拉格朗日逆分析在森林蒸散模拟中的应用

以长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,根据Raupach提出的LocalizedNearField(LNF)理论为依据,耦合垂直速度标准差σ_w(z)和拉格朗日时间尺度T_L(z),建立林冠内水汽源汇强度和平均浓度廓线之间的关系;利用拉格朗日逆分析法(inverseLagrangiandispersionanalysis,IL)提出了通过林冠水汽浓度梯度计算林冠内的水汽源汇强度进而推算森林蒸散的方法.最终得到的结果与开路涡动相关系统的观测数据比较显示,对于白天水汽累积通量的模拟精度达到87.3%;IL模拟值高于EC实测值,大约高出15%～25%;林冠白天水汽通量远大于夜间,占日水汽总通量的70%以上.6～8月的水汽白天累积总通量高于5月和9月.     

长白山阔叶红松林二氧化碳湍流交换特征

采用开路式涡度相关技术,研究了长白山阔叶红松林森林-大气界面的CO₂湍流交换特征.结果表明,在近中性大气层结条件下,冠层上方垂直风速和CO₂浓度功率谱在惯性子区基本符合-2/3定律,垂直方向主导湍涡尺度约为40 m.湍流通量贡献区主要在0.01～2 Hz频率范围内,冠层上方低频传输的湍涡贡献了更多的CO₂通量.这说明开路式涡度相关仪器系统可以满足冠层上方湍流通量观测的基本要求.但通过涡度相关法实测获得的森林-大气CO₂通量仍存在夜间低估现象,非湍流过程的增加是涡度相关技术应用的主要制约因素.因此,需要对弱湍流条件下的CO₂通量做相应的修订.     

长白山阔叶红松林二氧化碳浓度特征

采用红外气体分析仪对长白山阔叶红松林2003年度CO₂浓度特征进行了分层连续监测,并结合同步气象资料进行了分析.结果表明,长白山阔叶红松林CO₂浓度存在明显的日变化、季变化与垂直变化,这些变化与植被生理活动、土壤呼吸及林内湍流交换强度有关.生长季林内全天CO₂浓度最高值出现在凌晨5:00左右的近地面层,最低值出现在午后15:00左右的冠层部位;日出前后,随着逆温层的打破,林下CO₂有一明显的释放过程.观测期间林内O₂平均浓度为377 μmol·mol^-1,月平均最高值出现在1月,为388 μmol·mol^-1,最低值出现在8月,为352 μmol·mol^-1.生长季夜间森林表现为CO₂的排放,日间表现为CO₂的吸收汇;非生长季日间与夜间森林都主要表现为CO₂的排放源,但在午间冠层部位仍有数小时表现为CO₂的吸收过程.     

热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层CO2浓度的时空动态及其成因分析

 为探讨西双版纳独特地方气候背景下,热带季节雨林CO₂浓度的时空变化特征和不同时间尺度上环境因素对森林CO₂浓度时间分布的作用,以及 为研究热带季节雨林的碳通量、净生态系统交换量(Net ecosystem exchange, NEE)等提供支持,我们利用热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层 CO₂浓度连续监测资料,结合同步气象资料进行了统计分析。研究结果表明：在植被生理活动、土壤呼吸以及林内湍流的共同作用下,西双版纳 热带季节雨林CO₂浓度表现出明显的日变化、季节变化和林冠上下差异。在日尺度上,林冠上方的CO₂浓度时间变化曲线为“单峰型”,林内近 地层CO₂浓度时间变化曲线为“双峰型”,造成林内近地层傍晚第二个峰值的主要因子是地形因子作用下形成的局地环流。在季节尺度上,林冠 上方CO₂浓度主要受林冠代谢作用的影响,呈现雨季低、干季高的特点,而林内近地层的CO₂浓度则主要受地表呼吸过程所控制,季节变化趋势 与林冠上方相反。林冠上方CO₂浓度低于林内近地层CO₂浓度,且差异较大;在日尺度上,各月（除12月外）CO₂浓度的最大差值皆大于80 mg·m ^－3,且出现在傍晚;在季节尺度上,最大值为-62.9 mg·m^－3,出现在10月,最小值为-8.4 mg·m^－3,出现在12月。     

