and sheep) were also studied. In all these species hexokinase B was the predominant form.