The VietNam war as an exemplar of American culture

Glenn Petersen is a Professor in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Baruch College and its Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City.     

The symbolic interaction of industrial work groups: A study in social anthropology

Norman O'Neil is Professor of Anthropology at University of Hull, UK     

Class formation among East African pastoralists: Maasai of Tanzania and Kenya

Peter Rigby is Professor of Anthropology at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.     

The aesthetics of production: The sense of community among the Cubeo and Piaroa

Joanna Overing is Professor of Anthropology at the London School of Economics, London.     

Processes in the formation of ancient world systems

Thomas C. Patterson is Professor of Anthropology and History at Temple University, Philadelphia.     

Psychoanalysis and cycles of “subversion” in modern art and anthropology

Frances M. Slaney is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Laval, Quebec.     

Farmers and their fires,fishers and their fish: Production and productivity in pre-European South-East Queensland

Ian Walters is a Professor of Anthropology at Northern Territory University, Casuerina, Northern Territory.     

Cultural politics: Religious activism and ideological transformation among 20th century sherpas

Sherry B. Ortner is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.     

Complex hunter-gatherers: Exception or common phenomenon?

Victor A. Shnirelman is a Professor at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow.     

Image and archetype: Male and female as metaphor in the thought of card G. Jung and Ogotemmêli of the dogon

Norris Brock Johnson is Associate Professor of Anthropology, at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.     

Anthropology at Columbia: A reminiscence

Bob Murphy, a beloved, courageous, and brilliant man, was a salient Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University for almost a quarter of a century.     

Organic act rejected in the cordillera: Dialectics of a continuing fourth world autonomy movement in the Philippines

David Hyndman is Professor in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Queensland, Australia     

A one-eyed gaze: Gender in 19th century illustration of Peru

Deborah Poole is Professor of Anthropology in the graduate faculty of The New School for Social Research.     

Preferential parental investment in daughters over sons

Female-biased parental investment is unusual but not unknown in human societies. Relevant explanatory models include Fisher’s principle, the Trivers-Willard model, local mate and resource competition and enhancement, and economic rational actor models. Possible evidence of female-biased parental investment includes sex ratios, mortality rates, parents’ stated preferences for offspring of one sex, and direct and indirect measurements of actual parental behavior. Possible examples of female-biased parental investment include the Mukogodo of Kenya, the Ifalukese of Micronesia, the Cheyenne of North America, the Herero of southern Africa, the Kanjar of south Asia, the Mundugumor of New Guinea, contemporary North America, and historical Germany, Portugal, and the United States. Lee Cronk is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. His main research interests are in human behavioral ecology, reproductive strategies, and East African hunter-gatherers and pastoralists.     

Sexual Division of Labor in Agriculture

Female agricultural contributions decline with agricultural intensification. We formulate and test a theory of the processes of agricultural intensification that explains a high proportion of the variance in female contributions to agriculture. Five variables show replicable effects across two or more regions of the world. These are number of dry months, importance of domesticated animals to subsistence, use of the plow, crop type, and population density. Of these, the first two are the most powerful predictors of female agricultural contributions, while population density has only very weak effects.
MICHAEL L. BURTON is Professor of Anthropology. School of Social Sciences. University of California. Irvine. CA 92717.
DOUGLAS R. WHITE is Professor of Anthropology. School of Social Sciences. University of California. Irvine.     

