水稻化感作用研究综述

主要对水稻化感现象发现,化感生物检测,化感物质分离和鉴定,化感种质资源等方面的研究进展了系统的综合论述,在此基础上,进一步对化感作用研究中的主要问题,例如;生物检测手段,化感作用利用途径等进行了分析。并对我国的化感作用研究的存在问题及发展方向作出了论述。     

植物化感物质对种子萌发的影响

所有的化感物质都对一些植物的种子萌发产生影响.本文介绍了植物化感作用和化感物质的定义,化感物质的释放方式和种类,然后重点综述了化感物质影响种子萌发的作用机理、内外因素和生态学意义.化感物质通过影响细胞膜透性、细胞分裂生长和分化、呼吸作用、蛋白质合成、基因表达、激素合成和平衡,最终影响种子萌发.化感物质对种子萌发的影响与化感物质的种类、浓度、受体植物种类和环境条件等有关.     

泊洛沙姆（Poloxamer）在脂溶性化感物质生物检测中的应用

在脂溶性化感物质的生物检测中,常规方法是使用有机溶剂对化感物质进行助溶,此法本身会对受体植物产生为害,并且不能准确定量.本研究结合药剂学理论,将动物和细胞实验中常用的增溶剂泊洛沙姆(F-68)应用于脂溶性化感物质的生物检测,用泊洛沙姆对香草醛和阿魏酸两种化感物质进行增溶,以乙醇助溶为对照,比较两种方法的化感物质活性.结果表明,化感物质用泊洛沙姆增溶后,形成的溶液是一个稳定的体系,试验过程中浓度不会发生变化,可准确定量考察化感物质的活性,同时泊洛沙姆对受体植物不产生影响.乙醇助溶处理中,或由于乙醇不易完全挥发,因乙醇的存在而对受体植物产生影响,表现为化感物质活性的加强;或随乙醇的挥发,化感物质以晶体析出,表现为化感物质活性的减弱,不能准确定量考察化感物质的活性.     

植物化感作用(Allelopathy)及其作用物的研究方法

综述了植物化感作用室内培养和田间试验的研究方法,重点评述了化咸物质的提取、分离、纯化、鉴定和检测方法,并提出了进一步研究需关注的问题。     

有机酸类化感物质对甜瓜的化感效应

以甜瓜种质“新银辉”为材料,用苹果酸、柠檬酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸、水杨酸和香豆酸等7种有机酸类化感物质处理甜瓜种子和幼苗,探讨其对甜瓜的化感效应及作用机理.结果表明:苹果酸可以促进甜瓜种子发芽和幼苗胚根生长,抑制植株鲜重增加和胚轴生长;柠檬酸促进发芽,对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸抑制发芽,但三者均抑制胚根生长,且对鲜重和胚轴生长表现为低促高抑效应,高浓度肉桂酸对种子发芽和胚轴生长的抑制效应最强,可能是甜瓜重要的化感物质;阿魏酸和香豆酸对发芽表现为低促高抑效应,抑制鲜重、胚根和胚轴生长;水杨酸对发芽和胚轴生长表现为低促高抑效应、抑制鲜重和胚根生长.7种有机酸处理后过氧化物酶活性均增强,有机酸类物质对甜瓜的化感效应可能和其体内的过氧化氢水平有较高的相关性;苹果酸、肉桂酸、对羟基苯甲酸和水杨酸处理后甜瓜幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶的活性基本呈下降趋势,柠檬酸、阿魏酸和香豆酸则表现为低促高抑效应;过氧化物酶活性变化较复杂,但基本随处理浓度升高而上升;丙二醛含量大多低于对照.     

