辽宁省浑河源自然保护区食药用菌资源调查

为查明辽宁省浑河源自然保护区大型真菌的资源情况,合理利用和开发当地野生食药用菌资源,本研究经过两年的系统调查和采集,得到大型真菌标本610余份,采用传统的形态学鉴定方法,得到283种食药用菌,隶属于2门6纲20目53科122属,其中食用菌124种,药用菌130种。结果表明,当地的食药用菌资源十分丰富,具有开发利用的潜力,同时也说明当地充足水源和保护完整的森林生态对于大型真菌的生长是有积极作用的,因而在开发和利用野生食药用菌资源时,要重视对生态环境的保护。     

广东野生大型真菌资源及其开发利用前景展望

广东野生大型真菌物种资源丰富,据初步统计已知种类有1185种,占中国大型真菌的30%左右,其中有不少的本地特有种,野生食用菌和药用菌有300种,具有重要经济开发潜力的有50种,毒蘑菇有110多种,有广泛的开发利用价值。根据广东野生大型真菌资源特色,提出了有效保护和可持续利用的相关措施。     

甘肃大型真菌灰包科调查初报

灰包科大多数担子果幼时可食,成熟后又有收敛止血以致抗癌等药用功效。为了有效地利用这类宝贵的野生大型真菌资源,对甘肃省灰包科种类资源进行了初步调查研究,首次对该省灰包科种类进行了系统鉴定,共报道了６属、２９种及１变种。其中有１０种、１变种为甘肃分布新记录;１７种为食用或药用菌。     

滇西北老君山的大型真菌分布及新记录种

报道滇西北老君山172种大型真菌,其中有63种食用菌,40种药用菌,7个中国新记录种和20个云南新记录种,并对中国新记录种进行了简要描述,分析了这些种类与特定的植被、海拔、生境的关系。     

重庆金佛山自然保护区大型真菌多样性及资源保护与可持续利用

金佛山自然保护区地势起伏,地貌类型复杂,是第四纪地球冰川袭击下的生物避难所,是野生生物资源的天然基因库,野生真菌资源丰富。项目组成员对金佛山保护区及周边野生真菌的资源状况调查,根据Ainsworth(1973)等和C.J.Alexpoulos(2002)等的分类系统,该地区大型真菌的分布结果如下:采集到的真菌隶属于2个亚门,61科185属584种;其中有木腐菌241种、菌根菌286种、虫生菌19种,其它菌类15种;食用菌281种、毒菌100种、药用菌253种、濒危真菌20种。调查发现部分区人为破坏较严重。根据该地区野生真菌资源特色,为达到不破坏生态环境和旅游资源的目的,提出了有效保护和可持续利用的相关措施。     

九洲虫草等山东野生药用真菌分布新记录

报道了山东省新发现的九洲虫草、茶子叶孔菌、粗毛硬革菌、茶子木层孔菌、朱红硫磺菌、杂孢火旬孔菌、树舌、囊孔菌等八种野生药用真菌。为野生药用真菌的资源开发提供资料     

山东省野生经济真菌资源调查

通过采集调查,共鉴定出山东省野生经济真菌164种,其中食用菌96种,药用菌30种,食药兼用者3种,毒蘑菇35种。对开发利用山东省经济真菌打下了基础。     

皖皇埔山大型真菌的组成及生态分布

为了解及合理开发大型真菌资源,本文对安徽省皇埔山自然保护区大型真菌的种类组成及生态分布进行了初步调查,并对其资源进行了综合评价.结果表明,该区共有大型真菌87种,隶属4纲6目22科46属,它们广泛分布于阔叶林、混交林、针叶林、竹林、荒地等植被类型中.按经济价值可分为食用菌42种,药用菌31种,毒菌6种;依生态习性可分为土生菌44种,木生菌30种,外生菌根真菌19种,虫生真菌2种.该区大型真菌资源在食用、药用、营林等方面具有很好的开发前景.     

野生四川灵芝的生物学特性和抗氧化活性

灵芝是我国一类传统药用真菌的统称,具有极高的药用价值和经济价值.为了充分保护和利用该类野生药用真菌资源,本研究对采自广西壮族自治区南宁市的一株野生灵芝进行了菌株分离纯化培养,通过基于内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)序列的分子生物学分析鉴定为四川灵芝Ganoderma sic...     

