药用植物内生芽孢杆菌的多样性和系统发育研究

[目的]了解药用植物内生芽孢杆菌的生物多样性.[方法]采用数值分类、16S rDNA PCR RFLP、BOX-PCR指纹图谱和16S rDNA序列分析技术对分离于几种药用植物的内生芽孢杆菌和已知参比菌株进行表型、遗传多样性及系统发育研究.[结果]供试菌株在数值分类聚类分析中在84%的相似水平上产生13个表观群.16S rDNAPCR-RFLP分析表明供试菌株表现出丰富的遗传多样性.BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析进一步证明药用植物的内生芽孢杆菌的基因组也具有多样性,聚群的结果与数值分类有较好一致性.用软件在Genbank中进行所得序列的同源性检索,并构建系统发育树.由16S rDNA序列分析可知,供试的代表菌株SCAU11与球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)亲缘关系最近,SCAU78和SCAU25为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)的两个亚种,代表菌株SCAU39与巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)的亲缘关系最近.[结论]研究结果表明药用植物内生芽孢杆菌具有明显的表型和遗传多样性.     

四株高产磷脂酶C新菌株的鉴定和分类

在前面研究高产磷脂酶C(PLC)菌株筛选及其抗血小板功能的基础上,对新筛选的四株高产PLC的754-1、779、970和1107菌株进行了鉴定和分类。通过形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征以及16S rRNA序列测定及其同源性分析,证实754-1菌株与Bacillus cereus基本一致,因此将754-1菌株分类属于蜡状芽孢杆菌,命名为蜡状芽孢杆菌深圳株754-1,B．cereus shenzhen 754-1 strain。而779、970和1107三株菌则与Bacillus mycoides基本一致,因而将这三株菌分类属于蕈状芽孢杆菌,分别命名为蕈状芽孢杆菌深圳株779,B．mycoides shenzhen 779 strain,草状芽孢杆菌深圳株970,B．mycoides shenzhen 970 strain,和蕈状芽孢杆菌深圳株1107,B．mycoides shenzhen 1107 strain。这将为进一步利用这些菌株及其PLC打下坚实的基础。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌ATCC14579核黄素操纵子的克隆及在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达

利用BLAST从B．cereus ATCC14579的基因组中找到一段与枯草芽孢杆茵核黄素操纵子具有较高相似性的4．6kb大小的基因组DNA片段,该片段中含有完整的核黄素操纵子。该操纵子结构基因的编码产物的氨基酸序列与枯草芽孢杆菌核黄素操纵子相应结构基因的编码产物的氨基酸序列具有99％的同源性。该片段被克隆到大肠杆茵一枯草芽孢杆茵穿梭载体pHP13M中。表达分析的结果表明B．cereus ATCC14579核黄素操纵子可在大肠杆茵和枯草芽孢杆菌中表达。利用PCR方法用来自枯草杆菌的sac B基因的启动子替换B．cereus ATCC14579核黄素操纵子原有的启动子使其更好表达。替换启动子后的核黄素操纵子在本文使用的发酵条件下有较好的表达,核黄素产量从39．5mg／L增加到61．7mg/L.     

抗MRSA菌株B2的鉴定和活性检测研究

目的寻找新型抗MRSA菌株并进行鉴定。方法:通过传统的形态学、生理生化鉴定,并基于16S rDNA的进一步分析,进行活性检测。结论:通过活性检测,发现本实验室分离到的菌株B2具有抑制MRSA生长活性,通过传统的形态学、生理生化鉴定,发现它与芽孢杆菌特征相符,基于16S rDNA的进一步分析表明,B2菌株与枯草芽孢杆菌有高度同源性,故鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌B2。     

黑水虻幼虫肠道和体表产酶细菌的分离和鉴定

从野外收集和室内饲养的黑水虻Hermetia illucens L.幼虫体表和肠道分离出同时具蛋白质和有机磷分解能力的细菌10株,其中编号为T2、T4、T6、T7和T8的菌株分离自体表,编号为S14、S15、S16、S19和S20的菌株分离自肠道。克隆细菌的16S rDNA和DNA促旋酶B亚基编码基因gyrB对10株细菌进行了鉴定。通过16S rDNA序列确定10株菌为芽孢杆菌属,根据gyrB基因以及BLAST结果构建系统发育树,将10株细菌鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。然后将10株菌的gyrB基因以B.subtilis subsp.subtilisstr.168和模式菌株B.subtilis subsp.subtilis BCRC10255相应基因序列为参照构建系统发育树,分析10株菌在种的水平上的亲缘关系,发现10株菌存在亲缘关系差异,没有重复菌株。     

