Occult medullary carcinoma of thyroid with lymph node metastases: a case report

BACKGROUND: Occult thyroid malignancies presenting with secondary neck masses as the first clinical manifestation is well known. Although rare, medullary carcinoma serves a potential source for lymph node metastases. The characteristic cytomorphology of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) should clinch the diagnosis. Further, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the ultrasonography-detected occult nodules in thyroid serves as a useful preoperative diagnostic tool. CASE: A 22-year-old man presented with left-sided neck masses of 1 year duration. FNAC smears of the neck masses revealed cytomorphology characteristic of MTC. Ultrasonography of the thyroid led to ruling out the presence of an occult nodule and detected an 8-mm nodule in the left thyroid lobe. Ultrasound-guided FNAC of the nodule showed features similar to those with FNAC of the neck masses. Surgical resection of thyroid and neck masses further confirmed the diagnosis of a primary occult MTC with lymph node metastases. CONCLUSION: FNAC smears of lymph node masses showing the distinct cytomorphology of MTC should prompt suspicion for occult primary in thyroid. Ultrasound-guided FNAC of these occult nodules, if detected, further serves a diagnostic tool for accurate preoperative diagnosis when metastasis presents as the first clinical manifestation of an occult primary.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology of cutaneous and subcutaneous metastatic deposits from epithelial malignancies. An analysis of 146 cases

OBJECTIVE: To analyze cases suggestive of cutaneous/subcutaneous metastatic deposits from a known carcinoma or as the first manifestation of an unknown carcinoma using fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). STUDY DESIGN: The study group consisted of 146 patients (86 males and 60 females) ranging in age from 34 to 82 years. In 135 cases there was a previous history of carcinoma, and in these cases FNAC showed the tumor to be similar to the carcinoma that had been treated by surgery and/or radiotherapy. In 11 patients no tumor had been found previously, and the site of the unknown primary was suggested by immunostaining. Aspirations were performed using a 22-gauge needle. The material was collected in 30% ethyl alcohol, and filter preparations and cell blocks were made. RESULTS: The size of metastatic nodules ranged from 1.5 to 2 cm. The sites of metastases were on the chest wall (n = 35), back (n = 8), abdomen (including umbilicus) (n = 46), head and neck (n = 35), upper extremity (n = 12), lower extremity ((n = 6), penile skin (n = 1) and vulva (n = 3). The sites of known primary carcinomas were breast (n = 39), lung (n = 35), gastrointestinal tract (n = 38), endometrium (n = 2), cervix (n = 3), urinary tract (n = 4), prostate (n = 3), hand (n = 1), scalp (n = 1), tongue (n = 1), brain (n = 1), ear (n = 3) and ovary (n = 4). The sites of primary carcinomas unknown at the time of aspiration and found after FNAC were the gastrointestinal tract (n = 3), lung (n = 2), prostate (n = 1), breast (n = 3), liver (n = 1) and kidney (n = 1). No false negatives or positives were observed, and no second primary tumors were found. Cytologic preparations were sufficient for diagnosis and typing in tumors with a known primary tumor. Immunostaining was helpful in establishing a diagnosis of carcinoma and in determining the likely primary site in tumors with unknown primaries. CONCLUSION: Cutaneous and subcutaneous metastatic deposits from previously known carcinomas can be diagnosed rapidly and accurately utilizing FNAC. A combination of FNAC and immunostaining may also help define the site of an unknown primary.     

Role of CD10 immunochemistry in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic carcinoma of the liver

