黑颈长尾雉的巢址选择

2004年至2005年,在广西百色岑王老山自然保护区对黑颈长尾雉(Syrmaticus humiae)的巢址选择进行了研究。野外工作中共发现5巢,其中3巢在针叶林中,2巢在灌草丛中。结果表明,黑颈长尾雉的巢都是选择在向阳的东南坡且位于坡的下位,靠近林缘、水源和林间小道。对巢址10 m×10 m和1 m×1 m植被样方不同层次盖度作统计发现,黑颈长尾雉巢址选择更多的依赖于灌木层和草本层的盖度。     

基于红外相机技术和人工巢试验分析白冠长尾雉巢潜在捕食者

为了了解保护区内外的白冠长尾雉繁殖生态,2014年3—7月在河南董寨国家级自然保护区和保护区外湖北平靖关村利用人工巢试验(以鸡蛋为诱饵)、红外相机技术和栖息地样方调查搜集巢捕食信息,对其巢捕食率、巢潜在捕食者和影响巢捕食的栖息地因子进行研究.两轮试验分别为繁殖期前期3—4月和繁殖期中期5—6月.试验共放置巢149个,其中红外相机监测62个,累计相机日1315个,拍摄照片7776张,视频6950个.结果表明: 保护区外(平靖关)巢捕食率高于保护区内(董寨),繁殖期前期和繁殖期中期保护区内外差异均极显著.平靖关捕食者种类数(11和6种)在繁殖期前期和中期均高于董寨(7和5种),平靖关捕食者比例较高的是啮齿类和鸦科鸟类,董寨捕食比例较高的是貉.平靖关坡度和乔木盖度对巢捕食影响显著,而董寨的落叶盖度对其影响显著.在红外监测的人工巢中共发现野生白冠长尾雉访问人工巢13巢18次.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Elliot's pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti)

We isolated eight microsatellite loci from genomic DNA in Elliot's pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti using streptavidin‐coated magnetic beads. In the analyses of 53 individuals sampled, these loci displayed polymorphism varying from six to nine alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities ranging from 0.174 to 0.430. The results suggested that these novel microsatellite markers could become useful molecular tools for genetic studies of S. ellioti.     

旅游对鸡形目鸟类巢成功率的影响——基于人工巢试验

旅游快速发展对野生动物的繁衍和种群发展造成的影响不容忽视。鸡形目鸟类大多为地面营巢,易受人为活动的影响。为揭示旅游对鸡形目鸟类巢成功率的影响,于2018年3—5月在河南董寨国家级自然保护区采用地面人工巢进行了两轮模拟试验,分析了试验轮次、巢密度、代表旅游活动强度的客流量和车流量,及植被类型、海拔等栖息地影响因子对人工巢成功率的影响。结果显示:客流量和海拔在繁殖成功巢和失败巢之间均存在不同程度的差异,繁殖成功巢的客流量较大、海拔较小,且在客流量较大、海拔较小的区域中人工巢的表观存活率明显较高。其中客流量是影响巢成功率的主导因素。此外,第二轮试验人工巢表观存活率显著低于第一轮试验,捕食者组成在不同试验轮次上也存在明显的差异,第一轮试验主要是鸟类,第二轮试验则是哺乳动物。白颈鸦、貉和野猪在本研究中是对巢威胁最大的捕食者。结果表明旅游活动可能会影响鸡形目鸟类的繁殖。因此建议在开展旅游活动时应综合考虑该区域所分布的野生动物及优先保护政策,注意控制旅游活动强度,以免对野生动物造成不良影响,并加强栖息地的保护。     

白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区与栖息地利用研究

2001年和2002年冬季,利用无线电遥测技术在河南董寨国家级自然保护区内对白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticusreevesii)雄鸟的冬季活动区和栖息地利用进行了研究。对遥测位点超过30个的5只雄性个体的研究表明,白冠长尾雉雄鸟的冬季活动区面积为10.03±1.17hm2(最小凸多边形法,MCP)、8.60±0.35hm2(90%调和平均转换法,90%HMT)和9.50±1.90hm2(95%固定核法,95%FK),明显小于其繁殖期的活动区面积。核心区面积为1.88±0.37hm2。核心区的栖息地组成在个体间变化较大,但主要是针阔混交林、松林、杉木林和灌丛。在研究区尺度上,白冠长尾雉雄鸟对栖息地有明显的选择性,但在活动区内则是随机利用栖息地。乔木胸径、灌木高度、2.0m层盖度及灌丛与森林的距离对雄性白冠长尾雉冬季的栖息地选择有重要影响。根据本项研究结果,我们建议在白冠长尾雉的栖息地管理中首先应加强对现存栖息地的保护,同时应通过适当的造林来扩大栖息地面积,此外还要注意对大面积的现有灌丛进行改造。     