浓度的时空动态及其成因分析

为探讨西双版纳独特地方气候背景下,热带季节雨林CO₂浓度的时空变化特征和不同时间尺度上环境因素对森林CO₂浓度时间分布的作用,以及 为研究热带季节雨林的碳通量、净生态系统交换量(Net ecosystem exchange, NEE)等提供支持,我们利用热带季节雨林林冠上方和林内近地层 CO₂浓度连续监测资料,结合同步气象资料进行了统计分析。研究结果表明：在植被生理活动、土壤呼吸以及林内湍流的共同作用下,西双版纳 热带季节雨林CO₂浓度表现出明显的日变化、季节变化和林冠上下差异。在日尺度上,林冠上方的CO₂浓度时间变化曲线为“单峰型”,林内近 地层CO₂浓度时间变化曲线为“双峰型”,造成林内近地层傍晚第二个峰值的主要因子是地形因子作用下形成的局地环流。在季节尺度上,林冠 上方CO₂浓度主要受林冠代谢作用的影响,呈现雨季低、干季高的特点,而林内近地层的CO₂浓度则主要受地表呼吸过程所控制,季节变化趋势 与林冠上方相反。林冠上方CO₂浓度低于林内近地层CO₂浓度,且差异较大;在日尺度上,各月（除12月外）CO₂浓度的最大差值皆大于80 mg·m ^－3,且出现在傍晚;在季节尺度上,最大值为-62.9 mg·m^－3,出现在10月,最小值为-8.4 mg·m^－3,出现在12月。     

大气CO2浓度升高对森林食叶昆虫的潜在影响

评述了大气CO₂浓度升高对森林食叶昆虫的影响,昆虫对森林取食为害水平的潜在变化,以及研究中的主要实验方法.大气CO₂浓度升高通过引起叶片化学变化进而影响食叶昆虫个体的取食和生长;但物种对环境变化反应的特异性、植物化学对高浓度CO₂的反应强度、昆虫对植物生理变化的敏感性和适应性、研究周期的长短、其它环境因子的协同效应以及不同实验中植物生长条件和研究方法的差异均将影响昆虫反应的方向和强度;CO₂气体浓度增高本身可能不足以对食叶昆虫个体的新陈代谢构成影响;大气CO₂浓度升高也可能影响森林食叶昆虫种群的大小.     

有机肥对农田土壤二氧化碳和甲烷通量的影响

研究了不同有机肥施用(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪)对夏玉米田土壤CO2和CH4通量的影响.结果表明,不同处理的CO2通量具有相同的季节变化趋势,受土壤温度和湿度的共同影响,土壤CO ₂通量和大气温度、地表温度、地下温度呈显著正相关,当温度不是限制因子的时候,CO₂通量和土壤水分含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).玉米整个生长季大部分时间土壤为CH₄的吸收汇,源汇的变化受环境因子的影响,但是相关分析并不显著.不同处理的土壤CO₂季节平均排放通量为0.5124～0.8518 g·m^-2·h^-1,和CK₂相比,玉米种植促进了CO₂的排放,施用有机肥也增加了CO₂的排放,所有有机肥处理的平均排放通量和CK₂差异显著,但只有S₂和P₂和CK₁的差异显著.不同处理农田土壤CH4的季节平均通量为-0.0068～-0.0484 mg·m^-2·h^-1,有机肥施用抑制了土壤对CH₄的吸收,施肥量高抑制作用强,但是统计分析差异并不显著.     

华南丘陵区冬闲稻田二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放特征

采用静态箱 气相色谱法对收获后冬闲稻田CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放进行了田间原位测定,探讨了越冬稻田3种温室气体的排放规律.结果表明,残茬稻田和裸田的CO₂的排放峰值分别出现在18:00和16:00左右.日间CH₄排放为净值,夜间表现为弱吸收.残茬稻田和裸田N₂O夜间排放分别为日间平均的1.79和1.58倍.残茬稻田的昼夜CO₂平均排放通量显著高于裸田(P＜0.05).在测定期间,残茬稻田CO₂排放随温度升高而增高.相关分析表明,CO₂排放与土温、地表温度和气温均呈显著相关,表明温度是影响收获后稻田CO₂排放的主要因素.在11月10日至翌年1月18日测定期间,残茬稻田的CO₂和CH₄平均排放通量分别为(180.69±21.21) mg·m^-2·h^-1和(-0.04±0.01) mg·m^-2·h^-1,CO₂排放通量较裸田高13.06％,CH₄吸收增高50%.残茬稻田的N₂O排放通量为(21.26±19.31) μg·m^-2·h^-1,较裸田低60.75％.由此说明华南丘陵区冬闲稻田是大气CO₂和N₂O的源,CH₄的汇.     