Background:  Differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from metastatic carcinoma in liver may be difficult on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), especially when both appear as moderate to poorly differentiated tumours. A panel of immunocytochemical stains is frequently used in case of diagnostic difficulty. Recently, CD10 immunostain with a canalicular staining pattern has been shown to be a specific marker for hepatocytic differentiation.
Objective:  The present study was designed to assess the value of CD10 immunostain in distinguishing HCC from metastatic carcinoma in material obtained by FNAC of liver masses.
Materials and methods:  Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cell blocks of 22 cases (7 cases of HCC and 15 cases of metastatic carcinoma), direct acetone-fixed smears and destained smears of 28 cases (18 cases of HCC and 10 cases of metastatic carcinoma) prepared from FNAC of the liver were immunostained using monoclonal antibody against CD10.
Results:  Seventeen (68%) of twenty-five cases of HCC were positive for CD10 with a canalicular staining pattern. Among them 7 (70%) of 10 cases were well-differentiated HCC and 10 (66%) of 15 cases were moderate to poorly differentiated HCC. Of 25 cases of metastatic carcinoma, four (16%) were positive for CD10 with a cytoplasmic (three cases) and membranous staining (one case) pattern.
Conclusion:  CD10 immunostaining is useful in discriminating HCC and metastatic carcinoma of the liver and is easily applied on cell blocks as well as FNAC smears.     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of three cases of squamous cell carcinoma presenting as a thyroid mass: cytological findings and differential diagnosis

M. Rosa and K. Toronczyk Fine needle aspiration biopsy of three cases of squamous cell carcinoma presenting as a thyroid mass: cytological findings and differential diagnosis Objective: Primary squamous cell carcinomas of the thyroid gland are extremely rare, comprising about 1% of thyroid malignancies. Although squamous cell carcinomas are readily identified as such on aspiration cytology in the majority of cases, the differentiation of primary versus metastatic tumour might not always be easy. Herein, we report three cases of squamous cell carcinomas involving the thyroid gland. Methods: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed in three patients with a thyroid mass using standard guidelines. Smears were stained with Diff‐Quik and Papanicolaou stains. Results: Two patients were male and one was female, aged 59, 45 and 35 years, respectively. In all three patients a thyroid mass was present. FNAC smears in all cases showed cytological features of squamous cell carcinoma including keratinization and necrosis. After clinical and cytological correlation, one case appeared to be primary, one case metastatic, and in the third case no additional clinical information or biopsy follow‐up was available for further characterization. Conclusions: Because primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare finding, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma should always be excluded first. Metastatic disease usually presents in the setting of widespread malignancy, therefore a dedicated clinical and radiological investigation is necessary in these cases. In both clinical scenarios the patient’s prognosis is poor.     

Diagnostic pitfalls in the evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid: correlation with histopathology in 260 cases

Objectives:  Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid is a non-invasive, cost-effective screening procedure that is valuable for distinguishing neoplastic lesions from non-neoplastic nodules. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FNACs performed at our institution by correlating FNAC results with histopathological diagnoses.
Methods:  Two hundred and seventy-one aspiration cytology specimens followed by thyroidectomy were included in the study, and the results of 260 adequate FNACs were compared with their histological diagnoses.
Results:  The sensitivity and specificity of thyroid FNAC for detecting neoplasia were 92.6% and 91.6%, respectively. There were 15 (5.7%) false positives and six (2.3%) false negatives.
Conclusions:  The results showed that follicular cells that exhibit some of the features of papillary carcinoma could be observed in a cytology slide of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, leading to a diagnostic pitfall. In addition, cellularity and overlapping cytological criteria in hyperplasia might lead to a false diagnosis.     

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the breast: report of a case with diagnosis on fine needle aspiration cytology

BACKGROUND: Tumors metastatic to the breast are a rare occurrence. The correct identification is essential as there are divergent management implications. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an effective method of diagnosis when coupled with the judicious use of immunocytochemistry. CASE: A 50-year-old Indian woman presented with a palpable right breast lump that was clinically suspicious for malignancy. There were no contralateral breast masses or palpable axillary lymphadenopathy. There was a history of nephrectomy carried out several years earlier for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). FNAC of the right breast lump yielded malignant epithelioid and occasionally spindled cells within an inflamed background, while immunocytochemistry showed positive reactivity of tumor cellsfor CD10, with negative staining for CK7. The cytologic diagnosis favored a tumor of renal origin. The patient underwent wide central excision of the right breast lump, whereby the diagnosis of metastatic RCC with sarcomatoid features was confirmed. On follow-up, she developed metastases to multiple organ sites and died. CONCLUSION: A high index of suspicion is required in the diagnosis of disease metastatic to the breast. FNAC is a reliable diagnostic tool in the distinction of metastasis from primary malignancy of the breast.     

