广西大瑶山濒危物种金斑喙凤蝶(广西亚种)的形态学、生物学特征

金斑喙凤蝶Teinoplpus aureus Mell分布于亚洲东南部沿海地区,已报道有5个地理亚种。在世界保护协会(IUCN)2004年濒危物种红色名录中金斑喙凤蝶被列为DD(Data deficient)物种,在我国动物保护名录(1989)中在我国动物保护名录(1989)中被列为一级保护物种被列为一级保护物种。自从1923年以来,由于数据欠缺,尤其是生物学方面的数据,使得金斑喙凤蝶的研究工作一直难以深入开展,保护工作更是难以做到实处。作者于2003年3月至2005年11月在广西大瑶山开展了对金斑喙凤蝶(广西亚种)的自然形态学、生物学研究,通过野外实地观察、跟踪与记录等方法,结果首次揭示:在大瑶山金斑喙凤蝶1年发生2代,少数1年1代,以蛹越冬。成虫活动时间为每年的4月上旬至6月上旬和8月上旬至9月中旬,雌虫产卵方式为散产,通常为"一枝一叶一卵"式。已确认其寄主植物有两种:光叶拟单性木兰(Parakmeria nitida)与广东含笑(Michelia chapensis)。幼虫共5龄,老熟幼虫离开寄主植物,在林下层各类植物上化蛹。文章首次对金斑喙凤蝶物种在自然栖境中的形态学、生物学特征进行详尽描述。     

金斑喙凤蝶研究中存在的问题与展望

评论了国内外对金斑喙凤蝶Teinoplpus aureus Mell的研究现状,指出了该蝶在研究报导中存在该虫的生活史研究、如何确定该虫的寄主植物、依据雄蝶的飞翔状况是否能确定其已交配、猜测要符合昆虫学知识和认真查阅参考文献5个常识问题,以提高研究报告的真实性和科学性.金斑喙凤蝶属高海拨自然林中的树冠昆虫,不容易深入研究,因而对其生态学、生物学特性的了解甚少.面对研究巾遇到这一难题,必须应用生态学原理结合创新的思维和方法,突破该蝶饲养技术的难关,获得足够多的个体后,才能运用生命表方法进行保护生物学的研究,最终通过保护和人为增殖的手段,达到可持续性利用的目的.     

金斑喙凤蝶广西亚种的蛹及寄主植物的发现

描述了广西大瑶山金斑喙凤蝶广西亚种TeinopalpusaureusguangxiensisChouetZhou的蛹,并与分布于越南的斯金卡亚种T.aureusskinkaiiMorita的蛹的形态特征进行比较;根据挂蛹植物推断金斑喙凤蝶广西亚种的寄主植物为桂南木莲(ManglietiachingiiDandy)。     

珍稀濒危昆虫——中华虎凤蝶的生物学

中华虎凤蝶(Luehdorfia chinensis Leech)在杭州一年发生一代,以蛹越夏、越冬.1987—1989年,卵见于3月中旬至4月上、中旬,幼虫发生于4月上甸至5月中旬.在喂食25%蜂蜜水的条件下,雌、雄蝶寿命分别为12.9±5.82天和11.5±6.64天.卵2—35粒一堆,产在寄主叶背.卵期23.1±8.32天,卵发育起点温度7.68℃,有效积温111.40目度.幼虫期平均36.3天,全幼虫期取食叶面积25362.00±1820.68mm².蛹期307.5±4.65天.本文并就该蝶发生数量少的原因和应采取的保护措施作了简要讨论.     