鸡油菌属研究概述

鸡油菌属(Cantharellus)真菌种类众多、分布广泛,是一类重要的食药用菌资源,具有较高的经济、药用和科研价值。本文回顾了鸡油菌属真菌资源与分类学、系统发育研究的主要历程,概述了其化学成分与药理药化、生态习性和人工栽培等方面的研究现状,指出了研究过程中出现的分类混乱、重名异名等问题,展望了亚洲和非洲地区资源挖掘的潜能与重要性,以期为后续研究提供依据。     

粤北地区的抗肿瘤药用真菌资源研究

调查和统计了粤北地区具有抗肿瘤活性的药用真菌种类。结果发现有75种药用真菌具有抗肿瘤作用,为合理开发利用该地区的药用真菌资源提供了依据。     

舜皇山自然保护区的大型真菌资源

通过考察、采集到舜皇山自然保护区大型真菌资源标本600余份,共计31科,78属,200种.其中有国内新记录种1种,湖南省内新记录种72种.这些真菌中,食用菌57种,药用菌38种,外生菌根菌25种,木材致腐菌66种.     

Thoughts on the processes that maintain local species diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi

Ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibit high diversity even in small monoculture forests. Roughly 20 to 35 species typically occupy such sites. Explanations for this diversity can be based on resource partitioning, disturbance, competition, or interaction with other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi compete for two general classes of resources: host-derived carbon and soil or detritus derived mineral nutrients. Both types of resources are arrayed in space (e.g., soil depth, distance from tree) and time (e.g., season, host successional series). Some species seem to be partitioned in space and time at these scales, but the question of how widespread these patterns are remains largely unanswered. Mineral resources are distributed in discrete substrates in soil, litter, and within other soil microorganisms; the biochemical diversity exhibited by fungi may translate into differences in access to these resources among species. Small-scale natural disturbances that sever roots, mix soil horizons and litter layers, or change local pH and nutrient availability, are likely to create additional habitats for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Evidence from fruiting patterns and differences in colonization strategies suggest that such disturbances may be important for establishment of some species. Competitive replacement networks among species have the theoretical potential to increase diversity. The frequency of species replacements, observed co-infections of ectomycorrhizal fungi on single host roots, and high rates of rootlet turn-over all suggest that competition is important, but whether it plays a creative role in maintaining diversity remains to be demonstrated. Other organisms could be important in the maintenance of diversity, if they effect competition among mycorrhizal fungi. Bacteria and soil invertebrates are the most likely groups for such interactions. Technological advances in root observation and PCR methods for indentification of mycorrhizae make many of these theories testable.     

云南野生贸易真菌资源调查及研究

野生贸易真菌即市场上出售的野生真菌,云南的野生贸易真菌资源十分丰富且长期以来受到关注。但以往对于这一资源的全面调查和研究较为缺乏。本项目通过市场调查、标本采集和鉴定,自1997－2001年连续4年对云南野生贸易真菌从种类、地理分布、季节变化、基于贸易量的优势度评价和经济价值5方面进行研究。云南野生贸易真菌已知共64属207种（含变种、变型）,以担子菌中的牛肝菌属（Boletus)、口蘑属（Tricholoma)、鸡Chong菌属（Termitomyces)、革菌属（Thelephora)、红菇属（Russula)、乳菇属（Lactarius)、丛枝瑚属（Ramaria)为主,表现出较高的多样性和较强的地区特有性。尽管具有人为选择的因素,但云南野生贸易真菌仍表现出较强的地理分布特异性：滇南地区包含较多的热带种类,具有较强的热带性质,而滇西北则具有较强的温带高山、亚高山性质,滇中、滇西南等地表现出亚热带和温带的过渡特征。以上各地区既有各自的代表种类,又通过某些过渡类群存在一定的联系。根据各个种贸易量的相对大小即优势度将贸易真菌分为4个等级,其中的优势Ⅰ级和优势Ⅱ级为主导种类。云南贸易真菌中约近90％的种类为食用菌,5％为药用菌,另有约7%为有毒种类。对每一种贸易真菌的经济价值给予了评价。     

贵州茂兰喀斯特森林区真菌的种类组成及其生态分布

本文报道了茂兰喀斯特森林的真菌１８２种,隶属８１属,３５科,它们分为４个生态类群：峰丛漏斗区的真菌,锥峰山腰区的真菌;锥峰顶部的真菌;峰林洼地,盆地区的真菌。     

Exotic Mammals Disperse Exotic Fungi That Promote Invasion by Exotic Trees

Biological invasions are often complex phenomena because many factors influence their outcome. One key aspect is how non-natives interact with the local biota. Interaction with local species may be especially important for exotic species that require an obligatory mutualist, such as Pinaceae species that need ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. EM fungi and seeds of Pinaceae disperse independently, so they may use different vectors. We studied the role of exotic mammals as dispersal agents of EM fungi on Isla Victoria, Argentina, where many Pinaceae species have been introduced. Only a few of these tree species have become invasive, and they are found in high densities only near plantations, partly because these Pinaceae trees lack proper EM fungi when their seeds land far from plantations. Native mammals (a dwarf deer and rodents) are rare around plantations and do not appear to play a role in these invasions. With greenhouse experiments using animal feces as inoculum, plus observational and molecular studies, we found that wild boar and deer, both non-native, are dispersing EM fungi. Approximately 30% of the Pinaceae seedlings growing with feces of wild boar and 15% of the seedlings growing with deer feces were colonized by non-native EM fungi. Seedlings growing in control pots were not colonized by EM fungi. We found a low diversity of fungi colonizing the seedlings, with the hypogeous Rhizopogon as the most abundant genus. Wild boar, a recent introduction to the island, appear to be the main animal dispersing the fungi and may be playing a key role in facilitating the invasion of pine trees and even triggering their spread. These results show that interactions among non-natives help explain pine invasions in our study area.     

