几种作物对六六六的吸收

本文研究的内容为作物对六六六的吸收及其运转。田间小区试验分别设在北京、山东和山西,每亩用0.5、1.5、2.5和3.5公斤6％的六六六,分别处理土壤。试验结果表明:作物对六六六的吸收量,取决于作物种类、土壤类型、农药的性质以及土壤中六六六的浓度。根据六六六的作物残留与土壤残留相关性分析,作物残留与土壤残留间呈正相关。在块根类作物中,胡萝卜吸收量最大,其次为马铃薯>花生>白薯,其它作物为大豆>谷子。胡萝卜对六六六的吸收量不仅比其他作物大,而且超出了土壤中六六六的残存量。因此,即使在六六六停用的情况下,六六六仍然有污染作物的可能。     

安徽农田表层土壤中有机氯农药的分布及其组成

以安徽省寿县等19个地区的农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)为对象,采用超声波提取,气相色谱法/电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)检测,分析了α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、op′-DDE、pp′-DDD、α-硫丹和百菌清等8种有机氯农药(OCPs)在农田表层土壤中的分布及组成特征.结果表明： 19个取样点中8种有机氯农药残留的总含量范围为ND～23.75 μg·kg^-1,其中PP′-DDD、γ-HCH为主要污染物,平均质量浓度分别为13.83和13.49 μg·kg^-1.与1990年的调查结果相比,六六六平均值含量呈明显下降趋势;与国内外土壤相比,安徽省农田表层土壤中的六六六(HCHs)处于中等偏高的水平.安徽省农田表层土壤中OCPs、HCHs和pp′-DDD平均浓度分别为48.58、28.64和13.83 μg·kg^-1,均未超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)的一级土壤质量标准(<50 μg·kg^-1),污染较轻.     

土壤理化特性对土壤六六六残留影响的初步研究

六六六是一种比较稳定的有机氯农药,施用后易残留于农田环境引起污染。由于土壤是一种有机无机的复合体,因此土壤中残留六六六除受自然条件中光、温度等因素的影响外,必定与土壤本身的理化性质有着密切的关系。为此,从农业生态的角度出发,我们于1982年选择了历年农田六六六用药量较高的太湖水稻地区(吴县、吴江县、无锡县、太仓县和昆山县),在15个有代表性的定位点上采集了黄泥土、青紫泥、沙底青泥土、乌栅土、竖头乌栅土、小粉白土、白底乌黄泥、乌沙土等8种不同类型的水稻土共66样次,研究土壤有     

废弃工业场地有机氯农药分布及生态风险评价

对典型废弃有机氯农药生产场地中土壤中六六六（α-,β-,γ-,δ-HCH）和滴滴涕（p,p’-DDT,p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDD,o,p’-DDT）的残留特征进行了分析。结果发现场地中六六六的残留水平为13.16～148.71mg/kg;滴滴涕残留水平为3.02～67.42mg/kg。表层土残留最大,随着土层加深,污染物残留逐渐下降。六六六的残留水平要高于滴滴涕。残留分析表明场地中有机氯农药有逐步降解的趋势,但是现有残留水平超出了国家的土壤质量二级标准。根据场地土地利用方向,运用CalTOX暴露模型结合Monte Carlo分析进行了健康风险评价,结果表明,健康风险主要来自于两种人体暴露途径：皮肤吸收和呼吸摄入,总的风险都超过了可接受风险水平（10^-6）,通过敏感性分析表明5个参数对于总的风险贡献较大。该研究对于有机氯农药场地土壤的风险管理提供了依据。     

气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用仪测定蔬果中38种农药残留及其在20种基质中的基质效应

建立了蔬果中38种农药残留检测的气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱联用（GC-MS/MS）方法,甲胺磷、δ-六六六回收率在79.8%~84.9%之间,另外36种农药回收率在96.4%~114.1%之间,RSD值在3.3%~9.3%之间。探讨了38种农药残留及其在20种蔬果产品中的基质效应,在GC-MS/MS上,主要表现为基质增强效应,随着化合物浓度增大,基质增强效应减弱。为保证检测结果的准确性,必须使用基质标样进行校正,当选取黄瓜或大白菜作为基质配制标样进行定量时,大部分农药在另外19种蔬果产品中的回收率能达到80%~130%之间。     

