Linkage Maps in Pea

We have analyzed segregation patterns of markers among the late generation progeny of several crosses of pea. From the patterns of association of these markers we have deduced linkage orders. Salient features of these linkages are discussed, as is the relationship between the data presented here and previously published genetic and cytogenetic data.     

Empirical Protein Energy Maps

WORK by several groups^1–5 has led to the calculation of energy maps for the peptide unit, which is the dependence of the conformational energy E_?,ψ on the torsional angles around the N-C^α bond (?) and the C^α-C bond (ψ)⁶ (Fig. 1) by using a standard set of bond lengths, valence angles and potential functions derived from small molecules. Although calculated maps are improved by refining the potential functions and increasing the number of parameters, there are differences according to the particular assumptions made. The most probable conformation of a peptide unit in proteins, using the available experimental information, is given by the following approach.     

Re-drawing the Maps for Endemic Mycoses

Mycopathologia - Endemic mycoses such as histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and talaromycosis are well-known causes of focal and systemic disease within...     

Distribution Maps of Bryophytes in Britain

Abstract

Flask-shaped gemmae of British Leptodontium flexifolium (With.) Hampe are discussed in the context of previously described ellipsoidal and oboyoid gemmae and point to the need for taxonomic reappraisal of the two closely related species, L. flexifolium and L. styriacum (Jur.) Limpr.. Scabrous leaves in the former are associated with mamillae rather than papillae.     

From Cognitive Maps to Cognitive Graphs

We investigate the structure of spatial knowledge that spontaneously develops during free exploration of a novel environment. We present evidence that this structure is similar to a labeled graph: a network of topological connections between places, labeled with local metric information. In contrast to route knowledge, we find that the most frequent routes and detours to target locations had not been traveled during learning. Contrary to purely topological knowledge, participants typically traveled the shortest metric distance to a target, rather than topologically equivalent but longer paths. The results are consistent with the proposal that people learn a labeled graph of their environment.     

非交叉配子形成体的连锁图谱构建方法

根据非交叉(achiasmatic)遗传模型,提出采用最大似然法计算遗传交换率的方法,同时开发了构建非交叉生物(F2群体)连锁图谱的计算机软件。通过卡方验检可测性连锁分子标记。对于无交叉生物现象,采用蒙特卡洛模拟技术,对交叉(chiasmatic)和非交叉两个遗传模型遗传交换率的估计值和作图效率进行了比较。模拟结果表明,非交叉模型能提供无偏的估计值,而交叉模型则只有实际值的一半。在所有同等的条件下,基于非交叉模型的作图效率均高于基于交叉模型(无校正)的作图效率。对于非交叉配子形成体,采用基于非交叉模型的交换率计算方法能获得理想的作图效率。     

Distribution Maps of Bryophytes in Britain

Abstract

The following species of Cheilolejeunea subgen. Strepsilejeunea are recognised from Africa and described: C. krakakammae (Lindenb.) Schust., C. pluriplicata (Pears.) Schust., C. usambarana (Steph.) Grolle, C. convexa S. Arn., C. pocsii E. Jones, sp. nov., C. camerunensis S. Arn. Strepsilejeunea georgensis S. Arn. is a synonym of C. krakakammae.     

Distribution Maps of Bryophytes in Britain

Abstract

An investigation was carried out on the distribution of a ‘copper moss’ Scopelophila cataractae (Mitt.) Broth in Japan, followed by a semi-quantitative survey of elements present in samples collected using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). On the basis of this survey, quantitative studies on the concentrations of Cu and 15 other elements (Na, Mg, AI, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Pb) in the copper-rich samples were carried out using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Localization of Cu in the cells was also investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis (SEM-XMA, Cryo-SEM-XMA and TEM-XMA). S. cataractae is able to grow in various copper-rich environments. The concentration of Cu in the shoots attained a level as high as 1–3% although the concentration of Cu in rain water carrying Cu from cooper artifacts to S. cataractae colonies was in the order of ppm. The cell wall was found to be a particularly important site of Cu accumulation in comparison with other cell components.     

Confidence Intervals for fMRI Activation Maps

Neuroimaging activation maps typically color voxels to indicate whether the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals measured among two or more experimental conditions differ significantly at that location. This data presentation, however, omits information critical for interpretation of experimental results. First, no information is represented about trends at voxels that do not pass the statistical test. Second, no information is given about the range of probable effect sizes at voxels that do pass the statistical test. This leads to a fundamental error in interpreting activation maps by naïve viewers, where it is assumed that colored, “active” voxels are reliably different from uncolored “inactive” voxels. In other domains, confidence intervals have been added to data graphics to reduce such errors. Here, we first document the prevalence of the fundamental error of interpretation, and then present a method for solving it by depicting confidence intervals in fMRI activation maps. Presenting images where the bounds of confidence intervals at each voxel are coded as color allows readers to visually test for differences between “active” and “inactive” voxels, and permits for more proper interpretation of neuroimaging data. Our specific graphical methods are intended as initial proposals to spur broader discussion of how to present confidence intervals for fMRI data.     

The Discrete Dynamics of Monotonically Decomposable Maps

We extend results of Gouzé and Hadeler (in Nonlinear World 1:23–34, 1994) concerning the dynamics generated by a map on an ordered metric space that can be decomposed into increasing and decreasing parts. Our main results provide sufficient conditions for the existence of a globally asymptotically stable fixed point for the map. Applications to discrete-time, stage-structured population models are given. This paper is dedicated to Karl Hadeler on the occasion of his 70th Birthday An erratum to this article can be found at     

Ligand Based Virtual Screening Using Self-organizing Maps

The Protein Journal - Conventional drug discovery methods rely primarily on in-vitro experiments with a target molecule and an extensive set of small molecules to choose the suitable ligand. The...     

Morphogenetic Movements and Fate Maps of Vertebrates

SYNOPSIS. Fate maps are totally lacking for hagfishes, rays,holocephals, dipnoi, holostei and mammals, and for all excepttwo of the thirty or so orders of the huge teleost assemblage.Important errors have been found in earlier studies of the movementsby closer control of marking techniques, but there are stillmajor elements in the literature that remain unconfirmed. Recentstudies on Salmo, Xenopus and chick suggest that a wider samplingof major vertebrate groups will uncover more unsuspected variationsin this phase of embryology. Experimental results on the chondrosteansturgeon Acipenser are here compared and contrasted with thoseon Salmo and Xenopus. Though chondrostei and teleosts had arelatively recent common ancestry, the morphogenetic movementsand fate map of Acipenser give no hint as to how the uniquelyteleostean behavior could have arisen. Instead the experimentshave shown in new elaborate detail how close the early developmentof Acipenser is to that of modern amphibia, closer to Xenopusthan to Rana, closer to anura than to urodeles. The search forunity in the field of comparative morphogenetic movements isplagued by lack of breadth in the sample of vertebrates hithertostudied but also by a vocabulary too much loaded with ancienthomological thinking. It is pointed out that when a group ofmovements, all called invagination—or all called epiboly,is studied closely it can be discovered that they may be doingquite different things, controlled by different environmentalfactors. General theory of this part of embryology requiresthe bringing together of the knowledge of cellular movementsfrom in vitro and non-embryonic systems with the knowledge ofthe full variety of normal patterns of morphogenetic movementsin the vertebrates. Before this can be accomplished, we willneed a precise knowledge of what the cells are actually doingin all the sectors of these patterned movements, and in allthe major patterns that the phylum has produced.