嗜盐小盒菌属新种的鉴定

从新疆盐湖分离纯化到3株多形态嗜盐菌(编号为A_5,B_ 2和B-B_2).以《伯杰氏系统细菌学鉴定手册》第3卷(1989年)为主要依据,根据极性脂分析,这3株菌可归入嗜盐小盒菌属(Haloarcula).又根据细胞形态特征和生理生化特性,这3株菌不同于该属中现在正式承认的两个种而成为一独立的类群,建议为嗜盐小盒菌属中的一个新种,命名为艾丁嗜盐小盒菌(Haloarcula aidinensis sp.nov.).以A_5菌株作为模式株.     

嗜盐古生菌AJ4中BR蛋白基因部分片段和16S rRNA基因序列研究

为了研究分析新疆阿尔金山国家自然保护区阿牙克库木湖嗜盐古生菌物种与细菌视紫红质(bacteriorhodopsin ,BR)蛋白资源 ,对分离纯化到的极端嗜盐古生菌AJ4 ,采用PCR方法扩增出其 16SrRNA基因 (16SrDNA)和编码螺旋C至螺旋G的BR蛋白基因片断 ,并测定了基因的核苷酸序列 .通过BR蛋白部分片段序列分析表明 ,BR蛋白中对于完成质子泵功能以及与视黄醛结合的关键性氨基酸残基均为保守序列 ,位于膜内侧的序列比位于膜外侧的序列更保守 ;基于BR蛋白基因和16SrDNA序列的同源性比较以及 16SrDNA序列的系统发育学研究表明 ,AJ4是Haloarcula属中新成员 .由此建立了一种快速筛选具有新BR蛋白的新嗜盐古生菌的方法 .     

新疆艾比湖和伊吾湖可培养嗜盐古菌多样性

新疆地区盐湖密布,蕴藏着丰富的微生物资源。为保护和利用微生物物种与基因资源,作者从新疆准噶尔盆地的艾比湖和天山山间盆地的伊吾湖分离纯化嗜盐微生物。采用PCR方法扩增其中65株嗜盐古菌16SrRNA基因序列。序列分析表明,分离的嗜盐古菌分属6个属,艾比湖以Haloterrigena和Natrinema属的菌株为主,伊吾湖由Haloarcula和Halorubrum两个属的菌株构成。通过多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和物种相对多度模型对分离的菌株进行多样性分析和比较,结果表明,盐湖嗜盐古菌的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数具有一定相关性,艾比湖可培养嗜盐古菌的多样性高于伊吾湖。研究发现了一些新的物种资源,表明新疆盐湖中孕育的特色微生物资源亟待保护与利用。     

新疆两盐湖可培养嗜盐古菌多样性研究

从新疆地区艾比盐湖和艾丁盐湖卤水及泥土样品中分离到86株嗜盐古菌。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,分离自艾比湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrinema和Natronorubrum6个属的11个分类单元,而分离自艾丁湖的嗜盐古菌分别属于Haloarcula、Halobiforma、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Natrialba、Natrinema6个属的8个分类单元,这一结果表明艾比湖可培养嗜盐古菌生物多样性稍高于艾丁湖。基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明代表菌株ABH15应为Natronorubrum属的中性嗜盐古菌新种,代表菌株ABH07、ABH12、ABH17、ABH19、ABH51和AD30可能是Halobacterium、Halorubrum、Haloterrigena、Haloarcula的新成员。     

一株嗜盐细菌的16SrRNA基因序列分析

目的:从舟山深海海泥中获得了底泥样品,并从中提取到了一株嗜盐细菌.方法:通过用不同盐浓度的培养基培养,挑取单菌落,反复划线纯化,得到了嗜盐菌的单菌落,通过菌株基因组DNA的提取、菌株的抗性实验、质粒的提取、16SrRNA的PCR扩增及克隆、16SrRNA的全序列分析等手段.结果:得到该菌株的16SrRNA的基因序列.结论:该株嗜盐菌是一株新色盐杆菌.     

新疆艾比湖嗜盐菌的细菌视紫红质和16S rRNA基因序列的研究

为了研究分析嗜盐古生菌物种与细菌视紫红质(BR)蛋白基因资源,从40份土壤、湖水及淤泥样品中分离出148株嗜盐菌,对其中6株菌采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对其编码螺旋C至螺旋G的蛋白基因片段和16SrRNA基因进行了扩增,并测定了基因的核苷酸序列。与已报道的相应片段进行对比,ABDH10,ABDH1I和ABDH40中的螺旋C至螺旋G的蛋白与其他菌株差异显著。基于16SrRNA序列的同源性比较以及系统发育学研究表明,ABDH10和ABDH40是Natronorubrum属下的新成员和Natrinema属下的新成员,ABDH40的16SrRNA序列已登录到GenBank,其序列号为AY989910。ABDH11中的螺旋C至螺旋G的蛋白与其他菌株差异显著。     

