DNA barcoding and morphology reveal exceptional species diversity of Scoparia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the Hailuogou Glacier area,China

The genus Scoparia from the Hailuogou Glacier area in the south‐eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau of south‐western China is studied, nine species are revealed by combining DNA barcoding (658 bp of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, COI) and morphology. Studies show that Scoparia species from the Hailuogou Glacier area are 37.5% as many as all the previously known congeners in China. Six species are described as new to science: S coparia simplicissima Li sp. nov. , S coparia tribulosa Li sp. nov. , S coparia longispina Li sp. nov. , S coparia gibbosa Li sp. nov. , S coparia globosa Li sp. nov. , and S coparia annulata Li sp. nov. The female of Scoparia metaleucalis is described for the first time herein. All species are either diagnosed or described and illustrated, and a map of China showing the topography and localities where Scoparia species are recorded is also provided, including the species number of all the recorded localities. The results reveal the exceptional species diversity of Scoparia from the Hailuogou Glacier area, as well as demonstrate that the integration of DNA barcoding and morphological approaches is highly effective for indentifying scopariine moths in the Hailougou glacier area. All the studied specimens are deposited in the Insect Museum, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London     

Integrative taxonomy reveals a new species of Callisto (Lepidoptera,Gracillariidae) in the Alps

Europe has one of the best-known Lepidopteran faunas in the world, yet many species are still being discovered, especially in groups of small moths. Here we describe a new gracillariid species from the south-eastern Alps, Callisto basistrigella Huemer, Deutsch & Triberti, sp. n. It shows differences from its sister species Callisto coffeella in morphology, the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene and the nuclear gene histone H3. Both Callisto basistrigella and Callisto coffeella can co-occur in sympatry without evidence of admixture. Two Callisto basistrigella specimens show evidence of introgression. We highlight the importance of an integrative approach to delimit species, combining morphological and ecological data with mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Furthermore, in connection with this study, Ornix blandella Müller-Rutz, 1920, syn. n. is synonymized with Callisto coffeella (Zetterstedt, 1839).     

Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic Amazonian species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae)

Hypotheses on the taxonomic status of two Bolivian Pristimantis with taxonomic problems are assessed by an integrative taxonomic approach that integrates three independent lines of evidence: external morphology, prezygotic reproductive barriers (advertisement calls) and reciprocal monophyly (phylogenetic analyses of partial 16S mtDNA sequences). Central Andean Bolivian populations previously assigned to either P. peruvianus or P. dundeei, and lowland Amazonian populations from southern Peru and northern Bolivia previously considered P. peruvianus do not correspond to these species. Indeed, multivariate analyses of qualitative and quantitative morphological and bioacoustic characters, and phylogenetic analyses support the hypothesis that they represent different, previously unknown, cryptic lineages. They are herein described as new species. The former is a sibling species of P. fenestratus that inhabits the Amazonian and semideciduous forests of the Andean foothills in central Bolivia. The latter is sibling to the Andean species P. danae and is parapatric to it in the Amazonian lowland forests and adjacent foothills of northern Bolivia, southern Peru and adjacent Brazil. Most species of Neotropical frogs, and especially Pristimantis, have been described by using external qualitative morphological characters only. An extended integrative taxonomic approach, as exemplified herein, may lead to the discovery of many other cryptic and sibling lineages that would increase the species numbers of tropical areas. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 155 , 97–122.     

Taxonomic review of the subfamily Schoenobiinae(Lepidoptera:Pyraloidea:Crambidae) from China

The taxonomy of the Chinese Schoenobiinae is revised.In total,12 genera and 49species are recognized.This paper presents keys to the genera and species,illustrations of wing venation for each genus,and line drawings of genitalia of most species.Two new species,namely,Schoenobius scirpus sp.nov.and Ramila minima sp.nov.,are described.The female of Scirpophaga adunctella Chen,Song,and Wu,2006 is reported for the first time.Donacaula forficellus(Thunberg,1794) reported by Wang(1980) is proven to be a misidentification of S.scirpus sp.nov.The diagnostic characteristics of Schoenobiinae and the taxonomic status of some genera are discussed.Acropentias,Leechia,Brihaspa,and Promacrochilo are suggested to be removed from the subfamily because these genera do not share any synapomorphic characters with Schoenobiinae.     