河南陕西两地白冠长尾雉的集群行为

20 0 1年 4月至 2 0 0 3年 6月 ,在河南董寨国家级自然保护区和陕西佛坪县瓦寨子对白冠长尾雉 (Syr maticusreevesii)的集群行为进行了研究。对 17只遥测个体的跟踪结果和 32 8次集群活动的野外记录分析表明 ,白冠长尾雉雌雄两性的集群方式有极显著的差异 ( χ2 =18 177,df=3,P =0 0 0 0 )。雄鸟有很强的领域性 ,优势个体全年以单独活动或双雄共同活动的方式占据稳定的活动区 ,很少与其他雄性个体集群 ;雌鸟有很强的集群倾向 ,除繁殖季节因孵卵、育雏而离开群体单独活动外 ,通常以 4～ 6只的群体游荡于雄性个体的活动区之间 ,与该活动区的雄鸟形成不稳定的混合群 ,偶尔与其他群体形成暂时性的、更大的混合群。两性集群方式的差异可能与其各自经受的捕食压力和交配竞争强度 (雄 >雌 )差异有关     

Phenolic metabolites of the bird's nest fungus Nidula niveo-tomentosa

The metabolites of the bird's nest fungus Nidula niveo-tomentosa have been examined. Niduloic acid (3-hydroxy-5-(p-hydroxyphenol) pentanoic acid) is a new natural product. 4-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol, trans-4-p-hydroxyphenylbut-3-en-2-one, 4-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol, 4-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, zingerone 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol are also metabolites of this fungus. An interesting reductive cyclization of zingerone, effected by iodotrimethylsilane, is reported.     

Seasonal variations in the energy budget of Elliot’s pheasant (Syrmaticus ellioti) in cage

This study aimed to discuss the energy budget of Elliot’s pheasant Syrmaticus ellioti in different seasons, with life and health, good growth and normal digestion of Elliot’s pheasant as the tested objects, The energy budget of Elliot’s pheasant was measured by daily collection of the trial pheasants’ excrement in the biological garden of Guangxi Normal University from March 2011 to February 2012. The results showed that the gross energy consumption, metabolic energy and excrement energy varied by season, increasing as temperature decreased. There was significant difference in gross energy consumption, metabolic energy, excrement energy between adults and nonages. There was also a trend that food digestibility of pheasants increases as temperature increases. In the same season, the food digestibility of adults was better than that of nonages. Throughout spring, summer, autumn and winter, the metabolic energy of 4-year adults were 305.77±13.40 kJ/d, 263.67±11.89 kJ/d, 357.23±25.49 kJ/d and 403.12±24.91 kJ/d, respectively, and the nonages were 284.86±17.22 kJ/d, 284. 66±15.16 kJ/d, 402. 26±31.46 kJ/d and 420. 30±31.98 kJ/d, respectively. The minimum metabolic energies were 247.65±21.81 g, 265.86±26.53 g, respectively for each group, detected between 4-year adults and 1-year nonages. Further study is needed to determine whether 29.6 C is the optimal temperature for the Elliot’s pheasant.     

基于红外相机技术的白冠长尾雉集群行为研究

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)生性机警,行为隐蔽,在野外研究其集群行为较为困难。红外相机技术为解决这一问题提供了有益的工具。为研究白冠长尾雉集群行为及其地理变异,采用红外相机技术在湖北广水平靖关村和河南董寨自然保护区两个地点对其集群行为进行了调查。依据前期无线电遥测的结果,在两个研究地点分别设置了1 km×1 km的样地,在样地中分别放置了25台红外相机进行监测,野外累计放置了12412个相机日,获得视频24374段,其中有白冠长尾雉的视频有1361段。以有集群行为的独立视频数量(m)与独立视频数量(M)的比表示集群率,以拍摄到的白冠长尾雉个体数量(n)与有集群行为的独立视频数量(m)的比代表集群强度。结果表明,平靖关和董寨两地均是数量为2只的群体占比最大,在平靖关和董寨分别占68.23%、72.79%,Pearson卡方检验的结果表明群体大小在两地之间无显著差异(Pearson χ~2=6.522,df=5,P=0.259),而集群方式在两地之间则差异显著(Pearson χ~2=46.415,df=4,P0.001),两地均以单性集群为主要集群方式。单因素方差分析结果表明,集群率在季节间差异不明显。Neu方法分析发现,在平靖关,白冠长尾雉对灌丛和竹林显著偏好,对针阔混交林、杉木林和乔灌丛显著回避;而在董寨,其对针阔混交林和针叶林明显偏好,对杉木林和阔叶林明显回避。     

