当归叶片光合参数日变化及其与环境因子的关系

在当归根茎膨大期,利用CI-310便携式光合仪,田间活体测定了当归的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等光合生理生态因子,以及光合有效辐射(PAR)、田间CO2浓度(Ca)、相对湿度(RH)、大气温度(Ta)、叶温(TL)等环境因子的日变化。结果表明,当归Pn日变化曲线为"双峰"型,最高峰出现在10:00左右,次高峰出现在16:00左右,午间有明显的"午休"现象,气孔因素是导致其"午休"的主要原因。Tr、Gs和Ci的日变化曲线均为"双峰"型,最高峰出现在10:00,次高峰出现在17:00。当归叶片净光合速率随环境因子日变化最优逐步多元回归方程为yPn=14.3108 0.0076xPAR-0.5271xTL(R2=0.6601,P<0.05),TL和PAR是对光合速率直接影响最大的生态因子,而Ca、RH和Ta主要是通过TL而间接影响光合速率的变化。     

Stomatal control of transpiration from a developing sugarcane canopy

Abstract. Stomatal conductance of single leaves and transpiration from an entire sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) canopy were measured simultaneously using independent techniques. Stomatal and environmental controls of transpiration were assessed at three stages of canopy development, corresponding to leaf area indices (L) of 2.2, 3.6 and 5.6. Leaf and canopy boundary layers impeded transport of transpired water vapour away from the canopy, causing humidity around the leaves to find its own value through local equilibration rather than a value determined by the humidity of the bulk air mass above the canopy. This tended to uncouple transpiration from direct stomatal control, so that transpiration predicted from measurement of stomatal conductance and leaf-to-air vapour pressure differences was increasingly overestimated as the reference point for ambient vapour pressure measurement was moved farther from the leaf and into the bulk air. The partitioning of control between net radiation and stomata was expressed as a dimensionless decoupling coefficent ranging from zero to 1.0. When the stomatal aperture was near its maximum this coefficient was approximately 0.9, indicating that small reductions in stomatal aperture would have had little effect on canopy transpiration. Maximum rates of transpiration were, however, limited by large adjustments in maximum stomatal conductance during canopy development. The product of maximum stomatal conductance and L. a potential total canopy conductance in the absence of boundary layer effects, remained constant as L increased. Similarly, maximum canopy conductance, derived from independent micrometeorological measurements, also remained constant over this period. Calculations indicated that combined leaf and canopy boundary layer conductance decreased with increasing L such that the ratio of boundary layer conductance to maximum stomatal conductance remained nearly constant at approximately 0.5. These observations indicated that stomata adjusted to maintain both transpiration and the degree of stomatal control of transpiration constant as canopy development proceeded.     

增强UV-B辐射对暖温带落叶阔叶林土庄绣线菊水分利用效率、气孔导度、叶氮素含量及形态特性的影响

在北京东灵山暖温带森林生态系统中,选择常见灌丛土庄绣线菊(Spiraea pubescens),建立UV-B控制实验。连续3个生长季每天增补9.4 kJ·m^-2的辐射剂量,模拟臭氧衰减17%时近地表面UV-B辐射的增强。该实验的目的是在野外环境下观测,长时间人工增强UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊叶片的气孔导度、碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)、叶含水量、叶面积、特别是水分利用效率(WUE)和叶片全氮含量等指标的影响。实验结果表明,增强UV-B辐射显著减少了土庄绣线菊的叶面积(50.1%),提高了叶片全氮含量(102%)。同时,UV-B辐射还在一定程度上(尽管统计显示不显著)降低了气孔导度(16.1%)、胞间CO₂浓度与大气CO₂浓度之比(C_i/C_a) (4.0%)、提高了碳同位素比率(δ¹³C)(20.5‰)、叶含水量(3.1%)及比叶重(SLW)(5.2%),从而导致WUE的增加(4.1%)和植物的抗旱能力增强。值得注意的是,深层土壤(30~40 cm)含水量变化会影响气孔导度、δ¹³C和WUE对紫外辐射的响应程度:在土壤干旱的季节(6月和9月),气孔导度、δ¹³C、WUE这些指标处理和对照的差异很小,但是当土壤水分充足时(7月和8月),处理和对照的差异就较为显著。另外,随着实验处理时间的延长,UV-B的效应变得不显著。相关分析表明,UV-B辐射降低了土壤含水量(30~40 cm)与土庄绣线菊叶含水量、δ¹³C、C_i/C_a和气孔导度的相关系数,增强了WUE与土壤含水量的相关性,这也许是由于UV-B辐射增强了WUE对土壤水分变化的敏感性。该研究的结果表明UV-B辐射对土庄绣线菊的形态和生长有显著的影响,但对主要水分生理指标影响不显著。     