中国水螟亚科二新种记述(鳞翅目:草螟科)

记述了采自天津及河北、福建等地的水螟亚科Nymphulinae 2新种, 即 环波水螟Paracymoriza convallata, sp. nov.和白筒水螟Parapoynx candida, sp. nov..模式标本保存于南开大学生物系, 天津.1. 环波水螟Paracymoriza convallata,新种(图1,3)前翅长♂9.0 mm.正模♂, 福建永泰县青云山 (25.52°N,118.57°E),550 m,2002-Ⅸ-18,王新谱采.新种与华南波水螟Paracymoriza laminalis (Hampson) 相似,主要区别在新种前翅中线外白区前缘封闭;雄性外生殖器抱器瓣基部较窄,端部较圆.2. 白筒水螟Parapoynx candida,新种(图2,4～5)前翅长♂11.5～12.0 mm;♀11.5 mm.正模♂,天津武清县 (39.31°N,116.51°E),1976-Ⅵ-22, 王印来采.副模1♂,天津市板桥农场(38.52°N,117.28°E),1976-Ⅵ(采集人不明);1♀,河北大城县 (38.40°N,116.39°E),1976-Ⅵ-12 (采集人不明).此新种与重筒水螟Parapoynx stratiotata (Linnaeus) 相近,区别在于新种外横线至翅外缘白色;雌性外生殖器无明显囊突.     

中国优苔螟属一新种（鳞翅目：草螟科：苔螟亚科）

记述采自中国江西武夷山优苔螟属Eudonia 1新种,即截形优苔螟Eudonia abrupta sp. nov.。该种与伊诺优苔螟E. inouei Sasaki,1998 近似,但其雄性外生殖器爪形突的末端与基部等宽,阳茎为抱器瓣长的1.5倍;而伊诺优苔螟的爪形突末端显著窄于基部,阳茎与抱器瓣近等长。文中提供了成虫和外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在江西农业大学昆虫标本馆。     

A review of the genus Eristena Warren in China (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Acentropinae)

The larvae of three known species of Callibaetis are described here for the first time: C. gonzalezi (Navás), C. pollens Needham &; Murphy and C. sellacki (Weyenbergh). The larva of C. willineri Navás is resdescribed and the larva of C. guttatus Navás is revised and discussed. The diagnoses of the adults are also provided.     

Integrative taxonomy reveals extreme morphological conservatism in sympatric Mugil species from the Tropical Southwestern Atlantic

The biodiversity crisis has had particularly harsh impacts on marine environments. However, there is still considerable uncertainty about how many species have been seriously impacted and the effectiveness of protection measures (e.g., marine protected areas or MPAs) due to high levels of cryptic species in many taxa. Here, we employ an integrative taxonomy approach to mullet species in the genus Mugil. In addition to its high economic value, this genus is notable for having diversified ~29 million years ago without marked morphological and ecological divergence. We obtained 129 specimens of Mugil from the Coral Coast MPA, the largest of its kind in the Tropical Southwestern Atlantic marine province. Although morphometric and meristic traits revealed six taxonomically recognized species, only five mitochondrial lineages were observed. All individuals morphologically identified as M. incilis belonged to the mitochondrial lineage of Mugil curema, which is consistent with misidentification of morphologically similar species and an overestimation of species diversity. Remarkably, Mugil species in our sample that diverged up to ~23 million years ago are also the most morphologically similar (M. curema and M. rubrioculus), suggesting extreme morphological conservatism, possibly driven by similarities in habitat use and life‐history traits. This study demonstrates the potential utility of integrative taxonomy (including DNA barcoding) for contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.     

