意大利工蜂咽下腺结构观察

通过研究意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera工蜂咽下腺的结构及形态,为蜜蜂形态学和蜜蜂生理学以及王浆分泌生理提供新知识采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、HE染色石蜡切片和透射电镜,从形态学和细胞学水平对意大利工蜂咽下腺的结构和功能做了详尽探究和分析.意大利工蜂咽下腺由多个卵圆形腺泡组成,每个腺泡的直径约为120×180 μm,腺泡之间有微气管相连,腺泡外侧有神经细胞,神经细胞的胞体直径约为12μm.每个腺泡是由多细胞构成,最外层有0.1 ～0.2 μm的结缔组织膜,内部有壁细胞、酶原细胞和王浆分泌细胞,其中王浆分泌细胞分布较多,细胞直径约为16 ～ 18 μm,细胞核直径约为6μm. 由咽下腺的形态结构和细胞类型推断,意大利工蜂咽下腺主要分泌王浆,也具有分泌消化酶的功能,同时了解到分泌消化酶和王浆的途径.     

新书介绍

蜜蜂超微结构本书对中华蜜蜂工蜂咽下腺（王浆腺）、下唇腺、臭腺、蜡腺和上颚腺等的超微结构进行观察,并分析其腺体的分泌机制;对咽下腺不同龄期和不同季节的蜜蜂工蜂的分泌活性进行观察和研究i对三种不同品系的意大利蜂运用闭锁集团繁育工程的育种方法培育出王浆和蜂蜜高产的品种,对其进行超微结构观察,并分析其细胞生理机制,对蜜蜂     

中华蜜蜂工蜂咽下腺胚后发育过程中细胞的增殖和凋亡

【目的】咽下腺(hypopharyngeal gland)是蜜蜂重要的外分泌腺,是工蜂合成和分泌蜂王浆的主要腺体。本研究的目的在于了解中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana工蜂咽下腺的胚后发育特点。【方法】通过组织形态学、Brd U免疫组织化学和TUNEL细胞凋亡检测等技术,对中华蜜蜂工蜂咽下腺的胚后发育过程及组织结构特点进行了比较研究。【结果】中华蜜蜂工蜂的咽下腺起源自预蛹阶段口器内壁的陷入,细胞分裂活动的高峰期集中在蛹发育的前3 d,随后分裂细胞数减少,并一直持续到蛹发育的第7天左右结束;分泌腺泡的出现大约在蛹发育的第5天。到蛹发育的末期,咽下腺已基本形成,但是没有发育完全;哺育蜂的咽下腺高度发育,分泌活动旺盛;采集蜂的咽下腺中有许多分泌细胞凋亡。【结论】本研究揭示了中蜂工蜂咽下腺胚后发育过程中细胞增殖和凋亡的模式,为昆虫咽下腺的发育和功能研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

影响中华蜜蜂工蜂王浆腺活性的因素

王浆腺是一对位于工蜂头部的泡状腺体,是分泌王浆的主要腺体。青年工蜂的王浆腺在春夏肥大,分泌王浆,饲喂幼虫及蜂王。采集蜂的王浆腺呈可逆的萎缩状态(Free,1961)。越冬工蜂的王浆腺虽肥大,但无泌浆活性(Brouwers,1983)。本试验为了寻找诱发工蜂王浆腺活性的主要因素,为王浆生产提供理论依据,故研究了工蜂王浆腺活性与幼虫、蜂王、花粉、温度之间的关系。     