环境因子对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

对干湿两种水分处理下农田冬小麦群体水分利用效率与环境因子的关系进行分析。结果表明：（１）各环境因子以综合复杂的方式影响水分利用效率。（２）由土壤干旱和大气高蒸发势迭加而成的水分亏缺所引起的气阻阻力上升有利于提高水分利用效率,但水分亏缺同时引起的叶－气水汽压梯度增大则会降低水分利用效率。在水分亏缺最强的午后１２：００￣１６：００时,水分利用效率最低。     

小麦和大豆叶片的气孔不均匀关闭现象

用14CO2放射自显影的方法研究了田间小麦和大豆叶片在水分胁迫下的气孔关闭状况。正常浇水的小麦和大豆叶片呈现出对14CO2的均匀吸收。在小麦与大豆"片水势分别降至-1．75和-1．32MPa的土壤干旱条件下,两种作物叶片都发生气孔不均匀关闭。离休叶片在空气中快速脱水易引起气孔不均匀关闭。正常供水小麦叶片在晴天中午明显的光合午休时,无CO2的不均匀吸收。某些晴天中午,在大豆光合午休低谷时段观察到较明显的气孔不均匀关闭,用气体交换资料计算出的细胞间隙CO2浓度并不随气孔年度的降低而下降,反而略有回升。     

冬小麦对有限水分高效利用的生理机制

通过对不同土壤供水条件下的孕穗开花期的冬小麦叶片CO₂/H₂O气体交换参数的系统测定,研究了光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间隙CO₂浓度(Ci)、叶温(Tl)与水分利用效率(WUE)间的关系。结果表明,WUE并不随Pn的增长直线增长,而是呈现出二次曲线的变化趋势;只有当蒸腾达到一定程度时,Tr才对WUE产生影响,而Tr过大时WUE则有下降的趋势;WUE与Ci呈负相关,随Ci的增加WUE呈递减趋势;叶温升高对光合和蒸腾都有促进作用,当超过了某种限度则表现为抑制作用,表明在一定温度范围内,Tl升高对水分利用不利;随Gs的增大,WUE增大到一定程度则不再增加,甚至出现一种回落趋势.     

CO2浓度增高对三裂叶蟛蜞菊光合生理特性的影响

在人工控制CO2浓度梯度条件下,测量了喜阴多年生草本植物三裂叶蟛蜞菊1月和3月的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺(Vpdl)。结果表明:CO2浓度升高对三裂叶蟛蜞菊的光合生理特性影响较大,当CO2浓度由0升高到1900μmol·mol1的过程中,Pn增加很快,其值在1.53～11.3μmol·m2·s1之间;水分利用率(WUE:光合与蒸腾之比)随CO2浓度的升高也在增大,当CO2浓度为1900μmol·mol1时,1月份的WUE是18.248μmol·mmol1,3月份的只有8.794μmol·mmol1,高水分利用效率与其对干旱的适应性密切相关。     

Spatial and temporal scaling of intercellular CO2 concentration in a temperate rain forest dominated by Dacrydium cupressinum in New Zealand

Seven methods, including measurements of photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g(s)), carbon isotope discrimination, ecosystem CO2 and water vapour exchange using eddy covariance and the use of a multilayer canopy model and ecosystem Keeling plots, were employed to derive estimates of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) across a range of spatial and temporal scales in a low productivity rain forest ecosystem dominated by the conifer Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb. in New Zealand. Estimates of shoot and canopy Ci across temporal scales ranging from minutes to years were remarkably similar (range of 274-294 micromol mol(-1)). The gradual increase in shoot Ci with depth in the canopy was more likely attributable to decreases in A resulting from lower irradiance (Q) than to increases in g, due to changes in air saturation deficit (D). The lack of marked vertical gradients in A and g(s) at saturating Q through the canopy and the low seasonal variability in environmental conditions contributed to the efficacy of scaling Ci. However, the canopy Ci estimate calculated from the carbon isotope composition of respired ecosystem CO2 (delta13CR; 236 micromol mol(-1)) was much lower than other estimates of canopy Ci. Partitioning delta13CR into four components (soil, roots, litter and foliage) indicated root respiration as the dominant (> 50%) contributor to delta13CR. Variable time lags and differences in isotopic composition during photosynthesis and respiration make the direct estimation of canopy Ci from delta 13CR problematic.     