抗洪保区谱新篇

蝴蝶,体态窈窕,艳丽多姿,自古受文人墨客的青睐。古人有“庄生晓梦迷蝴蝶”的诗句,表达了对彩蝶的依恋。蝴蝶一生经历卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫四个虫态,成虫羽化之后,成双成对在花丛草间翩翩飞舞,以其斑斓的色彩,点缀大自然,使自然界更加绚丽多彩。在数以千计的蝴蝶中,金斑喙凤蝶更显夺目耀眼,被人们誉为“蝶中仙子”。由于它们在自然界中极为稀少,被视为世界珍贵蝶种,国际濒危动物保护委员会把它列为K级或R级、中国列为一级保护动物。     

柑橘大实蝇初羽化成虫的取食选择性

【目的】探究柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax初羽化成虫的取食选择性。【方法】室内观察柑橘大实蝇初羽化成虫(1-7日龄)在水和蜂蜜之间、蜂蜜中添加蛋白前后、蜂蜜中添加防腐剂前后和成虫在不同生境中的蜂蜜之间以及保鲜剂在蜂蜜中添加前后的取食选择性差异。【结果】初羽化的柑橘大实蝇雌虫在2-3日龄、雄虫在3-4日龄,表现出对水的较高选择性。蛋白添加后比添加前的选择性显著降低。在不同生境的营养之间,雄虫对五倍子蜂蜜表现出显著高的选择性。另外,添加保鲜剂(山梨酸和尼泊金)后的选择性也显著降低。【结论】柑橘大实蝇羽化后1-7日日龄成虫对蜂蜜和水取食选择基本相同,蜂蜜中添加蛋白、防腐剂影响取食选择性,雄虫对不同生境中的蜂蜜更敏感。     

中华麝凤蝶生物学特性研究

以野外观察、实验地饲养等方法, 详细记述了中华麝凤蝶 Byasa confusa (Rothschild)各虫态的形态特征、生活史和习性等生物学特性。在南京地区该蝶1 年发生2 代, 幼虫5 龄, 以绵毛马兜铃Aristolochia mollissima 为食, 卵期8-10 d, 幼虫期23-29 d。老熟幼虫在枝条上化蛹。该蝶以蛹滞育越冬。第一代成虫发生高峰期为4 月中旬至5月中旬; 第二代成虫发生高峰期在7 月下旬到9 月上旬, 存在世代重叠现象。     

绿带翠凤蝶

绿带翠凤蝶 Papilio maackii,又称琉璃翠凤蝶 ,是一种翅展超过 10 0 mm的大型凤蝶科种类。由于翅表分布着艳丽的金绿色鳞片 ,使它成为北京比较华丽的蝶种 ,在我国分布于东北、河北及北京的山地。每年 4月时 ,春型的绿带翠凤蝶由越冬的蛹中羽化 ,婚飞交尾 ,并在黄檗这种寄主植物上产下蝶卵 ,孵化出黑色幼虫。随着龄期的增长 ,幼虫从黑色的毛虫变成酷似鸟粪的杂色 ;进入 4龄的幼虫不再保持黯淡的体色 ,而是变成翠绿的蠕虫 ,直至化蛹。绿带翠凤蝶幼虫头部拥有臭腺 ,当受到惊扰时 ,它们会扬起头部 ,迅速翻出一对长长的臭角 ,如图中头顶黄色呈“…     

柑橘凤蝶成虫虫体挥发物成分及触角电位反应研究

[目的]蝴蝶虫体的气味是识别同类和异性的重要信息来源.本研究通过分析柑橘凤蝶Papilio xuthus雌雄蝶羽化后挥发物的变化规律,并比较了未交配雌雄蝶对挥发物的触角电位(EAG)反应,为下一步探讨柑橘凤蝶求偶时嗅觉的利用提供依据.[方法]使用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)提取柑橘凤蝶挥发物,并通过气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析SPME提取物中的主要成分,采用触角电位仪(EAG)测定柑橘凤蝶Papilio xuthus对挥发物的触角电位反应.[结果]雌雄蝶羽化后共检测到14类挥发物,主要包括醇类和酯类,其中酯类、萜类在羽化后均有出现.交配时雌雄蝶均共有且含量较高的挥发物有2种(2-乙基己醇、2-乙基己基乙酸酯),交配时雄蝶特有挥发物仅1种(α-法呢烯),未检测到雌蝶特有的挥发物.柑橘凤蝶雌雄蝶从交配前到交配后,其体内的2-乙基己醇、2-乙基己基乙酸酯和α-法呢烯的含量都变化明显.在交配前及交配时2-乙基己醇和α-法呢烯含量增加,而2-乙基己基乙酸酯的含量减少,表明在交配时,可能有大量的2-乙基己醇、2-乙基己基乙酸酯和c-法呢烯释放到体外.并且未交配雌雄蝶对2-乙基己醇、2-乙基己基乙酸酯和c-法呢烯EAG反应均明显高于对照.[结论]根据雌雄蝶羽化后挥发物变化规律及触角电位试验初步检验,推测2-乙基己醇、2-乙基己基乙酸酯在柑橘凤蝶同种识别及同性识别中起作用,特有的挥发物α-法呢烯在柑橘凤蝶同种异性的识别中起作用.     