黑缘烟蟋螽丝腺结构

【目的】蟋螽是直翅目中唯一具有吐丝筑巢行为的类群。本研究旨在探讨蟋螽丝腺的结构特点。【方法】应用解剖学观察、免疫荧光、苏木精-伊红染色、PAS苏木精染色、扫描电镜和透射电镜等方法从细胞水平对黑缘烟蟋螽Capnogryllacris nigromarginata丝腺的显微与超微结构进行了观察。【结果】黑缘烟蟋螽丝腺由导管和腺泡构成。腺泡由鞘细胞延伸形成的结缔组织鞘包围。腺泡的主体有4种细胞,分别为Ⅰ型分泌细胞、Ⅱ型分泌细胞、围细胞和腔细胞。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型分泌细胞为大的腺细胞,形状不规则。分泌细胞细胞核很大,胞质内有大量的内质网和分泌颗粒。Ⅰ型分泌细胞靠近腺泡中心,PAS-苏木精染色表明Ⅰ型分泌细胞内含糖蛋白,Ⅱ型分泌细胞在腺泡外周,位于Ⅰ型分泌细胞与围细胞或结缔组织鞘之间。腔细胞分散在分泌细胞之间,包围形成胞外运输分泌物的通道。围细胞与鞘细胞接触,具有由细胞膜内陷形成的微绒毛腔,胞质内有大量的线粒体。围细胞微绒毛腔与腔细胞包围的细胞外运输通道相连,分泌细胞分泌的颗粒聚集在分泌细胞和胞外运输通道之间的连接处,并将分泌物排出至胞外运输通道。多个腺泡的胞外运输通道汇集到由单层细胞组成的丝腺导管。单层导管细胞靠近管腔外围具有规则排列的质膜内陷和大量伸长的线粒体;靠近管腔的一侧具连续的细胞膜突起,在导管壁的表皮下紧密排列。【结论】黑缘烟蟋螽丝腺分泌细胞分为Ⅰ型分泌细胞和Ⅱ型分泌细胞。分泌物质产生及分泌过程依次经过分泌细胞、腔细胞包围的胞外通道、分支导管、总导管和唾窦。其中在腺泡细胞之间,分泌物向外运输过程中,围细胞微绒毛腔的微丝束可能对分泌物的外排提供推动力。     

意蜂王浆生产性能形态学遗传标记的研究

测定19只工蜂头部咽下腺的两条腺体长度和重量,经生统t检验,发现同一工蜂的左、右两条咽下腺长度、重量差异都不显著（P＜0.05）。测定11群 "浙农大1号"意蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)的330只工蜂的头重、体重、头体重比、咽下腺小囊数和咽下腺长度。在2001年3月30日至4月26日浙江淳安的油菜和紫云英花期测定试验蜂群的王浆产量,分析工蜂头重、头体重比、咽下腺小囊数和咽下腺长度与每千克蜂的王浆产量之间的相关性,发现咽下腺长度与王浆产量的相关性最大,小囊数次之,咽下腺长度可作为意蜂王浆生产性能较理想的形态学遗传标记。 Abstract:The lengths of hypopharyngeal glands (HG) from the left and right side were determined in 19 workers of honeybee(Apis mellifera ligustica).There were no significant differences (P＜0.05) in length between the left and the right in one worker′s hypopharyngeal gland.Three hundred and thirty workers were collected from eleven colonies of "ZND No.1" Italian honeybee(Apis mellifera ligustica) respectively.Head weight,body weight,ratio between head weight and body weight,bursa number and length of hypopharyngeal gland(HG)were tested in these samples.Royal jelly productions were determined during the flowing period of rape and Chinese milk retch from March 30 to April 26 in Chun′an County of Zhejiang Province in 2001.The correlation analysis between royal jelly production and head weight,ratio between head weight and body weight,bursa number of HG,and length of HG were conducted.The correlation coefficient between royal jelly production and length of HG was the largest.The correlation coefficient between royal jelly production and bursa number was the second.It was suggested that the length of HG could be used as one of genetic markers for the production performance of royal jelly.     

四川短尾唾液腺的组织学观察

利用生物显微技术观察和研究了四川短尾鼩(Anourosorex squamipes)唾液腺的组织结构。结果表明,腮腺属纯浆液腺,有闰管和分泌管,无颗粒曲管;颌下腺属混合腺,以混合性腺泡为主,有少量浆液性腺泡和黏液性腺泡,有闰管、颗粒曲管和分泌管;舌下腺属纯黏液腺,有闰管和分泌管,无颗粒曲管,但在分泌管上存在有颗粒曲管细胞。     