4个观赏竹种的光合特性及其影响因子分析

本研究以白纹阴阳竹( Hibanobambusa tranquillans f. shiroshima H. Okamura )、鼓节竹( Bambusa tul doides‘Swolleninternode')、花秆早竹( Phyllostachys violascens f. viridisulcata P. X. Zhang et W. X. Huang)和美丽箬竹(Indocalamus decorus Q. H. Dai)4个观赏竹种为供试材料,分析了各竹种的光响应和CO2响应曲线及参数、光合和气体交换参数以及相关环境因子的日变化规律,并通过相关性分析、逐步多元回归分析和通径分析探讨了影响4个竹种叶片净光合速率( Pn)的主要因子。测定结果表明：随光合有效辐射强度( PAR)或胞间CO2浓度( Ci)的提高,各竹种叶片的Pn值均逐渐增大,但增幅有一定差异;各竹种的光响应和CO2响应参数均有较大差异,其中,白纹阴阳竹叶片的表观量子产量( AQY)最低,CO2饱和点( CSP)和CO2补偿点( CCP)也较低,其他参数均最高;而花秆早竹叶片的AQY和CCP值均最高,而其他参数总体上均最低。4个竹种的光合及气体交换参数日变化曲线均有一定差异;美丽箬竹叶片Pn值日变化曲线呈“双峰型”;白纹阴阳竹、鼓节竹和花秆早竹叶片的Pn值日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,峰值分别出现在14：00、10：00和12：00;总体上看,4个竹种叶片的气孔导度( Gs)、Ci、蒸腾速率( Tr)和水分利用效率( WUE)总体上具有相似的日变化趋势。分析结果表明：按照总影响效应由高至低进行排序,对白纹阴阳竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、大气CO2浓度( Ca)、Ci,对鼓节竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、Ca、Gs,对花秆早竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、Gs、气温( Ta)、Ci,对美丽箬竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、空气相对湿度( RH)、Ta、Ca、Tr、Gs。综合分析结果显示：4个竹种中,白纹阴阳竹光合能力最强,但对弱光的适应和利用能力较弱,CO2同化能力强且适应范围广;鼓节竹和美丽箬竹对光和CO2的利用能力和适应范围均居中;花秆早竹光合能力和CO2同化能力最差,但对弱光的适应和利用能力较强,CO2适应范围较窄。     

Growth at elevated CO(2) delays the adverse effects of drought stress on leaf photosynthesis of the C(4) sugarcane

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. cv. CP72-2086) was grown in sunlit greenhouses at daytime [CO(2)] of 360 (ambient) and 720 (elevated)mumolmol(-1). Drought stress was imposed for 13d when plants were 4 months old, and various photosynthetic parameters and levels of nonstructural carbohydrates were determined for uppermost fully expanded leaves of well-watered (control) and drought stress plants. Control plants at elevated [CO(2)] were 34% and 25% lower in leaf stomatal conductance (g(s)) and transpiration rate (E) and 35% greater in leaf water-use efficiency (WUE) than their counterparts at ambient [CO(2)]. Leaf CO(2) exchange rate (CER) and activities of Rubisco, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, NADP-malic enzyme and pyruvate P(i) dikinase were marginally affected by elevated [CO(2)], but were reduced by drought, whereas activity of PEP carboxylase was reduced by elevated [CO(2)], but not by drought. At severe drought developed at day 12, leaf g(s) and WUE of ambient-[CO(2)] stress plants declined to 5% and 7%, while elevated-[CO(2)] stress plants still maintained g(s) and WUE at 20% and 74% of their controls. In control plants, elevated [CO(2)] did not enhance the midday levels of starch, sucrose, or reducing sugars. For both ambient- and elevated-[CO(2)] stress plants, severe drought did not affect the midday level of sucrose but substantially reduced that of starch. Nighttime starch decomposition in control plants was 55% for ambient [CO(2)] and 59% for elevated [CO(2)], but was negligible for stress plants of both [CO(2)] treatments. For both ambient-[CO(2)] control and stress plants, midday sucrose level at day 12 was similar to the predawn value at day 13. In contrast, sucrose levels of elevated-[CO(2)] control and stress plants at predawn of day 13 were 61-65% of the midday values of day 12. Levels of reducing sugars were much greater for both ambient- and elevated-[CO(2)] stress plants, implying an adaptation to drought stress. Sugarcane grown at elevated [CO(2)] had lower leaf g(s) and E and greater leaf WUE, which helped to delay the adverse effects of drought and, thus, allowed the stress plants to continue photosynthesis for at least an extra day during episodic drought cycles.     