球形芽孢杆菌C3-41菌株杀蚊毒素的提取及其同源性研究

从球形芽孢杆菌C3-41菌株芽孢-晶体复合物中分别提取孢壁蛋白(S蛋白)和孢晶毒素。采用SDS-PAGE证明孢晶毒素具有43和40kD两种多肽。但S蛋白只有一条104kD的蛋白带。后者经NaOH处理迅速降解成43和40kD的多肽。S蛋白和用SephadexG-75提纯的孢晶毒素对三龄致倦库蚊幼虫的LC50值(48h)分别为267和10ng／ml。免疫双扩散试验证明2362,1593、Bs-10(H5a5b)和2297(H25)菌株的孢晶毒素能与C3-41菌株的孢晶毒素抗血清发生交叉反应,但K(H1)、SSH-1、1404(H2)和2315(H26)菌抹的孢晶毒素与此抗血清不发生交叉反应。同时还证明Cr41菌株的S蛋白和孢晶毒索具有抗原同源性。     

一株碱性纤维素酶产生菌的分离、鉴定及酶谱分析

目的:从土样中分离株碱性纤维素酶高产菌株.方法:利用CMC平板初筛,然后利用摇瓶复筛,筛选酶活力高的菌株,对分离出的一株高产菌株进行了鉴定并对其所产酶进行了酶谱分析.结果:获得一株碱性纤维素酶高产菌株H12,酶活力达到1.96U/ml.结论:该菌株呈长杆状、革兰氏染色为阳性、产芽孢;16S rDNA基因序列为1 419bp,与短小芽孢杆菌16S rDNA基因序列具有最高的同源性,基于16S rDNA基因序列的同源性分析以及系统发育分析等方面的多相分类研究,鉴定菌株H12为为短小芽孢杆菌;碱性纤维素酶的酶谱分析只有一条水解条带,酶分子量在75kD左右.     

一株多功能芽孢杆菌的鉴定

【摘 要】 目的 从土壤筛选所得1株芽孢杆菌并对该菌进行鉴定.方法 通过表型特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析（Gen Bank登录号为: JN609382）。结果 形态学观察：菌落呈圆形,白色微黄,中央凸起,半透明,长时间培养容易形成褶皱;革兰染色为阳性;芽孢中生,周生鞭毛,细长且多。生理生化特征：参照《常见细菌手册》和《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》,其中接触酶反应、V-P测定、卵磷脂以及革兰染色呈阳性;能够利用D-葡萄糖、D-木糖、D-甘露醇产酸,并能使淀粉水解;不能利用丙酸盐,不能形成吲哚,不能水解酪氨酸,生理生化试验结果显示该芽孢杆菌与枯草芽孢杆菌的特征一致。分子生物学鉴定：在Gen Bank上经过BLAT分析,其与枯草芽孢杆菌的相似性最高（99％）。结论 鉴定该菌为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

具有杀镰孢菌素合成功能基因菌株的筛选与鉴定

在NCBI数据库中搜索已知多黏类芽孢杆菌基因组中分别编码Fusaricidin合成酶3个NRPS功能区段的核苷酸保守序列,利用Primer5.0软件设计3对引物,对供试的95个细菌菌株进行PCR检测,筛选到1株阳性菌株T99,其3对引物扩增产物的测序结果表明,所得3个功能片段核苷酸序列与多黏类芽孢杆菌SC2和M1的Fusaricidin合成酶基因序列的一致性分别为99％、97％和99％,说明菌株T99基因组中具有Fusaricidin合成相关功能基因.结合形态特征及培养性状、生理生化特性和16SrDNA序列同源性分析的结果,将菌株T99鉴定为多黏类芽孢杆菌.     

苏云金杆菌以色列亚种几丁质酶基因的克隆及序列分析

从苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种（Bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis)中提取基因组DNA,通过合成1对特异性引物,用touchdown PCR的方法扩增几丁质酶ichi基因序列（GenBank登录号：AF526379）。ichi序列全长为2570bp,含有1个2067bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码688个氨基酸,推测分子量为75.79kDa,等电点pI=5.90的几丁质酶前体。序列和结构比较分析表明：Ichi氨基酸序列与蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus)28-9几丁质酶CW、蜡状芽孢杆菌CH几丁质酶B及苏云金芽孢杆菌墨西哥亚种几丁质酶的同源性分别为97.24%、97.18%、97.63%,而与苏云金芽孢杆菌巴基斯坦亚种的同源性只有63.07%。Ichi编码区由分泌信号肽（46AA）、催化区（105AA)、粘蛋白Ⅲ型同源区（74AA）及几丁质结合区（40AA）组成。     

