中国葡萄座腔菌属分类研究概况

葡萄座腔菌属Botryosphaeria及其无性型包括许多植物病原菌以及有经济价值的类群,是腔子囊菌的重要类群.简要回顾了我国该属真菌的分类研究历史,概述了近年来取得的相关研究进展,提供了中国已知种类检索表,展示建立在分类学基础上的分子系统学研究结果,即葡萄座腔菌属Botryosphaeria是多谱系的类群,可分为多个分支,各分支代表其不同的无性型类群.对开展该类真菌的物种多样性和分子系统学研究进行了展望.     

基于叶绿体rps16基因和核基因ITS片段研究肉苁蓉属系统位置

在前人对列当科系统发育研究的基础上,追加了肉苁蓉属(Cistanche)的基因序列数据,运用最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯推断方法探讨了其在列当科中的系统位置及列当科中属间关系.基于rps16基因序列及rps16+ ITS联合序列建立了列当科系统发育树,结果显示,肉苁蓉属、列当属(Orobanche)以及草苁蓉属(Boschniakia)聚在同一进化枝内,肉苁蓉属和列当属表现出最近亲缘关系;列当科中的全寄生类群、半寄生类群和非寄生类群分属在3个不同分支中.     

基于叶绿体rps16基因和核基因ITS片段研究肉苁蓉属系统位置

在前人对列当科系统发育研究的基础上,追加了肉苁蓉属(Cistanche)的基因序列数据,运用最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯推断方法探讨了其在列当科中的系统位置及列当科中属间关系。基于rps16基因序列及rps16+ITS联合序列建立了列当科系统发育树,结果显示,肉苁蓉属、列当属(Orobanche)以及草苁蓉属(Boschniakia)聚在同一进化枝内,肉苁蓉属和列当属表现出最近亲缘关系;列当科中的全寄生类群、半寄生类群和非寄生类群分属在3个不同分支中。     

葡萄座腔菌科研究进展——鉴定,系统发育学和分子生态学

葡萄座腔菌科（Botryosphaeriaceae）真菌是农业和林业上重要的病原菌、内生真菌或潜在的致病菌,主要引起树木溃疡病。这类真菌种类繁多,寄主范围广,广泛分布于全球,在生态系统中占有重要的地位。本文综述了近年来国内外在葡萄座腔菌科的分子生态学研究方面取得的新进展。简要介绍了葡萄座腔菌科真菌物种鉴定及其研究方法方面的发展,并列出了2006年以来发现的6个新属和38个新种;概述了该科各个种、属之间的系统发育关系以及科内区分的18个群。在真菌种群遗传结构及其与寄主关系方面,已有研究表明葡萄座腔菌科真菌大体可分为寄主专化型和广谱寄生型两种类型,并已经揭示了无性型为Diplodia,Lasiodiplodia和Dothiorella等部分种群的遗传结构及它们与寄主之间的联系。在种内遗传多样性和基因流动研究方面,展示了利用ISSR、SSR等分子标记方法取得的一些重要结果,有些种群（如Lasiodiplodia theobromae）没有寄主专化性,它们在不同寄主间表现出很强的基因流动,但在不同区域内的基因交流却很有限。文章最后讨论了该科分子生态学研究有待进一步解决的问题。     

中国慈姑属系统发育的研究

本文研究了中国慈姑属植物间的系统发育关系。选取了12个与该属系统发育有较重要关系的特征,将8个已知分类群与外类群刺果泽泻属进行了比较。应用数量分支分析的Farris-Wagner方法,建立了中国慈姑属系统发育分支图。讨论了各分类群间的系统发育关系、该属起源和数量分支分析方法等问题。     

基于rDNAITS序列分析Alternaria与相似属的关系及A.leucanthemi的分类地位

对Alternaria,Stemphylium,Ulocladium,Nimbya,Embellisia等五个形态相似属的代表性种进行了5.8S/ITS区段序列测定,连同从GenBank下载的相关有性型Pleospora,Lewia的同项资料,由Neighbor-joining方法构建系统发育树。序列对比结果显示,所有参试的菌株/种的5.8SrDNA序列保守程度较高,ITS序列变化较大,ITS1比ITS2变化更大。由5.8S/ITS构建的系统发育树可以足够将供试菌区分到属;系统发育树显示Alternaria,Ulocladium,Nimbya和Embellisia系统学关系较近,又存在一定的分化;Stemphylium聚在相对较远的分支上,与上述四属关系较远,相对独立进化;有性型的Pleospora与无性型的Stemphylium被聚到一个分支,这种不同阶段菌株在遗传基础上的一致,充分证明所用方法及所选测序的rDNA区段对本类群真菌的分类很有价值。Alternarialeucanthemi位于系统发育树的外侧,较为独立进化,与Alternaria的其它种亲缘关系较远,却与Stemphyliumspp.和Bipolarisspp.关系较近,对其目前的分类地位提出质疑。     