豚草的化感作用研究

本文研究了在我国东北地区广泛蔓延的菊科杂草－－豚草对大豆、玉米、小麦、水稻的化感作用,实验针对豚草的挥发物、茎叶和根的淋溶物、根区土壤水浸液等的化感活性进行了研究,研究发现豚草的挥发物对大豆和玉米的种子萌发有一定抑制作用,根区土壤对农作物无明显的作用;茎叶部分的水浸液对几种农作物的种子萌发和幼苗的幼根伸长有明显的抑制作用,同时使根系形态发生较大的变化,根系的水浸液对作物的幼芽伸长有一定的促进作用。     

葎草挥发性物质化感作用及其化感物质的分析研究

以小麦、生菜、萝卜、黄瓜4种作物为受体,检测了葎草[Humulus scandens（Lour.）Merr]挥发性物质的化感潜势,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其化感物质进行了初步鉴定.结果表明：新鲜葎草茎叶在密闭系统中释放的挥发性物质对4种受试植物幼苗的生长有极显著的抑制作用（P＜0.01）;用石油醚提取风干葎草茎叶,得到的挥发性物质在密闭系统中对4种受试植物幼苗的生长也具有极显著的抑制作用（P＜0.01）;提取物在2、5、10、20、40、100、200mg/mL等7个不同浓度下,对受试植物生长和种子萌发表现为＂低促高抑＂的化感潜势,且随提取液浓度增大抑制作用增强;GC-MS鉴定出26种有机化合物,主要包括脂肪酸、甾体、萜类及其含氧化合物,均属前人研究较多的生物活性物质.这些结论为利用野生葎草资源挥发物开发新型除草剂等提供依据.     

胜红蓟化感作用研究 Ⅸ.主要化感物质在土壤中的转化

在田间条件下,胜红蓟挥发油能抑制花生的出苗和生长发育,进一步用高效液相色谱（HPLC）研究证实;胜红蓟挥发油中的主要化感物质胜红蓟素在土壤中的转化与土壤的有机质和营养元素水平显著相关,在高有机质和营养元素水平的土壤中,胜红蓟素先聚合形成二聚体,26d后又解聚成胜红蓟素,然后逐步降解成苯甲酸类,2-甲基丙酸和乙酸等小分子,而在低有机质和营养元素水平的土壤中,胜红蓟素不经过二聚化过程,而是直接降解成小分子,经液质（LC/MS）和核磁共振（NMR）等技术分离鉴定了胜红蓟素二聚体的结构,生物测定表明：胜红蓟素二聚体对花生和黑牧草的生长没有抑制活性。     

地黄对芝麻的化感作用及其化感物质的分离鉴定

通过分离地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa)组织中抑制芝麻(Sesamum indicum)生长发育的化感物质, 以弄清地黄茬种植芝麻造成芝麻严重减产的原因。以芝麻为受体的生物测定为检测跟踪手段, 通过浸提、萃取、硅胶柱层析分离方法及气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)鉴定方法, 分离鉴定了地黄组织影响芝麻的化感物质。对地黄不同组织的浸提液进行的生物测定结果表明: 影响芝麻生长发育的化感物质在地黄叶中含量高。地黄叶浸提液的不同有机相萃取组分的生物测定结果表明: 乙酸乙酯相化感活性最强, 乙酯乙酯相通过硅胶柱层析分离获得的洗脱组分Fr7化感活性最强。通过GC-MS及验证试验证明: 地黄抑制芝麻生长的化感物质是月桂酸和2,6-二叔丁基苯酚。研究表明地黄他感作用与自毒作用的化感物质是不同的。     

豚草属植物的化感作用研究综述

豚草属植物的化感作用研究综述王大力（中国科学院生态环境研究中心北京１０００８５）ＲｅｖｉｅｗｏｆＡｌｌｅｌｏｐａｔｈｙＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＡｎｔｂｒｏｓｉａＧｅｎｕｓ￥ＷａｎｇＤａｌｉ（ＲｅｔｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｅｒＥｃｏ－Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ...     