Evolution and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

This paper and its subsequent parts (Part II and Part III) build on an earlier publication (McKenna 1986). They suggest that important clinical data on the relationship between infantile constitutional deficits and microenvironmental factors relevant to SIDS can be acquired by examining the physiological regulatory effects (well documented among nonhuman primates) that parents assert on their infants when they sleep together. I attempt to show why access to parental sensory cues (movement, touch, smell, sound) that induce arousals in infants while they sleep could possibly help one of many different subclasses of infants either to override certain kinds of sleep-induced breathing control errors suspected to be involved in SIDS or to avoid them altogether. I do not suggest that solitary nocturnal sleep “causes” SIDS, that all parents should sleep with their infants, or that traditional SIDS research strategies should be abandoned. However, using evolutionary data, I do suggest that an adaptive fit exists between parent-infant sleep contact and the natural physiological vulnerabilities of the neurologically immature human infant, whose breathing system is more complex than that of other mammals owing to its speech-breathing abilities. This “fit” is best understood, it is argued, in terms of the 4–5 million years of human evolution in which parent-infant contact was almost certainly continuous during at least the first year of an infant’s life. Thus, to dismiss the idea that solitary sleep has no physiological consequences for infants does not accord with scientific facts. James J. McKenna is Associate Professor of Anthropology and Chair of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Pomona College. He also has an appointment as an Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics, Child Psychiatry, and Human Behavior at the University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine. His primary research interests and many of his publications concern aspects of primate parenting and infant development among both human and nonhuman primates. For the past seven years he has been investigating from an anthropological perspective possible environmental correlates of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and has just finished a preliminary study on the physiological correlates of human parent-infant co-sleeping. His earlier monograph on the subject (cited in this paper) has received much international attention. He and his colleagues (Mosko and Dungy) are the first to have used standard polysomnographic techniques to document simultaneously human parent-infant co-sleeping. He has won three awards for distinguished teaching at Pomona College.     

Quitting the Game: Covert Disengagement from Butler County Eight Ball

This study of the Monday Nite Pool League is a continuation of earlier research into recreational tavern pool. We argue that the very competition that is the reason for the league's being contributes to the development of endogenous conflicts within the game that lead some players to quit because the original reasons for their involvement in the game have been eliminated or vitiated. This dynamic, the development of endogenous conflicts, probably holds for all voluntary associations that permit voluntary withdrawal, sponsor competitive activities, and meet expressive needs. This dynamic may hold for many other cultural contexts as well.
JOHN M. ROBERTS is Andrew W. Mellon Professor of Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. GARRY E. CHICK is Assistant Professor. Leisure Behavior Research Laboratory. Department of Leisure Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820.     

The Tchambuli View of Persons: A Critique of Individualism in the Works of Mead and Chodorow

In Sex and Temperament and Male and Female, Margaret Mead demonstrated that significant differences exist in the dispositions of males and females in particular cultures. In her unpublished field notes she also provided a partial explanation of why such differences should exist. In this paper I evaluate her explanation of the basis of gender differences in the particular culture of the Tchambuli, and place it within the context of more recent social psychology, particularly Nancy Chodorow's psychoanalytic study of female personality. Prompted by the recent reconsideration of Mead's work — a reconsideration I believe to be as inaccurately focused on Western categories of understanding as Mead herself was — I argue that both Mead and Chodorow fail to consider adequately non-Western views of the self in explaining gender differences.
DEBORAH GEWERTZ is Associate Professor, Amherst College, and Research Fellow. Department of Anthropology. P.O. Box 4. Australian National University. Canberra ACT 2600. Australia.     

Key informants on the history of anthropology: an itinerary

The history of anthropology is a growing field of study within the discipline itself. Our series ‘Key Informants on the History of Anthropology’ contributes to the discussion of how anthropology, as it is understood and practised today, evolved and took shape. In the following invited contribution Marc Augé, Professor of Anthropology at École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, reflects back on his work in Africa, in light of his more recent explorations of contemporary global issues. He observes how history intervenes also with previous research ‘as if the facts which I observed in former times were only taking on their full meaning today’. This relationship between past and present research reinforces his faith in social anthropology as a discipline that is particularly well suited to address contemporary issues of globalisation.     

The social modes of men

Here we attempt to define a specifically human ecology within which male reproductive strategies are formulated. By treating the domestic and public spheres of social life as "ecological niches" that men have been forced to compete within or to avoid as best they can, we generate a typology of four "social modes" of human male behavior. We then attempt to explain the broad distribution of social modes within and between human groups based on the relative intensity of scramble and contest competition. This research was completed with the help of a Lowell M. Durham, Jr. Fellowship at the Tanner Humanities Center, University of Utah. Lars Rodseth (Ph.D., University of Michigan 1993) is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Utah. He has conducted fieldwork in Nepal and Micronesia and is the author of "Distributive Models of Culture: A Sapirian Alternative to Essentialism," American Anthropologist (1998) 100:55–69. Shannon A. Novak (Ph.D., University of Utah 1999) is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Indiana State University. She has conducted fieldwork in Croatia and the United Kingdom and is the author of "Perimortem Processing of Human Remains among the Great Basin Fremont," International Journal of Osteoachaeology (2000) 10:65–75.