崇安草蜥舌的显微和超微结构

采用显微技术观察了崇安草蜥(Takydromus sylvaticus)舌的显微和超微结构.舌腹面黏膜光滑;背面黏膜粗糙,由丝状乳头和轮廓乳头组成.丝状乳头锥体形,数量较多,排列成行,分布于舌体背面两侧和侧翼的腹面.在舌的横切片上有3～7个轮廓乳头,其表面平整,周围有环形沟,舌腺开口于环形沟中.舌肌肉发达.超微结构显示,舌上皮细胞问具有紧密连接,舌乳头细胞表面具有丰富的微绒毛.舌腺为单管泡状腺,分泌管由单层柱状上皮构成.柱状上皮细胞有两种,一种为分泌细胞,一种为暗细胞.分泌细胞内有典型的分泌颗粒,可协助食物的吞咽.暗细胞内无分泌颗粒,是否与离子分泌以及渗透压调节有关,尚需进一步证实.     

麝鼠泌香期香囊腺形态及组织结构的研究

麝鼠香囊腺由腺细胞、支持细胞和排香管组成。其分泌腺属复管泡状腺。发育初期的腺泡胞质内含有大量的粗面内质同、光滑内质网、高尔基复合体、中心粒和线粒体、香腺细胞间连接发达,桥粒、半桥粒广为分布。胞质内含有电子致密度高和电子致密度低的两种分泌颗粒。其分泌方式为顶浆分泌。     

蜂王浆蛋白生物学功能的研究

蜂王浆是哺育蜂咽下腺与上颚腺分泌的供3日龄以内蜜蜂幼虫和蜂王食用的浆状物质,具有多种生物活性。王浆含有丰富的蛋白质,通过直接分离纯化王浆中的蛋白质分子,或通过王浆蛋白基因克隆表达以获得表达产物,进而研究王浆蛋白的功能。研究发现王浆中含有多种具有特定功能的蛋白质,如MRJP3具有免疫调节作用,Jelleine-I-IV及Royalisin具有抗菌作用,MRJP1具有抗肿瘤功能及可能的蜜蜂行为调节功能,57kDa蛋白及Apisimin的促细胞生长功能,57kDa蛋白具有抗疲劳功能等。随着王浆蛋白组分分离、基因克隆表达及其功能研究的深入,王浆蛋白将被应用到生物医药、细胞培养、组织工程等更多的研究领域。     

感染囊幼病的工蜂咽下腺细胞的超微结构的变化

前言 中华蜜蜂囊幼病是我国养蜂业的一种重要病毒病,发病率很高,有的地区造成大量的幼虫死亡,给我国养蜂生产带来一定的危害,为了对防治病害提供科学的依据,我们首先对该病病原进行了分离、提纯及电子显微镜的研究等工作。发现该病毒对幼虫和成蜂,尤其对工蜂体内各个器官都有程度不同的影响。在幼虫发病期症状特别明显,病幼虫身体松软多水,其表皮容易破裂,当悬挂幼虫时其幼虫末端积聚有透明的液滴,在巢房内幼虫头部尖并变成黑色,头部稍微向上抬起呈船形。死后的幼虫干涸变为褐色的外壳留于巢房内,当感染的幼虫全部封盖后,巢房盖的中央有一小孔,这些异常的变化都是囊幼病的典型症状。幼虫症状虽很明显,但工蜂感染病毒后在外部形态上却没有明显     

白蜡虫雄性幼虫蜡腺的超微结构

在光镜结构研究的基础上,用电子显微镜观察了白蜡虫Ericerus pela Chavannes二龄雄幼虫蜡腺的超微结构和虫体表面的蜡孔及蜡丝形态。重点研究了蜡腺各组成部分的形态特点。     

Fine structural aspects of secretory processes in a pentastomid arthropod parasite in its mouse and rattlesnake hosts

The histology and development of three extensive glands in the porocephalid pentastomid Porocephalus crotali is described by light and electron microscopy, during growth of the parasite to an infective stage in the tissues of mouse; the infective stage in rattlesnake definitive hosts is also included. These glands elaborate excretory/secretory components which are channelled, via chitin-lined efferent ductules, on to the parasite cuticle. Hook and frontal glands are relatively compact, and within each gland ductules serving individual secretory lobules collect into common ducts which discharge over each of the four hooks, or at the anterior margin of the cephalothorax respectively. Subparietal gland cell lobules, composed of two large and two small secretory cells, are distributed under the cuticle and each is served by a single efferent ductule; these erupt over the entire cuticle. The large cells in subparietal glands secrete lamellate droplets which coat the cuticle with thin layers. Identical cells are found in hook and frontal glands, in addition to to three morphologically distinct types of protein secretory cell. Preliminary data on the composition and immunological properties of the various secretory products are presented.     