植物化感物质活性变化及其作用机理研究进展

本文综述了化感物质活性的变化、变化的原因及其功能机理。化感物质活性在自然过程中,由于温度、光周期、水和土壤等的不同而变化,在功能过程中随其初始浓度、化合物结构和混合程度不同而变化,在植物体内由于组织器官和成熟程度不同而变化,而研究技术和操作过程也影响化感物质的活性。文章还讨论了未来化感作用研究的发展方向。未来化感作用研究将集焦于如下五方面(1)更有效地在实践中,特别是在农业生产过程中鉴定和提纯化感物质;(2)化感作用在分子结构水平的功能定位;(3)应用化感作用解释植物种间相互作用;(4)化感作用在植被演替过程中的驱动力作用;(5)化感作用在进化过程中的意义。     

植物化感物质活性变化及其作用机理研究进展

本文综述了化感物质活性的变化、变化的原因及其功能机理.化感物质活性在自然过程中,由于温度、光周期、水和土壤等的不同而变化,在功能过程中随其初始浓度、化合物结构和混合程度不同而变化,在植物体内由于组织器官和成熟程度不同而变化,而研究技术和操作过程也影响化感物质的活性.文章还讨论了未来化感作用研究的发展方向.未来化感作用研究将集焦于如下五方面:(1)更有效地在实践中,特别是在农业生产过程中鉴定和提纯化感物质;(2)化感作用在分子结构水平的功能定位;(3)应用化感作用解释植物种间相互作用;(4)化感作用在植被演替过程中的驱动力作用;(5)化感作用在进化过程中的意义.     

Allelochemicals of the tropical weed Sphenoclea zeylanica

Nine plant growth inhibitors were isolated from the tropical weed Sphenoclea zeylanica, which shows allelopathic properties. Those compounds hitherto not reported from any plant source were the isomers of cyclic thiosulfinate, (1S,3R,4R)-(+)- and (1R,3R,4R)-(+)-4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-1,2-dithiolane-1-oxides, and (2R,3R,4R)-(-)- and (2S,3R,4R)-(+)-4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-1,2-dithiolane-2-oxides. These were named zeylanoxide A, epi-zeylanoxide A, zeylanoxide B and epi-zeylanoxide B, respectively. The absolute configurations at C-3 and C-4 were elucidated by chemical synthesis of both enantiomers from L- and D-glucose. Two of the inhibitors were secologanic acid and secologanoside. and three other inhibitors were by known secoiridoid glucosides formed as artifacts during extraction with methanol. The cyclic thiosulfinates and secoiridoid glucosides completely inhibit the root growth of rice seedlings at 3.0 mM. While the specific activity of the inhibitors was not high, since they accumulated to circa 0.61% S. zelanica by dry weight, this suggests that the inhibitors are nervertheless potent allelochemicals in this weed.     

Physiological Conjunction of Allelochemicals and Desert Plants

Plants exchange signals with other physical and biological entities in their habitat, a form of communication termed allelopathy. The underlying principles of allelopathy and secondary-metabolite production are still poorly understood, especially in desert plants. The coordination and role of secondary metabolites were examined as a cause of allelopathy in plants thriving under arid and semiarid soil conditions. Desert plant species, Origanum dayi, Artemisia sieberi and Artemisia judaica from two different sources (cultivar cuttings and wild seeds) were studied in their natural habitats. Growth rate, relative water content, osmotic potential, photochemical efficiency, volatile composition and vital factors of allelopathy were analyzed at regular intervals along four seasons with winter showing optimum soil water content and summer showing water deficit conditions. A comprehensive analysis of the volatile composition of the leaves, ambient air and soil in the biological niche of the plants under study was carried out to determine the effects of soil water conditions and sample plants on the surrounding flora. Significant morpho-physiological changes were observed across the seasons and along different soil water content. Metabolic analysis showed that water deficit was the key for driving selective metabolomic shifts. A. judaica showed the least metabolic shifts, while A. sieberi showed the highest shifts. All the species exhibited high allelopathic effects; A. judaica displayed relatively higher growth-inhibition effects, while O. dayi showed comparatively higher germination-inhibition effects in germination assays. The current study may help in understanding plant behavior, mechanisms underlying secondary-metabolite production in water deficit conditions and metabolite-physiological interrelationship with allelopathy in desert plants, and can help cull economic benefits from the produced volatiles.     