菌寄生真菌分子生物学研究进展

菌寄生真菌（mycoparasites）是一类具重要理论和应用价值的真菌．它们不仅对植物病害有防治潜力,而且对阐明生物间的寄生现象及信号传递有重要意义．近几年,菌寄生真菌的研究有较大进展,重点有两个方面。一个属理论研究领域,研究方向集中在菌寄生真菌与寄主真菌相互识别的分子机制;另一个属应用研究领域,集中在菌寄生真菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的调节、纯化、基因克隆以及外源细胞壁降解酶基因转人菌寄生真菌中等方面．本文论述如下．1菌寄生真菌与寄主真菌相互识别的分子机制生物间相互识别的分子基础是当今生命科学研究的热门,也是生…     

基于rDNAITS序列分析Alternaria与相似属的关系及A.leucanthemi的分类地位

对Alternaria,Stemphylium,Ulocladium,Nimbya,Embellisia等五个形态相似属的代表性种进行了5.8S/ITS区段序列测定,连同从GenBank下载的相关有性型Pleospora,Lewia的同项资料,由Neighbor-joining方法构建系统发育树。序列对比结果显示,所有参试的菌株/种的5.8SrDNA序列保守程度较高,ITS序列变化较大,ITS1比ITS2变化更大。由5.8S/ITS构建的系统发育树可以足够将供试菌区分到属;系统发育树显示Alternaria,Ulocladium,Nimbya和Embellisia系统学关系较近,又存在一定的分化;Stemphylium聚在相对较远的分支上,与上述四属关系较远,相对独立进化;有性型的Pleospora与无性型的Stemphylium被聚到一个分支,这种不同阶段菌株在遗传基础上的一致,充分证明所用方法及所选测序的rDNA区段对本类群真菌的分类很有价值。Alternarialeucanthemi位于系统发育树的外侧,较为独立进化,与Alternaria的其它种亲缘关系较远,却与Stemphyliumspp.和Bip…     

虫草属分子系统学研究现状

近年来的分子系统学研究结果表明 ,麦角菌目 (Clavicipitales)与肉座菌目 (Hypocreales)以及虫草属[Cordyceps(Fr.)Link]与麦角菌科 (Clavicipitaceae)内的有关种属关系密切 ,但虫草属为一多系群 ,其中只有新虫草亚属的种类形成单系群。虫草属种类的进化与寄主有一定的关系 ,有关研究显示它们在亲缘关系相差很大的寄主之间多次转移。多个独立的ITS序列研究表明 ,阔孢虫草 (CordycepscrassisporaM .Zangetal.)、甘肃虫草(CordycepsgansuensisK .Y .Zhangetal.)、多轴虫草 (CordycepsmultiaxialisM .Zang&Kinjo)、尼泊尔虫草 (CordycepsnepalensisM .Zang&Kinjo)与冬虫夏草 [Cordycepssinensis(Berk.)Sacc.]为同一物种 ;RAPD和ITS序列分析还显示不同地理分布的冬虫夏草存在明显的遗传分化。分子生物学方法在确定有性型与无性型的关系上已经为多种虫草菌提供了有力的证据。本文主要对虫草属分子系统学研究现状进行了综述 ,同时就分子生物学研究中的取样问题、一些分子方法的适用范围以及有性型与无性型的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

基于线粒体基因组的白甲鱼属分子系统发育学研究

从基本形态上分类, 白甲鱼属(Onychostoma)隶属鲤形目(Cypriniformes)、鲤科(Cyprinidae)、鲃亚科(Barbinae), 其中包含19个种。然而, 白甲鱼属内的分子系统发育学关系并不是很清楚。基于整个线粒体基因组序列, 以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)和倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus denticulatus)为外类群, 分析了8种白甲鱼属的分子系统发育学关系。结果表明, 白甲鱼属内的8个物种不是1个单类群, 其中包括3个分支: 多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)、小口白甲鱼(Onychostoma lini)、粗须白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatum)和台湾白甲鱼(Onychostoma barbatulum)为一个分支, 南方白甲鱼(Onychostoma gerlachi)和白甲鱼(Onychostoma simum)一个分支, 稀有白甲鱼(Onychostoma rara)和高身白甲鱼(Onychostoma alticorpus)为一个分支。研究结果和传统的形态学分类学结果大致一样, 均分为3个分支。研究使用线粒体全基因组进行白甲鱼属系统发育学研究, 为白甲鱼属的系统发育学填补相关方面空白。     