中国野生食用真菌种类及生态习性

我国野生食用真菌种类多,分布广泛,资源丰富。已知657种,132属,41科。其中担子菌620种,占总数的94.4%,子囊菌37种,占5.6%。有过栽培记载和试验或利用菌丝体发酵培养的约80种,32属,18科。目前大量人工栽培的约22种。上述食用真菌按其种数多少主要包括在白蘑科Tricholomataceac,红菇科Russulaceae,牛肝菌科Boletaceae,蘑菇科Agaricaceae,侧耳科Pleurotaceae,珊瑚菌科Clavariaceae,丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae,球盖菇科Strophariaceae,蜡伞科Hygrophoraceae,羊肚菌科Morchellaceae,喇叭菌科Cantharellaceae,齿菌科Hydnaceae,多孔菌科Polyporaceae。依繁殖生长的基物为主,将我国野生食用真菌的生态习性划分为五类。木生菌138种,粪生菌9种,土生菌128种,虫生菌12种,菌根真菌352种。     

Mean reproductive traits of fungal assemblages are correlated with resource availability

Organisms have evolved a fascinating variety of strategies and organs for successful reproduction. Fruit bodies are the reproductive organ of fungi and vary considerably in size and shape among species. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differences in fruit body size among species is still limited. Fruit bodies of saprotrophic fungi are smaller than those of mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungi. If differences in fruit body size are determined by carbon acquisition, then mean reproductive traits of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi assemblages should vary differently along gradients of resource availability as carbon acquisition seems more unpredictable and costly for saprotrophs than for ectomycorrhizal fungi. Here, we used 48 local inventories of fungal fruit bodies (plot size: 0.02 ha each) sampled along a gradient of resource availability (growing stock) across 3 years in the Bavarian Forest National Park in Germany to investigate regional and local factors that might influence the distribution of species with different reproductive traits, particularly fruit body size. As predicted, mean fruit body size of local assemblages of saprotrophic fungi was smaller than expected from the distribution of traits of the regional species pool across central and northern Europe, whereas that of ectomycorrhizal fungi did not differ from random expectation. Furthermore and also as expected, mean fruit body size of assemblages of saprotrophic fungi was significantly smaller than for assemblages of ectomycorrhizal species. However, mean fruit body sizes of not only saprotrophic species but also ectomycorrhizal species increased with resource availability, and the mean number of fruit bodies of both assemblages decreased. Our results indicate that the differences in carbon acquisition between saprotrophs and ectomycorrhizal species lead to differences in basic reproductive strategies, with implications for the breadth of their distribution. However, the differences in resource acquisition cannot explain detailed species distribution patterns at a finer, local scale based on their reproductive traits.     

Biodiversity Resources for Restoration Ecology

Biological resources can be more usefully incorporated into many aspects of restoration ecology. During the planning and design stage, the wide genotypic variation in natural plant populations must be recognized and exploited. This will ensure that genotypes used on a site are best adapted to local conditions and have a greater probability of survivorship than arbitrarily chosen material. Also, certain unusual genotypes can be located using the principles of evolutionary ecology and can be installed in areas with extreme conditions, such as soils contaminated with heavy metals, in areas where rapid colonizing ability (high seed set and/or clonal growth) is particularly advantageous, or where soils are of poor quality. Similarly, where high herbivore pressure is a threat to restoration, genotypes that are well defended, chemically or mechanically, against animal enemies should be selected to initiate the restoration process. The nursery industry can be encouraged to supply an ecologically wider selection of material for restoration, originating from local biological reserves and natural habitats. During the management phase of a restoration, local natural habitats are critical as reservoirs of biological control agents, seed sources for plant species, and members of higher trophic levels and additional plant species needed during succession. Mutualists such as pollinators, seed dispersers, and mycorrhizal fungi are vital to the success of a restoration project, and these must invade from nearby natural habitats or must be deliberately introduced. During the evaluation phase of restoration, local natural areas should be used as templates of community composition and structure from which one measures success. A functioning restoration project will interact biologically with surrounding areas, the exchange of species and genes being particularly important. Analysis of the microbial and invertebrate communities that have invaded the installed plant community may be useful and accurate determinants of ecological function. For these latter stages of the restoration process, the value of preserving local habitat remnants is high and complements their usefulness as a source of ecologically precise material for installation.