内蒙古锡林浩特地区嗜盐古菌多样性的研究

从内蒙古锡林浩特地区3个不同的盐湖中共分离到165株古菌,通过ARDRA分析后得到不同的类群,从各个类群中随机选取1~2个代表菌株进行16S rDNA序列测定和系统发育的分析。结果表明分离的菌株分布在Halorubrum,Natronococcus,Natronorubrum,Haloterrigena,Halorhabdus,Halobiforma,Haloarcula,Haloferax8个属和另外两个分支中,表现了锡林浩特地区嗜盐古菌的多样性。部分菌株的16S rDNA序列同源性低于97%,可能是潜在的新属或新种,代表了该地区嗜盐古菌的独特类型。     

新疆罗布泊周边地区极端环境嗜盐菌的研究

为了研究分析新疆罗布泊周边地区pH值5-6的盐湖嗜盐古菌资源。从湖中分离筛选出一批嗜盐古菌,对其进行了生理生化特性研究,发现其中6株菌的生理特性和产酶特性比较特殊,并采用PCR方法扩增出其16SrRNA基因（16S rDNA）,并测定了基因的核苷酸序列。基于16S rDNA序列的同源性比较以及16S rDNA序列的系统发育学研究表明,菌株B20-RDX是盐盒菌属Haloarchaeon属中新种成员,GenBank登录号为FJ561285,该菌株为革兰氏阴性菌,最适盐浓度25%,最适pH 8.0,能产过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶,对四环素有抗性,能利用精氨酸和丁二酸盐。迄今为止,国内极少有关罗布泊周边地区极端环境微生物研究的报道,该研究可为今后研究同类极端环境中新的物种资源开发应用以及微生物多样性研究提供素材和参考。     

岱山盐场可培养嗜盐菌的多样性及其产酶活性筛选

从岱山盐场采集样品,利用选择性培养基分离培养嗜盐菌,对盐田环境中可培养嗜盐菌的多样性及产酶活性进行研究.共分离得到181株嗜盐菌菌株,通过真细菌和古生菌两对通用引物扩增其16S rRNA 基因,并采用限制性内切酶Hinf I进行ARDRA(amplified rDNA restriction analysis)多态性分析,共分为21个不同的操作分类单元(operation taxonomy units, OTUs),其中嗜盐细菌有12个OTUs,嗜盐古菌有9个OTUs.选取具有不同酶切图谱的代表菌株进行克隆测序,BLAST 比对及系统发育分析将嗜盐细菌归于7个属,其中嗜盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)的菌株数占优势,是嗜盐细菌总数的46.8%;嗜盐古菌归于4个属,盐盒菌属(Haloarcula)的菌株数占优势,是嗜盐古菌总数的49.1%.对分离菌株的产酶活性进行检测表明,岱山盐田环境蕴含丰富的产淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶等生物活性酶的嗜盐菌, 其中盐盒菌属产酶菌株数最丰富.研究结果表明,岱山盐田环境中具有较为丰富的嗜盐菌多样性,是筛选产酶菌株的重要资源库.     

多位点序列和比较基因组学分析对盐单胞菌科菌株JSM 104105的系统发育学研究

【目的】为了精准地判定产铁载体嗜盐新菌株JSM 104105在盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)中的系统发育地位。【方法】采用基于16SrRNA基因、DNA促旋酶B亚基基因(DNAgyraseB subunit gene, gyrB)和核糖核酸聚合酶σ因子RpoD基因(RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoD gene,rpoD)序列的多位点序列分析方法(multilocus sequence analysis, MLSA),对菌株JSM 104105的系统发育地位进行初步分析;采用比较基因组学分析(comparative genomics analysis),分析该菌株与其系统发育关系密切的典型菌株之间的GC含量、平均核苷酸一致性(average nucleotide identity,ANI)和数字DNA-DNA杂交值(digital DNA-DNA hybridization, dDDH),并进行基因组系统发育学分析(phylogenomic analysis),更准确地判定菌株JSM 104105在盐单胞菌科中的系统发育地位。【结果】MLSA分析...     

The first determination of pseudouridine residues in 23S ribosomal RNA from hyperthermophilic Archaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

We describe the first identification of pseudouridine (Psi) residues in ribosomal RNA (23S rRNA) of an hyperthermophilic Archaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. In contrast to Eucarya rRNA, only six Psi residues were detected, which is rather close to the situation in Bacteria. However, three modified positions (Psi(2479), Psi(2535) and Psi(2550)) are unique for S. acidocaldarius. Two Psi residues at positions 2060 and 2594 are universally conserved, while one other Psi (position 2066) is also common to Eucarya. Taken together the results argue against the conservation of Psi-synthases between Archaea and Bacteria and provide a basis for the search of snoRNA-like guides for Psi formation in Archaea.     