人为干扰对白腹锦鸡活动节律的影响

人类足迹的扩张增加了人与野生动物的相互作用。理解自然保护地的濒危物种对人为干扰的响应有助于更好地保护濒危物种和指导保护管理。以往的研究表明野生动物在时空维度会对人类的干扰进行规避, 然而这类研究在野生雉类中还较少, 尤其是分布在人为干扰相对较强的中低海拔区域的雉类, 如白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)。2017年11月至2018年10月, 我们在中国西南部的一个亚热带森林保护区中使用红外相机陷阱技术对白腹锦鸡和人为干扰进行调查, 并研究了白腹锦鸡在时空维度对3种不同类型人为干扰(人类活动、放牧和家养动物活动)的响应及其季节变化。结果表明, 白腹锦鸡在空间维度并未对人为干扰进行规避, 而在非繁殖季节的活动节律上对人为干扰在时间维度上进行了规避。具体而言, 白腹锦鸡在全年和非繁殖季节的活动高峰集中在17:30-18:30, 明显避开中午的人类活动高峰; 而在繁殖季节, 白腹锦鸡活动水平明显提高, 和人为干扰的重叠度很高, 可能是由于求偶、占区等繁殖行为使得白腹锦鸡无法规避人为干扰。此外, 在人为干扰强度较高的位点, 白腹锦鸡倾向于通过改变其日活动节律, 将活动高峰期推迟至傍晚以降低与人为干扰的重叠度, 进一步说明白腹锦鸡可通过调节其自身的日活动节律从而避开高强度的人为干扰。由于白腹锦鸡地面营巢和春夏季繁殖, 自然保护区管理部门可通过管理人为活动, 尤其在繁殖季节通过控制放牧和猫狗的活动来帮助白腹锦鸡及其他地面营巢鸟类维持繁殖成功率。     

Effects of fire and grazing on grasshopper sparrow nest survival

Patch-burn grazing is a management framework designed to promote heterogeneity in grasslands, creating more diverse grassland structure to accommodate the habitat requirements of many grassland species, particularly grassland birds. Published studies on the effects of patch-burn grazing on passerines have been conducted on relatively large (430–980 ha pastures), contiguous grasslands, and only 1 of these studies has investigated the reproductive success of grassland birds. We assessed the effects of the patch-burn grazing and a more traditional treatment on the nesting ecology of grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) in small (<37 ha pastures) grasslands located in southern Iowa from May to August of 2008 and 2009. The study pastures were grazed from May to September and prescribed burns were conducted in the spring. We investigated the effects of treatments on clutch size and modeled grasshopper sparrow nest survival as a function of multiple biological and ecological factors. We found no difference in clutch size between treatments; however, we did find a reduction in clutch size for nests that were parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Constant daily survival rates were greater in patch-burn grazed pastures than in grazed-and-burned pastures (patch-burn grazed rate and grazed-and-burned rate ). Competitive survival models included year, stage of nest, nest age, and cool-season grass (csg) abundance within 5 m of the nest. Overall, csg abundance had the greatest effect on survival and had a negative influence. Although survival rates were highest in patch-burn grazed pastures, multiple factors influenced grasshopper sparrow survival. Nest survival rates for both treatments were relatively low, and variables other than treatment were more instrumental in predicting grasshopper sparrow survival. We recommend decreasing overall vegetation cover if increasing nesting habitat for grasshopper sparrows is a management goal. In addition, we recommend further investigation of heterogeneity management in fragmented landscapes to better understand how it affects biodiversity in relatively small management units that typify grassland habitats in the Midwest. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Characterization of Polar and Non‐Polar Compounds of House Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) from Johor,Malaysia

This work investigated the polar (PC: protein, amino acid and metabolite) and non‐polar (NPC: fatty acid) compounds and bioactivity characteristics of the EBN harvested from the state of Johor in Malaysia. The electrophoretic gels exhibited 15 protein bands (16–173 kD) with unique protein profile. Amino acids analysis by AccQ?Tag method revealed 18 types of amino acids in EBN. Metabolite profiling was performed using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometer (HPLC‐QTOF/MS) technique and a total of 54 compounds belonging to different groups were detected and identified. These findings help to uncover the relation of therapeutic activity of EBN. The EBN was further extracted with AcOEt and BuOH. The AcOEt extract was fractionated into three fractions (F₁?F₃), and the high triglyceride content in F₂ was verified by gC‐FID. The three groups of fatty acids discovered in EBN are 48.43 % of poly‐unsaturated (PUFA), 25.35 % of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and 24.74 % of mono‐unsaturated fat (MUFA). This is the first time to report results ofEBN, BuOH, and AcOEt extracts and of fraction F₂ (TEBN) on their analysis for their antioxidant activities by DPPH, ABTS and catalase assay and for their paraoxonase and anti‐tyrosinase activities. The results showed that TEBN exhibited the significant bioactivity in all assays. These findings suggest that TEBN is a good source for natural bioactive compounds in promoting body vigor. Current work widened the content of EBN especially on the triglyceride and also marked the content of specific location (Johor, Malaysia) of EBN origin.     