中华鳖胸腺显微和亚显微结构及其在进化上的意义

应用透射电子显微镜观察了中华鳖胸腺的显微和亚显微结构。发现中华鳖胸腺从结构上可分为皮质和髓质,皮质富含淋巴细胞,髓质富含上皮性网状细胞。在各发育期中华鳖胸腺皮质、髓质交界处和髓质区有明显的囊状胸腺小体和交错突细胞。在２００ｇ以上的成年鳖胸腺内发现有同心圆状胸腺小体。电镜下,胸腺内淋巴细胞分为大、中、小３型。上皮性网状细胞从亚显微结构上分为支持型和分泌型。胸腺囊包括细胞内囊和细胞间囊,以细胞内囊居多     

Fine structure of the intersegmental membrane glands of the sixth abdominal sternum of female Nomia melanderi (Hymenoptera,Apoidea)

The fine structure of the intersegmental glands of the sixth abdominal sternum in 1-week old females of Nomia melanderi is presented. The plasma membrane of the secretory cell is unfolded in many places and is covered by a basement membrane. The microvillous surface is invaginated to form a rather long sinuous cavity. The endoplasm is almost entirely filled by secretory granules. Many secretory granules are located close to the inner surface of the invaginated plasma membrane. The invagination contains a porous ductule, apparently of cuticulin origin, that is connected directly with the inner layer of the transport duct of the duct-forming cell. This type of arrangement allows the direct flow of the secretory substance to the outside in a continuous way. The cylindrical duct-forming cell, besides having typical cell organelles, contains a cuticular transport duct. This duct is composed of a thin cuticulin layer surrounded by a rather thick epicuticular one. The results suggest that the secretory cell has two secretory cycles. The first occurs while the gland is differentiating (at the pupal stage) and is involved in secretion of the cuticulin that forms the porous ductule. The second cycle, which starts by the beginning of nesting, is involved in the secretion of a substance that is carried to the outside via the transport duct of the duct-forming cell.     

Unicellular pheromone glands of the pentatomid bug Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Insecta): ultrastructure, classification, and proposed function

Male Nezara viridula produce sex pheromones from many independent single cells, each with a duct that opens onto the ventral abdominal surface. Despite the presence of a long duct and an associated end complex (in the form of a cupule and microvillus saccule), the structural organization of the cells that comprise the gland conform to Class 1 epidermal gland cell classification : a single cell surrounds the entire secretory complex. Each cuticular cupule contains a central bed of filaments and opens into a narrow tubular ductule that leads from the base of the cupule through the epidermis to the cuticle to open externally as a pore. The cuticle of the cupule is continuous with that of the ductule and has the appearance of three layers, although the inner (middle) layer may be a gap formed during construction of the complex. In young adult males, just molted, the ultrastructure of the cells and their inclusions indicate that they are not active. The region of the cell that is distal to the abdominal cuticle is reduced and the proximal region, surrounding the duct, is enlarged when compared with sexually mature (3-4 weeks old) adult males. At maturity the pheromone cells are enlarged distally around the cupule, but are reduced to a narrow sleeve proximally, around the ductule. Two characteristic cell profiles are evident, based on the shape of the cupule and the organelle content. Type A shows a broad opening to the cupule, an abundance of mitochondria, and few vesicular bodies. Type B has an elongated, narrow, vase-like opening to the cupule, few mitochondria, and numerous vesicular bodies. Type B cells are smaller and more abundant than Type A. Distribution within the epidermal layer also differs. It is likely that the different types represent cells producing different secretion profiles. However, the secretions retained by the standard fixation protocol within mature cells of both types look similar and appear to collect as crystalline bodies within the lumen. This may represent a common storage mechanism.     