Response of Archaeal communities in beach sediments to spilled oil and bioremediation

While the contribution of Bacteria to bioremediation of oil-contaminated shorelines is well established, the response of Archaea to spilled oil and bioremediation treatments is unknown. The relationship between archaeal community structure and oil spill bioremediation was examined in laboratory microcosms and in a bioremediation field trial. 16S rRNA gene-based PCR and denaturing gradient gel analysis revealed that the archaeal community in oil-free laboratory microcosms was stable for 26 days. In contrast, in oil-polluted microcosms a dramatic decrease in the ability to detect Archaea was observed, and it was not possible to amplify fragments of archaeal 16S rRNA genes from samples taken from microcosms treated with oil. This was the case irrespective of whether a bioremediation treatment (addition of inorganic nutrients) was applied. Since rapid oil biodegradation occurred in nutrient-treated microcosms, we concluded that Archaea are unlikely to play a role in oil degradation in beach ecosystems. A clear-cut relationship between the presence of oil and the absence of Archaea was not apparent in the field experiment. This may have been related to continuous inoculation of beach sediments in the field with Archaea from seawater or invertebrates and shows that the reestablishment of Archaea following bioremediation cannot be used as a determinant of ecosystem recovery following bioremediation. Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that the majority of the Archaea detected (94%) belonged to a novel, distinct cluster of group II uncultured Euryarchaeota, which exhibited less than 87% identity to previously described sequences. A minor contribution of group I uncultured Crenarchaeota was observed.     

Evidence for the early divergence of tryptophanyl- and tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases

Each amino acid is attached to its cognate tRNA by a distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS). The conventional evolutionary view is that the modern complement of synthetases existed prior to the divergence of eubacteria and eukaryotes. Thus comparisons of prokaryotic and eukaryotic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases of the same type (charging specificity) should show greater sequence similarities than comparisons between synthetases of different types—and this is almost always so. However, a recent study [Ribas de Pouplana L, Furgier M, Quinn CL, Schimmel P (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:166–170] suggested that tryptophanyl- (TrpRS) and tyrosyl-tRNA (TyrRS) synthetases of the Eucarya (eukaryotes) are more similar to each other than either is to counterparts in the Bacteria (eubacteria). Here, we reexamine the evolutionary relationships of TyrRS and TrpRS using a broader range of taxa, including new sequence data from the Archaea (archaebacteria) as well as species of Eucarya and Bacteria. Our results differ from those of Ribas de Pouplana et al.: All phylogenetic methods support the separate monophyly of TrpRS and TyrRS. We attribute this result to the inclusion of the archaeal data which might serve to reduce long branch effects possibly associated with eukaryotic TrpRS and TyrRS sequences. Furthermore, reciprocally rooted phylogenies of TrpRS and TyrRS sequences confirm the closer evolutionary relationship of Archaea to eukaryotes by placing the root of the universal tree in the Bacteria. Received: 7 December 1996 / Accepted: 11 February 1997     

A definition of the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya in terms of small subunit ribosomal RNA characteristics

The number of small subunit rRNA sequences is now great enough that the three domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya (Woese et al., 1990) can be reliably defined in terms of their sequence "signatures". Approximately 50 homologous positions (or nucleotide pairs) in the small subunit rRNA characterize and distinguish among the three. In addition, the three can be recognized by a variety of nonhomologous rRNA characters, either individual positions and/or higher-order structural features. The Crenarchaeota and the Euryarchaeota, the two archaeal kingdoms, can also be defined and distinguished by their characteristic compositions at approximately fifteen positions in the small subunit rRNA molecule.     

Archaeal histone selection of nucleosome positioning sequences and the procaryotic origin of histone-dependent genome evolution

Archaeal histones and the eucaryal (eucaryotic) nucleosome core histones have almost identical histone folds. Here, we show that DNA molecules selectively incorporated by rHMfB (recombinant archaeal histone B from Methanothermus fervidus) into archaeal nucleosomes from a mixture of approximately 10(14) random sequence molecules contain sequence motifs shown previously to direct eucaryal nucleosome positioning. The dinucleotides GC, AA (=TT) and TA are repeated at approximately 10 bp intervals, with the GC harmonic displaced approximately 5 bp from the AA and TA harmonics [(GCN(3)AA or TA)(n)]. AT and CG were not strongly selected, indicating that TA not equalAT and GC not equalCG in terms of facilitating archaeal nucleosome assembly. The selected molecules have affinities for rHMfB ranging from approximately 9 to 18-fold higher than the level of affinity of the starting population, and direct the positioned assembly of archaeal nucleosomes. Fourier-transform analyses have revealed that AA dinucleotides are much enriched at approximately 10. 1 bp intervals, the helical repeat of DNA wrapped around a nucleosome, in the genomes of Eucarya and the histone-containing Euryarchaeota, but not in the genomes of Bacteria and Crenarchaeota, procaryotes that do not have histones. Facilitating histone packaging of genomic DNA has apparently therefore imposed constraints on genome sequence evolution, and since archaeal histones have no structure in addition to the histone fold, these constraints must result predominantly from histone fold-DNA contacts. Based on the three-domain universal phylogeny, histones and histone-dependent genome sequence evolution most likely evolved after the bacterial-archaeal divergence but before the archaeal-eucaryal divergence, and were subsequently lost in the Crenarchaeota. However, with lateral gene transfer, the first histone fold could alternatively have evolved after the archaeal-eucaryal divergence, early in either the euryarchaeal or eucaryal lineages.     