六六六在水环境中转移、积累和归趋研究——3.六六六在鱼体的积累释放

鳃是六六六进入鱼体的主要通道,鱼体的残留水平决定于水与体脂间的分配平衡。要使背肌六六六残留低于0.5毫克/公斤,则水中六六六含量要低于0.024毫克/升。鱼体六六六残留向水体释放的速度与温度有关,温度低,释放慢;当温度低于10℃时,释放的速度极慢以至难以检出。建议采用清水寄养的方法,让鱼体释放六六六,降低残毒,提高商品质量。这种方法估计也适用于其它脂溶性的与水分配系数不是太大的污染物。       

蚊虫的综合防治

防蚊灭蚊是防治或消灭蚊媒病的重要环节之一。从四十年代起,由于滴滴涕、六六六等一些高效杀虫剂的广泛应用以及杀虫剂使用方法和杀虫器械的改进进,蚊虫防治有了很大的发展,在蚊媒病的防治上起了重大作用。例如有些地区,采用滴滴涕、六六六以及其他杀虫剂作室内滞留喷洒,消灭或控制了疟疾的发生。于是在国外,化学     

中国第四纪冰期与陆生脊椎动物残留分布

在第四纪冰期中 ,中国东部地区是否发生过冰川 ,长期存在争议。中国东部地区冰川说的创始人李四光教授在提出该学说时 ,从古生物方面未得到冰期生物群的证据。现存生物种的地理残留现象可反映地质历史时期的气候变化。本文作者依据中国陆生脊椎动物的北方残留、热带 -亚热带残留、温带湿润带残留等现象 ,推断 :(1)在冰期的冷期中喜暖动物南迁时 ,中国东部地区是一避难地 ;(2 )在中国东部地区未见有典型冰川残留种的存在 ;(3)一些湿润种的间断残留分布与中国北方黄土及干旱气候的发展有密切的关系。此结论似不支持中国东部冰川说     

有机氯农药在东方白鹳和白鹤羽毛中的残留分析

2007年5月,采集合肥野生动物园采集东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)及白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)的胸部廓羽、飞羽及尾羽样品共51枚,用气相色谱法分别检测其中的op’-DDT、pp’-DDD、pp’-DDE、pp’-DDT、α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六及六氯苯9种有机氯农药的残留量。检测结果发现,pp’-DDD、pp’-DDE、pp’-DDT、β-六六六、δ-六六六5种有机氯农药在东方白鹳和白鹤羽毛中都有不同程度的检出,其中pp’-DDD的残留量最高,在东方白鹳的廓羽、飞羽和尾羽中的平均残留量分别达到0.8936、0.8353和0.7516μg/g干重,在白鹤的廓羽、飞羽和尾羽中的平均残留量分别达到0.5685、0.5077和0.4657μg/g干重;pp’-DDD和pp’-DDT在两种鸟胸部廓羽、飞羽及尾羽间的残留量无显著差异;pp’-DDD在东方白鹳飞羽和尾羽中的残留量显著高于白鹤。     

百合药材、种植土壤及灌溉水中农药及重金属残留分析

对湘产药食两用植物卷丹百合的鲜药、干燥药材、产地土壤及灌溉水的安全性进行评价。采用气相色谱法对总六六六、总滴滴涕、甲氰菊酯、毒死蜱、百菌清进行测定,并用AFS-AAS法测定As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr和Cu含量。结果显示,6个采样区的土壤、灌溉水中六六六、滴滴涕、甲氰菊酯、毒死蜱均未见残留,百菌清残留量为ND~0. 126 mg/kg;在百合鲜药、干燥药材中,六六六、滴滴涕、甲氰菊酯、毒死蜱、百菌清5种农药均未测出有残留,另除G-1、D-4样品中Cd残留量超标外,所有样品重金属均符合《植物和制剂对外贸易和贸易的绿色贸易标准》(WM/T2-2004)。根据污染指数评价,龙山具有优良的卷丹百合产地环境,适合生产符合现代质量要求的绿色百合。但研究发现百合对于土壤中镉的富集系数好,有必要加强百合主产区土壤改性进一步研究。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.