A spatialized digital database for all bird species in China

The lack of refined spatial detail on bird distribution in China has hindered further research due to the large geographic unit(provincial level) in existing national bird distribution data. Based on multi-source bird distribution data, we built a more spatially detailed distribution database for every bird species(1,371 species) in China, covering 2,908 counties. The sources on bird distribution are grouped into six categories: Handbooks, Literature; Fauna, Avifauna; Paper; Citizen Science data by ornithologists or birders; GPS tracing; and Website data. The database contains the following records: taxonomy, distribution data, suspicious species information, and data sources. Our database recorded 835 species(61%) appearing outside the distribution range previously known. The use of provincial boundaries as the smallest geographical unit has created misleading distribution results due to geographic aggregation for most species. The new database was built based on increased observational frequency and individuals observed in previously undetected areas particularly in Western China and towards higher altitudes and latitudes. They coincided with the discovery of the range expansion of some waterfowls into Xinjiang. The dataset provides a new base for Chinese and international ornithology studies, especially for those requiring more detailed distribution information for many taxa and large-scale regional research.     

具休眠体淡水水生生物分布假说的研究进展

淡水水生生物的分布模式一直是进化和生物地理学研究中的热点问题, 特别是对具休眠体水生生物的研究, 早在达尔文时代就开始探讨具休眠体淡水水生生物分布的原因。根据对文献的整理, 可以将具休眠体淡水水生生物分布模式归纳为三种假说: 随机分布(Everything is Everywhere, EIE)假说、独占(Monopolisation)假说和局域特有(Moderate Endemicity, ME)假说。通过对三种假说的定义, 研究进展和形成不同模式的原因等进行分析, 提出了在研究时需注意是否存在隐存种、季节变化引起基因型变化、研究区域是否覆盖了本物种的所有分布范围、地理环境及地质事件与分布模式之间的关系等问题, 以便更准确的研究具休眠体淡水水生生物分布模式。     

Combining environmental suitability and habitat connectivity to map rare or Data Deficient species in the Tropics

The IUCN Red List is a widely accepted system for classifying species’ risk of extinction, based on quantitative criteria. Although IUCN discourages the liberal use of the category “Data Deficient” (DD), most assessed groups have a large number of their species assigned to this category, especially in the Tropics. Therefore, DD species can introduce considerable uncertainty into estimates of proportions of threatened species, and research focused on elucidating the true status of those species should be a priority. Here we propose a simple method to gather information on geographic distribution and guide the search for new populations of rare, small-ranged, forest species, using the literature, online data, and standard GIS procedures. The method involves: (i) creating a geographic distribution model; (ii) selecting the environmentally suitable sites from that model; (iii) removing sites that have lost natural vegetation; and (iv) removing habitat networks that are too small and/or isolated, based on thresholds established from known occurrence records and the literature for ecologically similar species. As a case study, we use Lonchophylla peracchii, a recently described forest-dependent bat endemic to southeastern Brazil. We found that environmentally suitable sites for L. peracchii are already heavily deforested, confirming habitat loss as a major threat. Importantly, we identified five priority sites to search for the species outside of its currently known distribution. From that, we discuss its likely status based on IUCN's Criterion B2 (Extent of Occurrence). This method could be useful for other poorly known forest species, especially in the Tropics where most of these species are, and funding for research and fieldwork is scarcest. Currently there are 1910 terrestrial vertebrates in tropical forest worldwide classified as DD that could be evaluated using this method, provided that they have at least 5–10 occurrence records.     

Diversity and distribution of Collembola (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) of Brazil

Objectives of this study are to summarize the current state of knowledge of the diversity and distribution of Collembola in Brazil; to identify areas of most importance, interest, and need of additional research; and to enable development of experimental hypotheses for future research on Collembola in this region. The total number of collembolan species currently known from Brazil is 199, distributed among 19 families and 80 genera. The greatest numbers of species have been recorded from the states of Rio de Janeiro and Amazonas (with 69 and 56 species, respectively). Few or no species are known from most Brazilian states. Most of the species for which specific Brazilian environmental habitat information is available (93, 66%) are known only from forest environments. Most of the species (127, 64%) are known only from Brazil (most likely being endemic); 33 species (17%) are known only from Brazil and other neotropical areas; and 39 species (20%) have a distribution beyond the neotropical region. Results of this study indicate that much remains to be learned about the Brazilian collembolan fauna. This is especially true for areas of the northeastern, central-western, and southern regions. Studies to determine the species composition of collembolan communities in specific environments in Brazil are needed. The great diversity of Collembola species in Brazil is largely unknown and there are many opportunities for additional research on these environmentally important organisms in this area. Such additional research on the Collembola in Brazil is also essential for a better understanding of the neotropical (and world) collembolan fauna.     