An update on the current epidemiological status of metastatic neoplasms to the thyroid

Secondary tumours to the thyroid gland are uncommon with an overall prevalence of 5.9% in autopsy studies. In recent clinical series, secondary thyroid cancer is seen in only 1.9% of malignant thyroids. There is no gender predominance both overall (female to male 1.07:1) and when stratified by common histological subtypes (renal cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma). The median age of patients diagnosed with metastatic thyroid tumours in major studies ranges from 54 to 68 years. Metastases are more frequent in patients with pre-existing or concurrent thyroid pathology. In autopsy studies, the most common primary sites are breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma, lung carcinoma and breast carcinoma predominate in clinical series. Upper aerodigestive tract primaries often directly infiltrate the thyroid gland. The underlying frequency of a histological subtype, geographic prevalence and aggressiveness of primary cancer likely contributes to the incidence of metastasis in the thyroid gland. This is seen in case series from Asia where gastric and oesophageal primary cancers predominate. Secondary thyroid cancer can present metachronously (60%), synchronously (34%), or as the first presentation of the underlying cancer (6%). Late metastases and first clinical presentations of disease often originate from renal cell carcinomas while synchronous cases tend to originate from the lungs. Other common primary sites for first presentation of secondary thyroid cancer include the lung and oesophagus. Although rare, secondary thyroid cancer should be considered as a differential particularly in patients with previous malignancy, such as from the kidney, lung, or breast.     

Characteristic cytological features of histological grade one (G1) breast carcinomas in fine needle aspirates

Objective:  To analyse the spectrum of nuclear features as well as dissociation pattern found in fine needle aspirates (FNAC) from histological grade 1 breast carcinomas and evaluate the critical cytological features of these lesions.
Material and methods:  The material consisted of FNAC smears from 494 histologically confirmed grade 1 breast carcinomas. All smears were revaluated for cell dissociation pattern, nuclear size, cell uniformity, nucleoli, nuclear margin and chromatin pattern. All features were compared with the histological subtype and cytological grading.
Results:  73.9% of the cases were cytological grade 1, 24.3% were grade 2 and 1.8% were grade 3. The majority of the cases had a cell dissociation pattern showing both a population of single carcinoma cells and cell clusters (65.9%). Practically all tumours had a granular chromatin pattern (94.7%) and a slightly irregular nuclear margin with folds and grooves (94%) irrespective of histological subtype and cytological grading. Nucleoli were mostly indistinct or small (74%), whereas 24.3% were noticeable and 1.7% abnormal. Practically all cases revealed some degree of pleomorphism with 74.3% showing mild and 22.4% a distinct pleomorphism. A small subgroup of IDC was classified as monomorphic (3.3%). Almost all tumours had nuclear sizes in the range of 2–4 × RBC (96.9%).
Conclusion:  Not all histological grade 1 carcinomas are cytological grade 1. About 25% were grade 2, and a small subpopulation reached grade 3. The typical/average findings in FNAC from grade 1 breast carcinomas were a population of both groups and single cells showing mild pleomorphism, granular chromatin, slightly irregular nuclear margin, indistinct nucleolus and nuclear size 2–4 × RBC.     

Spleen metastasis from thyroid carcinoma. Report of a case with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology

BACKGROUND: Lymphoreticular malignancies are the most common neoplasms involving the spleen. Metastasis can be caused by direct invasion from surrounding tumors or from hematogenous spread. Spleen metastases from thyroid carcinoma are unusual, and only 1 case has been reported; none have been diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). CASE: A 75-year-old female was diagnosed 6 months earlier with a poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma with wide lymphatic and vascular invasion. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging showed several spleen nodules. FNAC was performed under CT guidance. Cytologic examination showed atypical epithelial cells with thyroidal characteristics. CONCLUSION: This case had the cytologic findings of a poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid metastatic to spleen. We confirmed the rarity of this pathology and the efficacy of splenic FNAC in the diagnosis.     

Sputum cytology of metastatic carcinoma of the lung.