安南龟肝脏和肾脏的组织学观察

采用常规石蜡切片对安南龟的肝脏和肾脏进行了组织学观察。研究结果发现,肝脏分为3叶,肝实质内结缔组织少。肝脏由无数肝小叶构成,肝小叶分界不清。肝细胞为多角形的腺上皮细胞,细胞核圆球形,位于中央。胆小管沿着肝细胞索向肝小叶四周放射并连成细长的微细管道。肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成,肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊组成,在肾小体附近可见致密斑样结构,未见髓袢结构。肾小球由盘曲的毛细血管构成。肾小囊是肾小管的起始端,由内、外两层壁层构成,内层与肾小球的毛细血管紧贴,外层为单层扁平上皮细胞。     

Epidermal glands in Squamata: morphology and histochemistry of the pre-cloacal glands in Amphisbaena alba (Amphisbaenia)

Summary Pre-cloacal glands occur in some species of amphisbaenians. Although these glands are important in systematics, their biology and chemistry are little known. The pre-cloacal glands of Amphisbaena alba are of the holocrine type. They are made up of a glandular body and a duct. The glandular body is conical to elongate and is formed of clongatc lobules separated one from another by collagen septa. Each lobule is composed, at its periphery, of germinative cells, and within of polyhedral secretory cells, of different degrees of differentiation. The germinative cells, set on a basal lamina, are basophilic and their cytoplasm is fairly electron dense. The polyhedral cells display bulky cytoplasm, filled with spherical granules, wrapped in membranes and differing in their electron densities. Towards the lumen of the gland, these granules are increasingly eosinophilic and have an affinity for orange G. The secretion is discharged into the duct leading to the pore, which is situated in the central region of the scale. This secretion shows positive histochemical results for mucopolysaccharides and proteins. The similarity between the epidermal glands of lizards and those of A. alba raises the suggestion that the glands have equivalent functions, possibly in the course of intra- or interspecific communication.     

The anatomy of the parotoid gland in Bufonidae with some histochemical findings. II. Bufo alvarius.

The gross and microscopic anatomy of the venom producing parotoid glands of Bufo alvarius has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Histochemical reactions for the presence of venom constituents and of components in biochemical pathways in the synthesis and release of venom were performed. The gland is composed of numerous lobules. Each lobule is an individual unit with a lumen surrounded by a double cell layer. Microvilli of the outer layer interdigitate with microvilli of the inner layer. Cells of the outer layer resemble smooth muscle cells, are rich in adenosine triphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase, and contain numerous pinocytotic vesicles, glycogen granules and various organelles. These organelles include "crystalloids" of what seem to be highly organized agranular reticulum. These outer layer cells probably function in some aspects of venom synthesis, active cellular transport and contraction in the discharge of the secretory product. The inner cell layer demonstrates a positive chromaffin reaction, contains steroid material, various organelles, some pinocytotic vesicles and glycogen granules, and appears devoid of a plasmalemma on its inner surface. This layer is probably involved in venom formation and release via an apocrine type of secretion. Bufo alvarius parotid gland shows significant morphological and histochemical differences from that of B. marinus and more nearly resembles a typical steroid producing organ.     

Ameboid cells in spermatogenic cysts of caecilian testis

Sertoli cells constitute a permanent feature of the testis lobules in caecilians irrespective of the functional state of the testis. The developing germ cells are intimately associated with the Sertoli cells, which are adherent to the basal lamina, until spermiation. There are irregularly shaped cells in the cores of the testis lobules that interact with germ cells at the face opposite to their attachment with Sertoli cells. These irregularly shaped (ameboid) cells first appear in the lumen of the cysts containing primary spermatocytes and are continually present until spermiation. We did not observe any cytoplasmic continuity between a Sertoli cell and an ameboid cell. Both light microscopic and TEM observations reveal a phagocytic role for the ameboid cells: they scavenge the residual bodies shed by spermatozoa. Organization of the ameboid cells is grossly different from that of the spermatogenic and Sertoli cells. They appear to develop from the epithelium at the juncture of the collecting ductule with the testis lobule.