Phenotypic and genotypic comparisons of 23 strains from the Bacillus cereus complex for a selection of known and putative B. thuringiensis virulence factors

Sixteen Bacillus thuringiensis, four Bacillus cereus and three Bacillus anthracis isolates were screened for a selection of known and putative B. thuringiensis virulence factors. PCR primers were designed to detect genes for phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C, immune inhibitor A, vegetative insecticidal protein 3A, a protein proposed to be involved in capsule synthesis, a newly identified Ser/Thr kinase homologue and enterotoxin entS. Motility, the presence of flagella, haemolysis, chitinase and lecithinase production were also evaluated. The widely varying profiles of the 23 strains from the complex provide a pool of different genotypes that can help to identify factors involved in pathogenicity.     

Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness

Species of Bacillus and related genera have long been troublesome to food producers on account of their resistant endospores. These organisms have undergone huge taxonomic changes in the last 30 years, with numbers of genera and species now standing at 56 and over 545, respectively. Despite this expansion, relatively few new species have been isolated from infections, few are associated with food and no important new agents of foodborne illness have been reported. What has changed is our knowledge of the established agents. Bacillus cereus is well known as a cause of food poisoning, and much more is now understood about its toxins and their involvement in infections and intoxications. Also, although B. licheniformis, B. subtilis and B. pumilus have occasionally been isolated from cases of food‐associated illness, their roles were usually uncertain. Much more is now known about the toxins that strains of these species may produce, so that their significances in such episodes are clearer; however, it is still unclear why such cases are so rarely reported. Another important development is the use of aerobic endosporeformers as probiotics, as the potentials of such organisms to cause illness or to be sources of antibiotic resistance need to be borne in mind.     

The Bacillus cereus bceT enterotoxin sequence reappraised

Bacillus cereus is a known opportunistic human pathogen belonging to the B. cereus group. Establishment of the pathogenesis most likely involves several gene products. One of these gene products, a single gene component named bceT, has been cloned and described from B. cereus B-4ac [Agata et al., Microbiology 141 (1995) 983-988]. However, our sequences of the bceT region from 16 B. cereus group strains showed inconsistency with the published bceT sequence. Only part of the bceT sequence had homology to our sequences. This initiated a more thorough investigation of the bceT sequence. Restriction site search and database searches intimated that the cloned bceT was created by an incidental joining of four DNA fragments during ligation. One of these fragments had 93% homology to an open reading frame (ORF 101) located within the pathogenic island of the Bacillus anthracis pXO1 virulence plasmid. We suggest that the reported enterotoxic activity of the original cloned bceT construct could be due to either the fusion gene or the fragment with homology to ORF 101 in pXO1.     

Production of heat-stable exotoxin by Bacillus thuringiensis and related bacteria

Heat-stable exotoxin production by 740 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and related bacteria was investigated using the housefly, Musca domestica, from the following viewpoints: (1) the relation-ship between B. thuringiensis flagellar (H) serotypes and exotoxin production and (2) the exotoxin production by Bacillus species other than B. thuringiensis. Of 437 isolates belonging to 11 serotypes of B. thuringiensis which had been confirmed to produce parasporal inclusions, 35 isolates belonging to serotypes 1, 3a:3b, 4a:4c, and 10 produced heat-stable exotoxin. Exotoxin was not detected in the isolates of serotypes 3a, 4a:4b, 5a:5b, 5a:5c, 6, 7, and 8a:8b. No heat-stable exotoxin was demonstrated in 28 acrystalliferous isolates which possessed H antigens of B. thuringiensis serotypes 1, 3a, 4a:4b, 4a:4c, 5a:5c, 6, 7, 10, 11a:11c, and 12. A total of 270 B. cereus isolates which did not possess B. thuringiensis H antigen were examined and three isolates were found to produce heat-stable exotoxin. No heat-stable exotoxin was produced by B. subtilis (two strains), B. natto (one strain), and B. megaterium (two strains). These results indicate that the heat-stable exotoxin production in B. thuringiensis is a strain-specific property rather than a serotype(subspecies)-specific property.     