大气CO2浓度升高对不同施氮土壤酶活性的影响

利用中国唯一的无锡FACE（Free-air CO₂ enrichment,开放式空气CO₂浓度升高）平台,研究了大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤β-葡糖苷酶、转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、β-氨基葡糖苷酶的影响。研究发现,不同氮肥处理下大气CO₂浓度升高对某些土壤酶活性的影响不同。在低氮施肥处理中,大气CO₂浓度升高显著降低β-葡糖苷酶活性,但是在高氮施肥处理下,大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加β-葡糖苷酶活性。在低氮和常氮施肥处理中大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加了土壤脲酶活性,但在高氮水平下影响不显著。在低氮、常氮施肥处理中,大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性没有影响,而在高氮施肥处理中显著增强了土壤中磷酸酶活性。大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤转化酶活性和β-氨基葡糖苷酶的活性有增加趋势,但影响不显著。研究还发现,在不同的CO₂浓度下,土壤酶活性对不同氮肥处理的响应也不同。在正常CO₂浓度下,土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低,而在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,却随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,高氮施肥显著增加了转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,而在正常CO₂浓度下,影响不显著。在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,氮肥处理对脲酶活性的影响不大,但在正常CO₂浓度下,脲酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。氮肥对β-氨基葡糖苷酶活性的影响不明显。     

大气热层结条件对林冠显热的影响

应用欧拉二阶闭合模型研究了大气热层结条件下森林冠层显热通量源汇分布和通量特征.结果表明:白天,冠层上的不稳定层结和冠层下的稳定层结是森林冠层大气层结的一种特有现象;温度廓线的变化表明林冠高度2/3处存在较强的热源;冠层内大气处于弱稳定状态时,热量继续向上输送,呈现出热通量的反梯度输送.显热通量日变化的模拟值与实测值吻合,其R2=0.9035(P0.01).在显热收支方程中添加浮力项,可提高反演模型在实际大气中的模拟精度,从而改善模型对热通量收支的模拟能力.     

Spatial and temporal scaling of intercellular CO2 concentration in a temperate rain forest dominated by Dacrydium cupressinum in New Zealand

Seven methods, including measurements of photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s)), carbon isotope discrimination, ecosystem CO2 and water vapour exchange using eddy covariance and the use of a multilayer canopy model and ecosystem Keeling plots, were employed to derive estimates of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) across a range of spatial and temporal scales in a low productivity rain forest ecosystem dominated by the conifer Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb. in New Zealand. Estimates of shoot and canopy Ci across temporal scales ranging from minutes to years were remarkably similar (range of 274-294 micromol mol(-1)). The gradual increase in shoot Ci with depth in the canopy was more likely attributable to decreases in A resulting from lower irradiance (Q) than to increases in g, due to changes in air saturation deficit (D). The lack of marked vertical gradients in A and g(s) at saturating Q through the canopy and the low seasonal variability in environmental conditions contributed to the efficacy of scaling Ci. However, the canopy Ci estimate calculated from the carbon isotope composition of respired ecosystem CO2 (delta13CR; 236 micromol mol(-1)) was much lower than other estimates of canopy Ci. Partitioning delta13CR into four components (soil, roots, litter and foliage) indicated root respiration as the dominant (> 50%) contributor to delta13CR. Variable time lags and differences in isotopic composition during photosynthesis and respiration make the direct estimation of canopy Ci from delta 13CR problematic.     

南海海气CO2交换对两个热带气旋“风泵”的不同响应机理分析

利用实测和遥感数据,对比分析南海海气二氧化碳(CO2)交换对2011年4月热带气旋Tropical Depression One(TDO)和2013年9月热带气旋Wutip(WU)的响应及其机理。结果表明,两个热带气旋过境的“风泵”作用均对海气CO2交换产生显著影响:TDO和WU过境后,海水表层CO2分压(pCO2,sw)分别增加42.56μatm、30.88μatm,TDO过境导致区域海洋由强碳汇(-4.7±1.8)mmol·CO2·m^-2·d^-1变为弱碳源(2.0±3.1)mmol·CO2·m^-2·d^-1,而WU过境使区域海洋由弱碳源(1.9±1.0)mmol·CO2·m^-2·d^-1变为强碳源(4.0±1.6)mmol·CO2·m^-2·d^-1。pCO2,sw的增加均由于次表层富含溶解无机碳(DIC)海水的入侵,但是“风泵”的作用机制不同:TDO过境强风引起的艾克曼抽吸导致水体涌升作用显著,而WU过境导致的垂直混合作用强烈。“风泵”的作用机制差异可归因于热带气旋过境前海水的初始状态和过境时移动速度不同:TDO过境前该海域存在冷涡,强风引起的艾克曼抽吸使次表层海水的向上涌升作用增强;而WU过境前存在暖涡,强风引起的艾克曼抽吸造成次表层海水与下沉的表层水垂直混合。TDO的移动速度慢,对海水的作用时间更长,强风引起的艾克曼抽吸作用更强;而WU移动速度快,短时间强风过境造成的水体垂直混合效应作用更显著。     