玉龙尾凤蝶的生物学特性初步研究

玉龙尾凤蝶Bhutanitis yulongensis Chou是我国珍稀濒危物种.详细描述了该虫各虫态形态特征、生活史和习性.在云南丽江玉龙雪山,该蝶1年1代,以蛹滞育越冬,人工饲养成虫4月中旬开始出现,野外5月初开始出现,幼虫5龄,以马兜铃科Aristolochiaceae的宝兴马兜铃(Aristolochia m...     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Semicircular canal system in early primates

Mammals with more rapid and agile locomotion have larger semicircular canals relative to body mass than species that move more slowly. Measurements of semicircular canals in extant mammals with known locomotor behaviours can provide a basis for testing hypotheses about locomotion in fossil primates that is independent of postcranial remains, and a means of reconstructing locomotor behaviour in species known only from cranial material. Semicircular canal radii were measured using ultra high resolution X-ray CT data for 9 stem primates (“plesiadapiforms”; n = 11), 7 adapoids (n = 12), 4 omomyoids (n = 5), and the possible omomyoid Rooneyia viejaensis (n = 1). These were compared with a modern sample (210 species including 91 primates) with known locomotor behaviours. The predicted locomotor agilities for extinct primates generally follow expectations based on known postcrania for those taxa. “Plesiadapiforms” and adapids have relatively small semicircular canals, suggesting they practiced less agile locomotion than other fossil primates in the sample, which is consistent with reconstructions of them as less specialized for leaping. The derived notharctid adapoids (excluding Cantius) and all omomyoids sampled have relatively larger semicircular canals, suggesting that they were more agile, with Microchoerus in particular being reconstructed as having had very jerky locomotion with relatively high magnitude accelerations of the head. Rooneyia viejaensis is reconstructed as having been similarly agile to omomyids and derived notharctid adapoids, which suggests that when postcranial material is found for this species it will exhibit features for some leaping behaviour, or for a locomotor mode requiring a similar degree of agility.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the genus Aeromonas

A broad multilocus phylogenetic analysis (MLPA) of the representative diversity of a genus offers the opportunity to incorporate concatenated inter-species phylogenies into bacterial systematics. Recent analyses based on single housekeeping genes have provided coherent phylogenies of Aeromonas. However, to date, a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis has never been tackled. In the present study, the intra- and inter-species phylogenetic relationships of 115 strains representing all Aeromonas species described to date were investigated by MLPA. The study included the independent analysis of seven single gene fragments (gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ, gyrA, dnaX, and atpD), and the tree resulting from the concatenated 4705 bp sequence. The phylogenies obtained were consistent with each other, and clustering agreed with the Aeromonas taxonomy recognized to date. The highest clustering robustness was found for the concatenated tree (i.e. all Aeromonas species split into 100% bootstrap clusters). Both possible chronometric distortions and poor resolution encountered when using single-gene analysis were buffered in the concatenated MLPA tree. However, reliable phylogenetic species delineation required an MLPA including several “bona fide” strains representing all described species.     

Bacterial flora in the alimentary tract of chickens infected with Eimeria brunetti and in chickens immunized with Eimeria maxima and cross-infected with Eimeria brunetti

Differential bacterial counts were made on the intestinal and caecal contents of chickens after inoculation with a standard dose of 320 000 freshly sporulated oocysts of Eimeria brunetti.