中国沟胫野螟属研究及一新种记述（鳞翅目：草螟科：野螟亚科）

沟胫野螟属全世界已记录2 种,其中中国记载1 种。本文列出了该属中国名录并提供了分种检索表,记述了采自云南1 新种。模式标本分别保存在南开大学生物系昆虫标本室(DBNU)和中国科学院动物研究所(IZCAS)。 黄斑沟胫野螟Mutuuraia flavimacularis, 新种 (图1,2) 翅展32.0 mm。新种与紫菀沟胫野螟Mutuuraia terrealis (Treitschke) 相似,但可以通过以下特征加以区别前翅中室圆斑和中室端脉斑之间有黄色方形斑;阳茎基环两背臂粗而短;抱器背末端宽圆。 正模 ♂,云南丽江,海拔2800 m,1984-Ⅶ-17,刘大军采(IZCAS)。副模1♂,1984-Ⅶ-15,其他采集资料同正模(DBNU)。     

A review of Microchilo (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in China,including descriptions of two new species

The genus Microchilo of the subfamily Crambinae is reviewed from China. Two species are described as new to science: Microchilo landryi sp. nov. and M. nussi sp. nov. Images of adults and genitalia of the new species are illustrated, and a key of the species known in China is provided.LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:74B34A6E-87C3-487B-AD94-1167F1283E74.     

Integrative taxonomy uncovers hidden species diversity in the rheophilic genus Potamometra (Hemiptera: Gerridae)

The genus Potamometra Bianchi, 1896 represents big rheophilic semi-aquatic bugs that typically inhabit middle-altitude mountainous streams. Here, we integrated molecular and morphological data for delimiting species boundaries and understanding the evolutionary history of the genus Potamometra. Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Potamometra were sequenced, with samples representing most of the known geographically distributed locations around the Sichuan Basin. The results of different species delimitation methods (ABGD, bPTP, GMYC and BPP) based on the monolocus or multilocus data strongly supported the existence of two cryptic new species (Potamometra anderseni Zheng, Ye & Bu, sp. nov. and Potamometra zhengi Zheng, Ye & Bu, sp. nov.) although more entities were found in the tree-based delimitation methods. The two new species were successfully validated using morphological characters within a detailed taxonomic framework. Phylogenetic analyses supported the reciprocal monophyly of the seven highly node-supported clades, which were matched with the five known species and two new taxa. A novel gene arrangement pattern that two trnF (trnF1 and trnF2) genes separated by an intergenic spacer (IGS) were found in all the species except the sister group of Potamometra berezowskii Bianchi, 1896 and Potamometra linnavuorii Chen, Nieser & Bu, 2016. This gene rearrangement event could be explained by the tandem duplication and random loss (TDRL) model. Our study emphasized that the combination of molecular sequence data, morphological characters and mitochondrial structural information could improve the accuracy of species delimitation.     

Integrative species delimitation reveals cryptic diversity in the southern Appalachian Antrodiaetus unicolor (Araneae: Antrodiaetidae) species complex

Although species delimitation can be highly contentious, the development of reliable methods to accurately ascertain species boundaries is an imperative step in cataloguing and describing Earth's quickly disappearing biodiversity. Spider species delimitation remains largely based on morphological characters; however, many mygalomorph spider populations are morphologically indistinguishable from each other yet have considerable molecular divergence. The focus of our study, the Antrodiaetus unicolor species complex containing two sympatric species, exhibits this pattern of relative morphological stasis with considerable genetic divergence across its distribution. A past study using two molecular markers, COI and 28S, revealed that A. unicolor is paraphyletic with respect to A. microunicolor. To better investigate species boundaries in the complex, we implement the cohesion species concept and use multiple lines of evidence for testing genetic exchangeability and ecological interchangeability. Our integrative approach includes extensively sampling homologous loci across the genome using a RADseq approach (3RAD), assessing population structure across their geographic range using multiple genetic clustering analyses that include structure , principal components analysis and a recently developed unsupervised machine learning approach (Variational Autoencoder). We evaluate ecological similarity by using large‐scale ecological data for niche‐based distribution modelling. Based on our analyses, we conclude that this complex has at least one additional species as well as confirm species delimitations based on previous less comprehensive approaches. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of genomic‐scale data for recognizing cryptic species, suggesting that species delimitation with one data type, whether one mitochondrial gene or morphology, may underestimate true species diversity in morphologically homogenous taxa with low vagility.     