海南文昌昌洒荒坡地生境中蜡皮蜥繁殖期家域

为掌握蜡皮蜥(Leiolepis reevesii)繁殖期家域大小、家域内是否存在核域,以及家域与核域的重叠程度,分别于2010年和2011年的3月至5月在海南文昌荒坡地生境中,应用无线电遥测技术对蜡皮蜥家域进行了研究,采用最小凸多边形、固定核域、线家域等方法分析了13只个体(10雄3雌)的家域、核域及其重叠度。雄性最小凸多边形(100%MCP)家域面积为(14 091.6±5 718.0)m2,显著大于雌性的(253.3±106.5)m2(t=4.064,df=11,P=0.002);雄性95%固定核域(FK)和75%FK面积为(10 707.8±2 388.5)m2和(3 282.7±1 022.8)m2,分别显著大于雌性的(379.1±74.1)m2(t=7.262,df=11,P0.001)和(172.1±37.9)m2(t=5.107,df=11,P0.001);雄性线家域为(205.8±52.5)m,显著大于雌性的(25.0±2.0)m(t=5.781,df=11,P=0.034);分析遥测个体位点利用方式,蜡皮蜥个体家域内核域明显,雄性核域为(1 380.5±429.1)m2,显著大于雌性的(80.2±18.5)m2(t=5.088,df=11,P0.001),且雄性核域占100%最小凸多边形家域面积的比例为10.9%±3.9%,显著低于雌性的33.3%±6.1%(t=﹣7.834,df=11,P0.001);雄性100%MCP面积不仅与头体长(SVL)之间线性相关显著(n=10,r=0.815,P=0.004),而且与体重(BM)之间也具有明显的线性相关(n=10,r=0.683,P=0.029);个体之间具有家域和核域重叠,雄性个体之间100%MCP家域重叠指数为0.26±0.17,显著低于雌性的0.66±0.02(t=﹣3.372,df=34,P=0.002),而雄性核域重叠面积占核域比例为2.50%±1.70%、重叠指数为0.02±0.02,雌性比例为0.34%±0.01%、重叠指数为0.01,表明蜡皮蜥具有明显的领域性,且雌性在繁殖季节其领域性明显高于雄性。     

Effects of parents and Brown‐headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) on nest predation risk for a songbird

Nest predation limits avian fitness, so ornithologists study nest predation, but they often only document patterns of predation rates without substantively investigating underlying mechanisms. Parental behavior and predator ecology are two fundamental drivers of predation rates and patterns, but the role of parents is less certain, particularly for songbirds. Previous work reproduced microhabitat‐predation patterns experienced by Yellow Warblers (Setophaga petechia) in the Mono Lake basin at experimental nests without parents, suggesting that these patterns were driven by predator ecology rather than predator interactions with parents. In this study, we further explored effects of post‐initiation parental behavior (nest defense and attendance) on predation risk by comparing natural versus experimental patterns related to territory density, seasonal timing of nest initiation, and nest age. Rates of parasitism by Brown‐headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were high in this system (49% nests parasitized), so we also examined parasitism‐predation relationships. Natural nest predation rates (NPR) correlated negatively with breeding territory density and nonlinearly (U‐shaped relationship) with nest‐initiation timing, but experimental nests recorded no such patterns. After adjusting natural‐nest data to control for these differences from experimental nests other than the presence of parents (e.g., defining nest failure similarly and excluding nestling‐period data), we obtained similar results. Thus, parents were necessary to produce observed patterns. Lower natural NPR compared with experimental NPR suggested that parents reduced predation rates via nest defense, so this parental behavior or its consequences were likely correlated with density or seasonal timing. In contrast, daily predation rates decreased with nest age for both nest types, indicating this pattern did not involve parents. Parasitized nests suffered higher rates of partial predation but lower rates of complete predation, suggesting direct predation by cowbirds. Explicit behavioral research on parents, predators (including cowbirds), and their interactions would further illuminate mechanisms underlying the density, seasonal, and nest age patterns we observed.     