Stomatal and environmental control of transpiration in a lowland tropical forest tree

Stomatal control of crown transpiration was studied in Anacardium excelsum, a large-leaved, emergent canopy species common in the moist forests of Central and northern South America. A construction crane equipped with a gondola was used to gain access to the uppermost level in the crown of a 35-m-tall individual. Stomatal conductance at the single leaf scale, and transpiration and total vapour phase conductance (stomatal and boundary layer) at the branch scale were measured simultaneously using the independent techniques of porometry and stem heat balance, respectively. This permitted the sensitivity of transpiration to a marginal change in stomatal conductance to be evaluated using a dimensionless coupling coefficient (1-ω) ranging from zero to 1, with 1 representing maximal stomatal control of transpiration. Average stomatal conductance varied from 0.09 mol m^?2 s^?1 during the dry season to 0.3 mol m^?2 s^?1 during the wet season. Since boundary layer conductance was relatively low (0.4 mol m^?2 s^?1), 1-ω ranged from 0.46 during the dry season to only 0.25 during the wet season. A pronounced stomatal response to humidity was observed, which strongly limited transpiration as evaporative demand increased. The stomatal response to humidity was apparent only when the leaf surface was used as the reference point for measurement of external vapour pressure. Average transpiration was predicted to be nearly the same during the dry and wet seasons despite a 1 kPa difference in the prevailing leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference. The patterns of stomatal behaviour and transpiration observed were consistent with recent proposals that stomatal responses to humidity are based on sensing the transpiration rate itself.     

Canopy and leaf photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency of sweet sorghum under drought stress

The objective of this paper was to examine the relationship between Water Use Efficiency (WUE) at the canopy and leaf levels, to determine soil moisture conditions, which can optimize yield, and WUE of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench), thus providing some theoretical foundation for using marginal land effectively and developing production of sweet sorghum. Three levels of soil moisture conditions were established, and photosynthetic characteristics and yield were measured. The canopy apparent photo-synthetic rate (CAP) and leaf photosynthetic rate (P _N) were reduced gradually with increased drought stress, and the CAP was lower than the P _N under every soil moisture conditions. The P _N had a midday depression phenomenon, but the CAP did not exhibit this midday depression phenomenon under severe drought stress. The linear regression relationship of CAP and P _N was CAP = 1.5945 + 0.1496 P _N. The canopy apparent WUE_C and leaf WUE_L were the highest under moderate drought stress. The first was 5.3 and 5.8 times higher than the WUE_L in mid-July and late August, respectively. The stem fresh biomass yield was 77 tons/ha under moderate drought stress and WUE of aboveground biomass yield (WUE_B) was also the highest. Our results showed that moderate drought stress did not result in a significant reduction in biomass yield but increased WUE significantly.     

Evaluation of canopy transpiration rate by applying a plant hormone “abscisic acid”

A method for evaluation of temporal changes in canopy transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in crop fields by using a plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has recently been developed. The method was applied to a corn canopy at different growth stages in the upper Yellow River basin, China. Diurnal changes in the canopy transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were evaluated at the initial stage with a leaf area index (LAI) of 0.37 on June 7 and the crop development stage with an LAI of 4.39 on July 15, 2005. The proportions of the accumulated transpiration rate during daytime to the accumulated evapotranspiration were 24% and 74% at the initial and crop development stages, respectively. Stomatal conductance varied in parallel with transpiration rate in the initial stage of the crop. However, in the crop development stage with low soil water content, stomatal conductance reached the maximum value at 10:00 a.m. and thereafter decreased rapidly at around noon with high evaporative demand to corn canopy. This shows the midday stomatal closure was caused by excessive water stress to corn canopy in the crop development stage. Thus, the proposed method with ABA application is useful for evaluation of temporal changes in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and hence, can detect the plant water stress.     