Potential distribution analysis of an invasive alien species Parapediasia teterrella (Lepidoptera,Crambidae) in East Asia

The bluegrass webworm moth Parapediasia teterrella (Zincken, 1821) is a notorious pest that is native to North America. However, it has invaded East Asia and has caused serious economic losses in China and Japan. The objective of this paper is to analyse the potential geographic distribution of P. teterrella in East Asia with MaxEnt, using predictor variables related to temperature and precipitation. It is suggested that this species has potential to establish in Southeast China, most areas of Jeollanam-do, eastern coastal region of South Korea, and most areas of Japan. Furthermore, we applied the Jackknife test to evaluate the significance of climatic variables in modelling the potential distribution of P. teterrella. The result indicates that annual mean temperature (Bio1), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (Bio11) and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19) mainly affect its geographical distribution. A map showing the potential distribution of P. teterrella in East Asia is provided, and morphological diagnosis of the species is also given.     

危害黄杉球果的实小卷蛾属一新种(鳞翅目：卷蛾科)

记述了实小卷蛾属 (小卷蛾亚科,花小卷蛾族)的一个新种,黄杉实小卷蛾Retinia pseudotsugaicola Liu et Wu, sp. nov.。其幼虫危害黄杉Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode的球果,在云南省禄劝县云龙乡球果受害率达80%～90%。该新种雄性外生殖器的抱器瓣在腹面中央凹陷很深,抱器腹拐角几乎呈直角,抱器端的腹角尖,可与该属其它种相区别。该新种的雌性外生殖器与松实小卷蛾R.cristata很相似,但成虫的花纹完全不同,该新种前翅的中横带很宽,且布满了灰绿色和灰黄色的云状纹,而松实小卷蛾前翅的中横带则较窄,翅端有明显的肛上纹。在昆明禄劝县一年发生1代,以蛹在球果中越冬。越冬蛹于翌年3月下旬开始羽化。4月上旬至7月下旬是幼虫危害期。老熟幼虫7月下旬开始陆续化蛹越冬。提供了成虫外形、翅脉、雌雄外生殖器解剖图及幼虫的毛序图。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

Integrative taxonomy of Flatbill Flycatchers (Tyrannidae) reveals a new species from the Amazonian lowlands

Integrative taxonomic studies continue to reveal that many current polytypic species of birds are in fact constituted by two or more species and therefore have been central in uncovering ‘hidden’ or ‘cryptic’ biodiversity. The Olivaceous Flatbill (Aves: Tyrannidae: Rhynchocyclus olivaceus) currently has nine recognized subspecies distributed throughout the Neotropics, but so far, no complete phylogenetic hypothesis exists to test the validity and evolutionary relationships among them. To remedy this, we conducted a multi-character integrative taxonomic revision of the genus Rhynchocyclus, focusing on the polytypic R. olivaceus. The combination of a taxonomically dense sampled multilocus phylogeny (including three mitochondrial and two nuclear genes) with phenotypic analyses including morphological and vocal characters pointed to several taxonomic inconsistencies within R. olivaceus. The analyses strongly support that R. olivaceus is paraphyletic, with an exclusively cis-Andean clade (where the topotypic R. olivaceus is found) clustering as sister to Rhynchocyclus fulvipectus, to the exclusion of a clade grouping trans-Andean and western Amazonian populations currently placed in R. olivaceus—one of which is unnamed and fully diagnosable based on vocal and genetic characters. Consistent with the phylogenetic results, our vocal analyses identified at least four morphologically cryptic lineages within R. olivaceus that can be mutually diagnosed from each other by different loudsongs and call parameters. Therefore, we provide evidence for splitting these four groups into separate species, two of which are sympatric but not syntopic in western Amazonia, including an unnamed species described herein—Rhynchocyclus cryptus, sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2DC17190-2BDD-49EC-88E6-4CF2FC2562A3.     