苜蓿品种(系)对苜蓿斑蚜存活率和生殖力的影响

在田间抗蚜性鉴定的基础上,在室内25℃条件下,选用4个抗蚜性不同的苜蓿品种(系),测定了不同苜蓿品种(系)上苜蓿斑蚜Therioaphis maculate (Buckton)若虫存活率及生殖力的影响。结果表明: 苜蓿斑蚜在不同苜蓿品种（系）3、6叶期及成株期的存活率均以HA-3上最低,分别为8.00％±1.15％,21.27％±7.40％,17.07％±3.03％;Hu上最高,分别为25.63％±3.68％,42.27％±2.76％,55.10％±0.19％;且苗期显著低于成株期。以若虫存活率和内禀增长率作为测定抗生性的指标,供试品种(系)对苜蓿斑蚜抗生性的大小依次为HA-3>G3>JH>Hu,与田间抗性鉴定结果基本相近。     

Edible bird’s nest protects histomorphology of rat’s uterus against cadmium (Cd) toxicity through a reduction of Cd deposition and enhanced antioxidant activity

Cadmium (Cd) is often associated with reproductive disorders of mammals. Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a natural food product made of swiftlet''s salivary secretion used to make their nests and it has been consumed as a tonic food for decades. This research aimed to study the protective effects of EBN against Cd-induced uterine toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Thirty (30) female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned into five groups as follows: group 1- negative control (NC) received distilled water; group 2 - positive control (PC) administered with CdCl₂, 5 mg/kg BW; while groups EBN-1, EBN-2, and EBN-3 received CdCl₂ (5 mg/kg BW) plus graded concentrations of 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg BW of EBN, respectively. After four weeks of daily oral treatment, rats were euthanized to collect the uterus for evluations of histopathological changes, Cd concentrations and Metallothionein (MT) expressions using H&E stain, inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Blood samples were collected for superoxide dismutase (SOD) analysis using SOD assay kit. Results revealed that the CdCl₂ without EBN supplement (PC) group had elevated levels of Cd in the uterus along with increased MT expressions and decreased SOD enzyme activity as compared to the NC group. Moreover, uterine histopathological changes, including glandular cysts and loss of normal structure of luminal epithelium (LE) and glandular epithelium (GE) were found in the PC group. Interestingly, groups treated with CdCl₂ along with EBN (EBN1, EBN2, EBN3) showed lower levels of uterine tissue Cd deposition and MT expression, lower degenerative changes with normal histomorphology of glands, and increased SOD activity as compared to the PC group. Overall, the findings revealed that oral exposure to Cd at a dose of 5 mg/kg BW resulted in significant alterations in the rat''s uterus. However, the toxicity effect was averted by EBN treatment in a dose dependant manner; highest protection achieved with EBN 120 mg/kg BW, through a possible detoxification mechanism and prevention of Cd deposition.     

基于高通量测序的达氏鲟微卫星标记筛选

达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)是我国特有的珍稀鱼类,主要分布在长江上游干支流。由于人类活动的影响,其种群数量急剧下降,被列为国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物、IUCN红色名录极危(CR)物种。本研究针对当前达氏鲟群体的濒危现状,应用微卫星标记开展达氏鲟保护遗传学研究。通过高通量测序成功筛选出25个微卫星位点,采用18尾野生个体和30尾人工繁殖个体对其多样性进行了检验,结果表明,25个位点共检测出181个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数(A)为4~11(平均值7.2),观测杂合度(HO)为0.160~1.000(平均值0.744),期望杂合度(HE)为0.346~0.875(平均值0.727)。所有位点均不偏离"Hardy-Weinberg"平衡(P0.05),各位点间也无连锁不平衡现象。除了其中一个位点以外,所有位点的多态信息含量(PIC)均大于0.5,其多态性较好。本次筛选的微卫星位点将有助于达氏鲟资源保护和群体遗传研究。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的羽化率及死亡率与储存温度的拟合关系

本文通过室内模拟低温,研究了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂雌成蜂、9日龄蛹的致死中温度和线性拟合。结果表明,在不同温度下雌蜂的砜分别为4℃下6．6149天,7℃下8．1235天,100℃下9．6161天,13℃下5．0257天,且在所有温度下都有死亡率陡升过程。9日龄蛹在不同温度下的LT50分别为4℃下8．4172天,7℃下8．1235天,10℃下13．9949天,13℃下18．4107天;同一温度下的蛹羽化率与保存天数的关系适宜用二次方程拟合。研究认为蛹的耐寒性强于雌成蜂,可以作为低温保存的虫态。