A small protein unique to bacteria organizes rRNA tertiary structure over an extensive region of the 50 S ribosomal subunit

A number of small, basic proteins penetrate into the structure of the large subunit of the ribosome. While these proteins presumably aid in the folding of the rRNA, the extent of their contribution to the stability or function of the ribosome is unknown. One of these small, basic proteins is L36, which is highly conserved in Bacteria, but is not present in Archaea or Eucarya. Comparison of ribosome crystal structures shows that the space occupied by L36 in a bacterial ribosome is empty in an archaeal ribosome. To ask what L36 contributes to ribosome stability and function, we have constructed an Escherichia coli strain lacking ribosomal protein L36; cell growth is slowed by 40-50% between 30 degrees C and 42 degrees C. Ribosomes from this deletion strain sediment normally and have a full complement of proteins, other than L36. Chemical protection experiments comparing rRNA from wild-type and L36-deficient ribosomes show the expected increase in reagent accessibility in the immediate vicinity of the L36 binding site, but suggest that a cooperative network of rRNA tertiary interactions has been disrupted along a path extending 60 A deep into the ribosome. These data argue that L36 plays a significant role in organizing 23 S rRNA structure. Perhaps the Archaea and Eucarya have compensated for their lack of L36 by maintaining more stable rRNA tertiary contacts or by adopting alternative protein-RNA interactions elsewhere in the ribosome.     

Community analysis of a full-scale anaerobic bioreactor treating paper mill wastewater

To get insight into the microbial community of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor treating paper mill wastewater, conventional microbiological methods were combined with 16S rRNA gene analyses. Particular attention was paid to microorganisms able to degrade propionate or butyrate in the presence or absence of sulphate. Serial enrichment dilutions allowed estimating the number of microorganisms per ml sludge that could use butyrate with or without sulphate (10(5)), propionate without sulphate (10(6)), or propionate and sulphate (10(8)). Quantitative RNA dot-blot hybridisation indicated that Archaea were two-times more abundant in the microbial community of anaerobic sludge than Bacteria. The microbial community composition was further characterised by 16S rRNA-gene-targeted Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting, and via cloning and sequencing of dominant amplicons from the bacterial and archaeal patterns. Most of the nearly full length (approximately 1.45 kb) bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences showed less than 97% similarity to sequences present in public databases, in contrast to the archaeal clones (approximately. 1.3 kb) that were highly similar to known sequences. While Methanosaeta was found as the most abundant genus, also Crenarchaeote-relatives were identified. The microbial community was relatively stable over a period of 3 years (samples taken in July 1999, May 2001, March 2002 and June 2002) as indicated by the high similarity index calculated from DGGE profiles (81.9+/-2.7% for Bacteria and 75.1+/-3.1% for Archaea). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated the presence of unknown and yet uncultured microorganisms, but also showed that known sulphate-reducing bacteria and syntrophic fatty acid-oxidising microorganisms dominated the enrichments.     

Anaerobic microbial communities in Lake Pavin, a unique meromictic lake in France

The Bacteria and Archaea from the meromictic Lake Pavin were analyzed in samples collected along a vertical profile in the anoxic monimolimnion and were compared to those in samples from the oxic mixolimnion. Nine targeted 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes were used to assess the distribution of Bacteria and Archaea and to investigate the in situ occurrence of sulfate-reducing bacteria and methane-producing Archaea involved in the terminal steps of the anaerobic degradation of organic material. The diversity of the complex microbial communities was assessed from the 16S rRNA polymorphisms present in terminal restriction fragment (TRF) depth patterns. The densities of the microbial community increased in the anoxic layer, and Archaea detected with probe ARCH915 represented the largest microbial group in the water column, with a mean Archaea/Eubacteria ratio of 1.5. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis revealed an elevated archaeal and bacterial phylotype richness in anoxic bottom-water samples. The structure of the Archaea community remained rather homogeneous, while TRFLP patterns for the eubacterial community revealed a heterogeneous distribution of eubacterial TRFs.