R环的形成及对基因组稳定性的影响

R-环是由一个RNA:DNA杂交体和一条单链状态的DNA分子共同组成的三链核酸结构。其中, RNA:DNA杂交体的形成起因于基因转录所合成的RNA分子不能与模板分开, 或RNA分子重新与一段双链DNA分子中的一条链杂交。在基因转录过程中, 当转录泡遇到富含G碱基的非模板链区或位于某些与人类疾病有关的三核苷酸卫星DNA时, 转录泡后方累积的负超螺旋可促进R环形成。同时, 新生RNA分子未被及时加工、成熟或未被快速转运到细胞质等因素也会催生R环。研究表明, 细胞拥有多种管理R环的方法, 可以有效地管理R环的形成和处理已经形成的R环, 以尽量避免R环对DNA复制、基因突变和同源重组产生不利影响。文章重点分析了R-环的形成机制及R环对DNA复制、基因突变和同源重组的影响, 并针对R-环诱导的DNA复制在某些三核苷酸重复扩增有关的神经肌肉退行性疾病发生过程中的作用进行了分析和讨论。     

The spliceosome-associated protein Nrl1 suppresses homologous recombination-dependent R-loop formation in fission yeast

The formation of RNA–DNA hybrids, referred to as R-loops, can promote genome instability and cancer development. Yet the mechanisms by which R-loops compromise genome instability are poorly understood. Here, we establish roles for the evolutionarily conserved Nrl1 protein in pre-mRNA splicing regulation, R-loop suppression and in maintaining genome stability. nrl1Δ mutants exhibit endogenous DNA damage, are sensitive to exogenous DNA damage, and have defects in homologous recombination (HR) repair. Concomitantly, nrl1Δ cells display significant changes in gene expression, similar to those induced by DNA damage in wild-type cells. Further, we find that nrl1Δ cells accumulate high levels of R-loops, which co-localize with HR repair factors and require Rad51 and Rad52 for their formation. Together, our findings support a model in which R-loop accumulation and subsequent DNA damage sequesters HR factors, thereby compromising HR repair at endogenously or exogenously induced DNA damage sites, leading to genome instability.