Allelopathic Interactions and Allelochemicals: New Possibilities for Sustainable Weed Management

Weeds are known to cause enormous losses due to their interference in agroecosystems. Because of environmental and human health concerns, worldwide efforts are being made to reduce the heavy reliance on synthetic herbicides that are used to control weeds. In this regard the phenomenon of allelopathy, which is expressed through the release of chemicals by a plant, has been suggested to be one of the possible alternatives for achieving sustainable weed management. The use of allelopathy for controlling weeds could be either through directly utilizing natural allelopathic interactions, particularly of crop plants, or by using allelochemicals as natural herbicides. In the former case, a number of crop plants with allelopathic potential can be used as cover, smother, and green manure crops for managing weeds by making desired manipulations in the cultural practices and cropping patterns. These can be suitably rotated or intercropped with main crops to manage the target weeds (including parasitic ones) selectively. Even the crop mulch/residues can also give desirable benefits. Not only the terrestrial weeds, even allelopathy can be suitably manipulated for the management of aquatic weeds. The allelochemicals present in the higher plants as well as in the microbes can be directly used for weed management on the pattern of herbicides. Their bioefficacy can be enhanced by structural changes or the synthesis of chemical analogues based on them. Further, in order to enhance the potential of allelopathic crops, several improvements can be made with the use of biotechnology or genomics and proteomics. In this context either the production of allelochemicals can be enhanced or the transgenics with foreign genes encoding for a particular weed-suppressing allelochemical could be produced. In the former, both conventional breeding and molecular genetical techniques are useful. However, with conventional breeding being slow and difficult, more emphasis is laid on the use of modern techniques such as molecular markers and the selection aided by them. Although the progress in this regard is slow, nevertheless some promising results are coming and more are expected in future. This review attempts to discuss all these aspects of allelopathy for the sustainable management of weeds. Referee: Dr. Amrjits S. Basra, Central Plains Crop Technology, 5912 North Meridian Avenue, Wichita, KS 67204     

代谢组研究的生物信息学方法

代谢组是细胞新陈代谢过程中小分子代谢物的集合。新陈代谢为细胞提供生理活动必需的物质和能量。代谢组直接反映细胞的新陈代谢过程,对代谢组的研究体现细胞的功能。细胞功能的异常会导致代谢组的异常,因此通过代谢组数据即可分析出细胞的健康状况。对代谢组物质的提取鉴定过程和代谢组数据的分析方法,主要是对代谢组数据整理和代谢网络推断过程进行综述。     

A Discussion of Molecular Biology Methods for Protein Engineering

A number of molecular biology techniques are available to generate variants from a particular start gene for eventual protein expression. We discuss the basic principles of these methods in a repertoire that may be used to achieve the elemental steps in protein engineering. These include site-directed, deletion and insertion mutagenesis. We provide detailed case studies, drawn from our own experiences, packaged together with conceptual discussions and include an analysis of the techniques presented with regards to their uses in protein engineering.     

火麻仁脂溶性成分的GC-MS分析

采用索氏提取法提取火麻仁中脂溶性成分,进行甲酯化处理后用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分离和鉴定其组成和含量.共鉴定29种脂溶性成分,其中脂肪酸甲酯化产物占99.32%(其中饱和脂肪酸甲酯为12.36%,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯为86.96%),13种成分在火麻仁脂溶性成分的研究中未见报道.研究结果表明,火麻仁在食用、医疗保健等方面具有较大的应用潜力和开发前景.