Experimental Study and Mathematical Simulation of Water Use Efficiency in Wheat Leaves Affected by Some Environmental Factors

By incorporating Ball-Berry model of stomatal conductance into the models of photosynthesis and transpiration, a model of leaf water use efficiency (WUE) as affected by several environmental variables [irradiance (Ⅰ), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) ] was constructed. Because the environmental variables influenced the photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate in different ways, the changes of leaf WUE with these factors were quite complicated. The rates of photosynthesis and transpiration of wheat leaves were also measured in the phytotron where the environmental variables were kept within certain ranges, and leaf WUE was calculated therefrom. The results of simulation fit quite well with the measurements except at high Ca.     

环境因子对小麦叶片水分利用效率影响的实验研究和数值模拟

根据现有的光合作用和蒸腾作用的模型,利用Ｂａｌｌ－Ｂｅｒｒｙ 的气孔导度模型,将叶片的光合作用模型和蒸腾作用模型结合起来,建立了光强（Ｉ）、叶片－大气水汽饱和差（ＶＰＤ）和大气ＣＯ２ 浓度（Ｃａ）等环境因子对小麦叶片水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）影响的模型。由于这３ 种环境因子对光合、蒸腾的影响方式上的差异,作为两者之比的叶片ＷＵＥ随各环境因子的变化出现复杂的图景,同时,在人工气候箱内分别于这３ 个因子变化时对光合、蒸腾的变化作了测定,计算了叶片的Ｗ ＵＥ。测定结果与模拟结果的对比表明,在多数情况下两者符合程度良好,但在高Ｃａ下有较大的偏离     

准噶尔荒漠3种短命植物气体交换特征的日变化

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,在晴天条件下对准噶尔荒漠3种典型短命植物东方旱麦草(Eremopyrum orientale)、卷果涩芥(Malcolmia scorpioides)和四齿芥(Tetracme quadricormis)的气体交换特征的日变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:①东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥的净光合速率(简称Pn,后同)的日变化呈"双峰"型,14:00(采用时间均为北京时间,后同)左右存在明显的光合"午休"现象,四齿芥Pn的日变化呈"单峰"型,峰值出现在12:00与前两者的第一峰值出现时刻相同.3种植物蒸腾速率(简称E,后同)的日变化均呈"单峰"型,但不同植物的峰谷值出现时刻不同.水分利用效率(WUE)日变化,四齿芥呈"单峰"型,东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥呈"双峰"型,峰值分别出现在8:00～10:00之间,后两者第二峰值分别出现在16:00和18:00.②根据Pn、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls)的变化方向,推测3种短命植物的光合"午休",东方旱麦草和卷果涩芥主要受非气孔因素限制,而四齿芥主要受气孔因素限制.③卷果涩芥和四齿芥两种十字花科草本日平均Pn、E 和WUE 均高于禾本科东方旱麦草,尤其卷果涩芥是一种高光合、高蒸腾、高水分利用率的物种.④相关分析结果表明,对Pn影响最显著的环境因子是光合有效辐射(PAR),对E影响最显著的因子3种植物各不相同.     

Estimating canopy conductance to ozone uptake from observations of evapotranspiration at the canopy scale and at the leaf scale*