REVIEW: The recent distribution of the European Maculinea species

The genus Maculinea is confined to the Palaearctic region. Four species occur from Central Europe to China and/or Japan, while M. rebeli is probably restricted to Europe. Although within many Western European countries the distribution of the species is well known, there are still many questions. The exact status of some of the species is still unclear and the amount of decline in this century is unknown. In Asia, especially within the nations of the former USSR, the distributions of species are even less well known and as a basis for good research and effective nature conservation, knowledge on these subjects is needed. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

城市化对植物多样性影响的研究进展

本文综述了城市化对植物多样性影响的研究进展。随着全球特别是发展中国家城市化水平的提高, 城市化对生物多样性的影响逐渐引起了人们的重视。城市化造成了本土植物物种的丢失和外来物种的增加。在空间分布上, 城市化还常使城区本土植物多样性沿着远郊农区－城郊－城区梯度性下降; 但是由于引进大量外来物种, 总体植物多样性反而升高, 沿着远郊农区－城郊－城区梯度性升高。城市化对植物种类组成也有很大影响,优势种在远郊农区、城郊和城区呈现不同。城市化对植物多样性影响的机制主要有人为引入外来物种、小生境改变以及景观格局的变化三个方面。以下四个研究方向将越来越重要: (1) 不同区域、不同方法、不同学科的系统整合研究;(2) 城市化扩张与植物多样性变化过程的定位监测研究; (3) 本土植物多样性丢失以及性状改变的内在机制研究, 特别是外来物种与本地物种的相互作用过程和机制的研究; (4) 城市植物多样性保护研究。     

乌头荠族的地理分布与系统

乌头荠族植物的地理分布表明,其基本上是１个北温带的族,该族植物有１４属,８个分布区类型,亚洲的中部及西北部一带,特别是伊朗－吐兰区的西北部,是其原始分布与分化的中心;欧洲中部;西北部及巴尔干半岛并散布到和北美洲的西北部是其次生的分布与分化中心。根据该族原始类群和生境的分布分析,推测以上地区有可能是这类植物的发源地。首次从环境气体的变化和该族形态特征演化探讨了现代分布格局的形成原因。     

变豆菜属分类、起源与进化研究进展

变豆菜属(Sanicula)是典型的东亚-北美间断分布属,属于北极-第三纪古老区系成分。目前全世界有40种,中国(17种,11个特有种)和美国(22种,13个特有种)是2个分布中心。近年来有关变豆菜属分子系统发育研究表明该属并非单系,不同学者采用了不同的属下分类标准,但属下分类系统和种间界限仍存在争议,特别是药用植物的种类较易混淆。变豆菜属的系统进化研究主要集中在北美Sanicora DC.组及夏威夷Sandwicensis Shan and Constance组的类群,缺少对中国特有种的研究,因此该属的系统位置、起源地、迁移、扩散模式和种间进化关系均不清楚。本文对变豆菜属的分类系统、分类方法、起源和进化的研究进展进行了综述,并提出存在的问题和解决方法。     

我国翼手类分子系统地理学研究进展

近25 年,分子系统地理学研究发展迅速,成为进化及生态学领域一研究热点。翼手目动物具有独特的表型特征和生态属性。对其开展分子系统地理学研究有助于揭示该类群种群遗传现状、地理分布格局及其形成过程。本文从研究种类、方法、内容及成果方面总结了我国翼手类分子系统地理学研究进展,并分析了今后应完善的方面。     

Protected areas and prime hoverfly areas: Safe haven for hoverflies or not?

The efficiency of protected areas (PAs) has often been questioned due to global decline of biodiversity. Invertebrates, especially insects, have been historically underrepresented in conservation studies. Our study focuses on hoverflies, an important group of insect pollinators and proven to be good bioindicators. Research was focused in Serbia, one of Europe's hotspots of hoverfly diversity, with a long tradition of hoverfly research, which provided sufficient information for achieving our aims: identifying areas of high hoverfly diversity, evaluating the efficiency of PAs and prime hoverfly areas (PHAs) in the conservation of hoverflies, determining how well they cover the distribution of hoverfly species, especially those of conservation concern, and testing the importance of the size of the area for conservation of hoverfly diversity. We applied weighting of the species to help stress the importance of species of conservation concern. The results indicated that PHAs cover the areas with high hoverfly diversity better than PA networks, especially when it comes to species of conservation concern. Generalized linear model results showed that the area size was a significant predictor of number of species in both PA and PHA. This indicates that area size is key when designating new areas important for conservation, but there are also other factors that need to be taken into account, such as habitat quality or suitability. Studies like this are useful in aiding designation of new areas important for conservation of certain species and in identifying sampling gaps, which could potentially aim future research in that direction.