The autolytic phenotype of the Bacillus cereus group

AIM: To determine the autolytic phenotype of five species in the Bacillus cereus group. METHODS AND RESULTS: The autolytic rate of 96 strains belonging to five species in the B. cereus group was examined under starvation conditions at pH 6, 6.5 and 8.5 in different buffers. The autolytic rate was strain-dependent with a wide variability at pH 6, but higher and more uniform at pH 6.5. At pH 8.5, and respect to the extent of autolysis at pH 6.5, it was relatively low for most of the strains with the lowest values between 13 and 52% in Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus pseudomycoides. Peptidoglycan hydrolase patterns evaluated by renaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using cells of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tolworthi HD125 as an indicator, revealed complex profiles with lytic bands of about 90, 63, 46, 41, 38, 32, 28 and 25 kDa in B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and Bacillus weihenstephanensis. Bacillus mycoides and B. pseudomycoides had simpler profiles with lytic bands of 63, 46 and 38 kDa. Changes in the autolytic pattern were observed for cells harvested at the stationary phase of growth (72 h) showing an increase in the intensity of the 25 kDa band in the case of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. weihenstephanensis, while no changes were observed for B. mycoides. Using Micrococcus lysodeicticus and Listeria monocytogenes as indicators lytic activity was retained by proteins of 63, 46, 38, 32 and 25 kDa and a new one of about 20 kDa in B. mycoides. Growth in the different media did not affect the autolytic pattern. NaCl abolished the activity of all the peptidoglycan hydrolases except for those of B. mycoides and B. weihenstephanensis. Lytic activity was retained in the presence of MgCl(2), MnCl(2) and EDTA and increased at basic pH. CONCLUSIONS: Bacillus cereus/B. thuringiensis/B. weihenstephanensis showed a high extent of autolysis around neutral pH, even though they presented relatively complex autolysin profiles at alkaline pH. Bacillus mycoides/B. pseudomycoides had a higher extent of autolysis at acidic pH and a simpler autolysin pattern. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Information on the autolytic phenotype expand the phenotypic characterization of the different species in the B. cereus group.     

一株产低温纤维素酶细菌的初步分析

从农田、农产品果实表面获得的多株产纤维素酶细菌中,筛选到一株产低温纤维素酶活性较高的菌株T34,使用PCR方法克隆到长度为1419bp的16SrDNA序列。提交到美国国立生物技术信息中心NCBI基因库中,序列号是：FJ796222。利用生物信息学方法分析该序列,将该菌分类为Bacillus sp．。分析其产酶条件,发现其在20℃时产酶活性最高。     

Development of an asporogenic Bacillus licheniformis for the production of keratinase

AIMS: Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1 is a keratin-degrading, spore-forming bacterium isolated from a poultry waste digester. A sporulation-deficient mutant of B. licheniformis PWD-1, named B. licheniformis WBG, was developed and characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS: The mutation was generated using the splicing by overlap extension PCR method (Gene SOEing) to create 256 bp deletion in the spoIIAC gene, which encodes an essential sporulation-specific sigma factor. In vivo gene replacement was accomplished with the use of a temperature-sensitive plasmid that is able to integrate and excise the nucleotide fragment 256 bp from the B. licheniformis chromosome. PCR analysis and DNA sequencing confirmed the spoIIAC gene deletion. Heat-treatment assays and electron microscopy verified the absence of spores. CONCLUSIONS: This asporogenic strain is able to express normal levels of keratinase when compared with its wild-type host. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: In this study, a method of constructing a stable sporulation-defective strain was developed. It can be potentially useful as a tool to generate asporogenic strains of Bacillus that retain their industrial capabilities for production of exoproteases and other exozymes.     

普鲁兰酶基因在解淀粉芽孢杆菌BF7658菌株中的分泌表达

根据文献报道的核苷酸序列合成Bacillus deramificans普鲁兰酶成熟肽编码基因BdP。将BdP基因插入芽孢杆菌分泌表达载体pUC980信号肽编码区下游,获得重组质粒pUC980-BdP,重组质粒转化中温α-淀粉酶生产菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌BF7658菌株。摇瓶发酵实验表明,重组转化子发酵液有明显普鲁兰酶酶活,约48h酶活达到最高水平,为2．8ASPU／mL。酶学性质分析表明,重组酶最适作用温度约为60℃,最适反应pH为5．0,60℃保温3h仍保存50％的活性。重组酶性质适合淀粉糖化工艺的要求。     

Variable numbers of rRNA gene operons in Bacillus cereus strains

Abstract Ribosornal RNA operon organisation was analysed in two Bacillus cereus strains of different chromosome size, ATCC 10987 (5.4 Mb) and F0837/76 (2.4 Mb). We estimated that there were twelve and nine copies of the rRNA operons in these two strains, respectively. In B. cereus ATCC 10987 six rRNA operons were less than 10 kb apart, while in B. cereus F0837/76 four rRNA operons were similarly clustered. The origin of replication was located in the vicinity of a rRNA operon in both strains.