Stomatal uptake by vegetation is often the major sink for the destruction of tropospheric ozone. Using data obtained during the summer of 1991 at a grape vineyard and a cotton field in the San Joaquin Valley of California, we compare canopy (stomatal) conductances to ozone estimated (1) from eddy covariance ozone flux data (2) from eddy covariance evapotranspiration data and (3) by scaling leaf trans pi rational conductance to the canopy level using a canopy radiative transfer model. These simultaneous data, obtained at two levels of biological organization and for two trace gases, allow us to contrast the pathways for canopy-atmosphere exchange of water vapour and ozone, to evaluate limitations to scaling from leaf to canopy, and to predict ozone uptake parameters from those governing transpiration. At the vineyard site the eddy covariance ozone results underestimate the ET-based (eddy covariance and leaf scaling) approaches between 25% and 36%. At the cotton site the ozone-based results overestimate the ET-based approaches between 9% and 62%. A number of modelling and measurement uncertainties are of appropriate magnitude to reconcile these estimates. Some of the possible causes for these discrepancies that are discussed include NO effects, mesophyll resistances to ozone uptake and flaws in the K-theory (first-order closure) approach on which the canopy-scale analysis is based. Nevertheless, both canopy and single leaf measurements of conductance for water vapour provide acceptable estimates of conductance for ozone, but further experiments in which all are measured simultaneously are suggested.     

土壤干旱条件下保水剂对多年生黑麦草光合特性的影响

以多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne Linn．）为研究对象,对土壤干旱条件下（土壤含水量12．6％、10．5％、8．4％和6．3％）使用保水剂后叶片光合特性的动态变化进行了分析。结果显示：随土壤含水量的降低和胁迫时间（12d）的延长,多年生黑麦草叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和光能利用效率（LUE）呈逐渐下降的趋势;随土壤含水量的降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）逐渐升高、瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）逐渐降低,但随胁迫时间的延长Ci和WUE则呈现不同的变化趋势;总体上,在土壤含水量不同的条件下及不同的胁迫时间各指标均有显著差异（P〈0．05）。与未添加保水剂的各处理组相比,添加质量分数2％保水剂后多年生黑麦草叶片的Pn、Gs、WUE和LUE值均增大,而Ci和Tr值则降低,差异达显著水平（P〈0．05）。研究结果表明：合理使用保水剂能提高多年生黑麦草叶片的光合能力以及土壤的保水能力,增强多年生黑麦草对干旱环境的适应性。     

干旱区胡杨光合作用对高温和CO2浓度的响应

采用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定仪实测的塔里木河下游胡杨(Populus euphratica oliv)光合作用参数,探讨了不同地下水埋深下的胡杨光合作用对CO2浓度增加和温度升高的响应.结果表明:(1)CO2浓度升高减小了胡杨气孔导度,促进了光合速率、胞间CO2浓度和水分利用效率的增加,但不同地下水埋深下,胡杨光合作用参数对CO2浓度升高的响应不同,干旱环境(地下水埋深较深)下的响应程度大于水分适宜(地下水埋深浅)环境下的响应;(2) 高温引起胡杨气孔发生不完全关闭,导致了光合作用的光抑制发生,从而降低了胡杨光合速率,但降低程度受水分条件的影响,地下水埋深较深环境下的影响程度大于地下水埋深浅的;(3)地下水埋深是控制干旱区胡杨光合作用对CO2浓度和温度升高的根本因素,6m是胡杨生长正常的临界地下水埋深,地下水埋深>6m,胡杨即遭到水分胁迫,地下水埋深>7m,胡杨即受到了较严重的水分胁迫.     

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) as a tracer for canopy photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance: potential and limitations

The theoretical basis for the link between the leaf exchange of carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and water vapour (H(2)O) and the assumptions that need to be made in order to use COS as a tracer for canopy net photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance, are reviewed. The ratios of COS to CO(2) and H(2)O deposition velocities used to this end are shown to vary with the ratio of the internal to ambient CO(2) and H(2)O mole fractions and the relative limitations by boundary layer, stomatal and internal conductance for COS. It is suggested that these deposition velocity ratios exhibit considerable variability, a finding that challenges current parameterizations, which treat these as vegetation-specific constants. COS is shown to represent a better tracer for CO(2) than H(2)O. Using COS as a tracer for stomatal conductance is hampered by our present poor understanding of the leaf internal conductance to COS. Estimating canopy level CO(2) and H(2)O fluxes requires disentangling leaf COS exchange from other ecosystem sources/sinks of COS. We conclude that future priorities for COS research should be to improve the quantitative understanding of the variability in the ratios of COS to CO(2) and H(2)O deposition velocities and the controlling factors, and to develop operational methods for disentangling ecosystem COS exchange into contributions by leaves and other sources/sinks. To this end, integrated studies, which concurrently quantify the ecosystem-scale CO(2), H(2)O and COS exchange and the corresponding component fluxes, are urgently needed.