Angle distribution of foliage in individual Chamaecyparis obtusa canopies and effect of angle on diffuse light penetration

 The vertical distribution of foliage angle and area of three Chamaecyparis obtusa trees was determined by the triangle method, which calculates foliage geometry using measured coordinates of the leaf ”corners”, in a 43-year-old plantation in central Japan. Vertical distribution patterns of leaf area were different depending on tree size, but the boundary heights, which divide the canopy into sunlit and shaded parts, were similar in the three sample trees. The value of the average foliage angle [I(Z)] at a given depth (Z) from the tip of the stem decreased continually from the upper to lower layers within the canopy. The vertical patterns of changes in I(Z) were different among the three trees, but could be expressed by the following allometric equation as a function of depth.

Foliage-canopy structure and height distribution of woody species in climax forests

The correlation between foliage-canopy structure and vertical woody species distribution was examined in seven climax forests ranging from alpine tree limit to tropical rain forest. Foliage density was measured by two-dimensional canopy tomography using photographs. Both foliage density and the vertical species density (the number of woody species having a maximum height within a vertical 1 m) were high in the upper canopy of warm-temperate and subtropical forests, but they were high at lower stratums in the tropical rain forest. Two variables correlated significantly despite the differences in foliage-canopy structures. In contrast to evergreen broad-leaved forests, a clear correlation could not be detected in northern cool-temperate and sub-alpine forests. A possible reason for species convergence in the foliage dense stratum is that species with maximum height in that stratum may be able to survive in the stratum due to symmetrical crown-to-crown interaction. If the maximum height of dwarf species is less than the foliage dense stratum, it may be difficult to survive in the community. The lack of correlation in northern forests may be due to poor canopy tree flora and a mixture of different life forms (non-sprouting trees and sprouting shrubs).     

鼎湖山针阔混交林旱季能量平衡研究

运用涡度相关(Eddycovariance,EC)法开路系统、常规微气象观测系统及土壤热通量板等设施对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林旱季(2003／1／9—2003／1／23)的能量分量进行测定。结果表明,平均净辐射通量(Net radiation,Rn)为53．14Wm^2,与下行短波辐射具有相同的变化趋势。林冠上层EC法潜热通量(Latent heat,LE)、显热通量(Sensible heat,Hs)实测平均值分别为57．18Wm^-2,43．40Wm^-2,林冠下层分别为12．61Wm^-2、7．61Wm^-2。白昼EC法所测得的LE和Hs数据与利用波文比．能量平衡法(Bowen ratio and energy balance,BREB)计算出的数据相比,略偏低,而夜间及凌晨数据差异较大。土壤热通量日变化曲线呈“S”形,平均土壤热通量为．1．50Wm^-2,表面土壤总热通量(Gt)仅为5cm处土壤热通量的84．0％,可见表层土壤尽管很薄,但其热储量不能忽略。将LE、Hs之和与可供能量(Rn—Gt)进行闭合,回归直线斜率为0．9128,相关系数达0．8517,与许多研究结果的60％-90％的区间相符,这说明鼎湖山涡度相关法通量观测数据是非常可靠的。     

Between-forest variation in vertical stratification of drosophilid populations

Abstract 1. The spatial distribution pattern of forest‐dwelling drosophilid flies was compared among species and among four forests with markedly different vertical foliage structures, including secondary and primary forests, with special reference to vertical stratification. 2. All 20 drosophilid species analysed showed vertically stratified distribution patterns, which were detected statistically in at least one forest site during the 2‐year study period. As a whole, the vertical distribution patterns were stable, with or without stratification, over the 2 years. 3. The ratio of species with stratified distribution to the total number of species changed in a similar trend with the vertical foliage complexity of forests, both showing a large gap between secondary and primary forests, even for species common to all four forests. 4. Many species, most of which were tree‐sap feeders, showed highly predictable patterns of vertical stratification across forests and years. This was associated strongly with regular preference for microhabitat, mostly for the canopy, suggesting that the unvarying nature of canopy environments in any forest is very important in producing, maintaining, and promoting the vertical stratification in organism abundance, and contributes to the ubiquity of the pattern. 5. Some species with a wider range of food resources than other species, most of which showed no clear preference for the canopy, were characterised by large between‐forest differences in vertical distribution patterns and tended to show non‐stratified patterns in secondary forests, contributing to the lower ratio of species with stratified distribution in the two secondary forests than in the primary forests. 6. The role of forest structure in organising the environment is discussed; it is suggested that vertical complexity of foliage structure affects the prevalence of vertical stratification in animal communities indirectly through the vertical heterogeneity of environmental conditions.