The cytopathology of 47 cases of metastatic carcinoma of the lung and of 28 cases of recurrent or metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma is reviewed. The diagnostic yield was better for recurrent than for metastatic carcinoma but overall was comparable to that of primary bronchogenic carcinomas. The metastatic tumors were located in all areas of the lung and included single as well as multiple lesions. The positive yield did not differ significantly in relation to any of the pathologic features but was somewhat higher if the metastases were large and centrally located. A definite differentiation of the metastatic tumors, usually adenocarcinomas, from new primary bronchogenic carcinomas is often possible particularly if the cytopathology can be compared with that of the primary lesion. Specific cytologic features include the relative lack of cohesion and the formation of columns in metastatic breast carcinomas, the formation of larger cohesive well circumscribed nodules composed of tall columnar cells in metastatic colon carcinomas, clear cell features in some metastatic adenocarcinomas of the kidney, and the small cell size and uniform, regular nuclear features in the often cytologically well differentiated metastatic carcinomas of the prostate.     

Isolated carcinoid tumor metastatic to the thyroid gland: report of a case initially diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine tumor metastatic to the thyroid gland is rare and may be difficult to differentiate from primary thyroid neuroendocrine tumors, such as medullary thyroid carcinoma (M/ITC). This report describes an unusual case of bronchial carcinoid metastatic to the thyroid diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). CASE: A 42-year-old woman with an undiagnosed bronchial carcinoid tumor presented to our clinic with a solitary nodule in the thyroid gland. FNAC of the nodule showed loosely cohesive groups of cuboidal tumor cells with scant, slightly granular cytoplasm; centrally located nuclei with a coarsely granular, salt-and-pepper chromatin pattern and inconspicuous nucleoli. Immunocytochemically the tumor cells were positive for neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin and synaptophysin and negative for thyroglobulin, calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen. The cytologic diagnosis of a metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma was confirmed histologically. CONCLUSION: Metastasis to the thyroid gland may pose a diagnostic problem, particularly with tumors of neuroendocrine origin, as these have similar cytologic features in various organs. The correct preoperative cytologic diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid tumor in patients without a prior history of cancer and differential diagnosis with MTC are crucial because prognosis, workup and treatment are different in each.     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of neuroendocrine breast carcinoma metastatic to the thyroid. A case report

BACKGROUND: Tumors showing neuroendocrine differentiation arise in a wide range of organs, and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors may be difficult to differentiate from primary tumors. This report describes an unusual case of metastatic breast carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that presented as a solitary thyroid nodule. The diagnosis was made by fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). CASE: A 52-year-old woman presented with a thyroid nodule and bilateral enlarged supraclavicular fossa lymph nodes. FNAB revealed a neuroendocrine carcinoma. Further questioning revealed that the patient had had a breast carcinoma resected eight years previously. The diagnosis of metastatic neuroendocrine breast carcinoma was established by immunocytochemistry. The patient received antiestrogen therapy but subsequently developed skeletal metastases. CONCLUSION: Neuroendocrine carcinomas from various sites show similar cytologic features. In this case, a diagnosis of breast carcinoma metastatic to the thyroid was suggested by the clinical history and confirmed by FNAB with immunocytochemistry.     

Value of aspiration cytology of the thyroid in metastatic disease

Metastases may simulate primary malignant tumors of the thyroid, causing problems in the diagnosis and management of patients with a history of cancer. In the seven-year period of July 1978 through June 1985, 8 of 549 needle aspirates of the thyroid contained metastatic tumor, 6 of which were subsequently confirmed by histologic study. The primary sites of origin were the breast, kidney, colon and stomach as well as lymphoma. The cytologic features observed in the aspiration biopsy material from the six cases were characteristic of each of the primary tumors. Three of the patients had had prior resections of carcinomas (breast, colon and stomach) while in three patients the cytologic diagnosis of the thyroid aspirates led to the discovery of the primary tumor (kidney and two lymphomas). One case of lymphoma/leukemia and one case of previously biopsied lung carcinoma were confirmed on clinical grounds. It is of critical importance that primary thyroid neoplasms occurring in patients known to have primary tumors elsewhere be distinguished from disseminated tumors involving the thyroid. Our experience suggests that fine needle aspiration is of considerable value in this differential diagnosis. Needle aspirates of the thyroid are also of value in leading to the diagnosis of unsuspected nonthyroidal primary cancer.