中国水蜡蛾科二新种 (鳞翅目：水蜡蛾科)

 报道了水蜡蛾科的2新种：多线水蜡蛾Brahmidai polymehntas sp.nov.和小齿水蜡蛾 Brahmophthlma litserra sp.nov.,模式标本保存在中国人民 解放军农牧大学植保教研室标本室。     

中国栉蝠蛾属一新种(鳞翅目：蝙蝠蛾科)

记述了采自浙江省安吉县刚竹林中的中国栉蝠蛾属Bipectilus一新种,定名为浙江栉蝠蛾Bipectilus zhejiangensis Wang, sp. nov.。该新种与中国栉蝠蛾属其它种的不同点在于：前翅Cu₂脉不与A₁脉相连接;外生殖器上的背兜向两侧分开,钩形突呈角质状。     

中国水蜡蛾科二新种(鳞翅目：水蜡蛾科)

报道了水蜡蛾科的2新种：多线水蜡蛾Brahmidai polymehntas sp.nov.和小齿水蜡蛾 Brahmophthlma litserra sp.nov.,模式标本保存在中国人民解放军农牧大学植保教研室标本室。     

Oreocharis duyunensis (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Guizhou,China

Oreocharis duyunensis Z.Y. Li, X.G. Xiang et Z.Y. Guo (Gesneriaceae), endemic to Guizhou, China, is described as a new species. The new species is easily distinguished from other Oreocharis species by having a white, stellate ring‐like disc. Morphologically, the species is similar to Oreocharis chienii (Chun) Mich. Möller & A. Weber but differs by its densely white pilose leaves, mixed brown‐pilose, pubescent and glandular‐pubescent peduncle and pedicle, white stellate ring‐like disc, and linear‐lanceolate capsule. Based on phylogenetic reconstruction and interspecific genetic distances of nuclear ITS and chloroplast trnL‐F regions, O. duyunensis is a new species with uncertain phylogenetic position.     

Phylogenomic analysis of pseudocryptic diversity reveals the new genus Deltalsia (Rhodomelaceae,Rhodophyta)

Molecular analyses, in combination with morphological studies, provide invaluable tools for delineating red algal taxa. However, molecular datasets are incomplete and taxonomic revisions are often required once additional species or populations are sequenced. The small red alga Conferva parasitica was described from the British Isles in 1762 and then reported from other parts of Europe. Conferva parasitica was traditionally included in the genus Pterosiphonia (type species P. cloiophylla in Schmitz and Falkenberg 1897), based on its morphological characters, and later transferred to Symphyocladia and finally to Symphyocladiella using molecular data from an Iberian specimen. However, although morphological differences have been observed between specimens of Symphyocladiella parasitica from northern and southern Europe they have yet to be investigated in a phylogenetic context. In this study, we collected specimens from both regions, studied their morphology and analyzed rbcL and cox1 DNA sequences. We determined the phylogenetic position of a British specimen using a phylogenomic approach based on mitochondrial and plastid genomes. Northern and southern European populations attributed to S. parasitica represent different species. Symphyocladiella arecina sp. nov. is proposed for specimens from southern Europe, but British specimens were resolved as a distant sister lineage to the morphologically distinctive Amplisiphonia, so we propose the new genus Deltalsia for this species. Our study highlights the relevance of using materials collected close to the type localities for taxonomic reassessments, and showcases the utility of genome-based phylogenies for resolving classification issues in the red algae.