太平鸟和灰头鹀的代谢产热特征及体温调节

采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪,测定了在环境温度5、10、15、16、18、20、22、25、26、28和30℃时,捕自黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市的太平鸟(Bombycillagarrulus,1♀、7♂)和灰头(Emberizaspodocephala,8♂)的代谢率(MR),计算每个温度点的热传导(C)、MR和C的体重预期值。结果显示:在环境温度(Ta)为5~30℃时,太平鸟的体温(Tb)基本维持恒定,平均Tb为(38·20±0·05)℃;热中性区(TNZ)为18~27℃,基础代谢率(BMR)为(2·33±0·47)mLO2/(g·h);Ta在5~18℃,MR与Ta呈负相关,回归方程为:MR=5·46(±0·19)-0·17(±0·01)Ta;Ta在5~22℃,C最低且基本保持恒定,平均为(0·13±0·00)mLO2/(g·h·℃)。5~30℃时,灰头Tb也基本维持恒定,平均Tb为(38·25±0·05)℃;TNZ为20~26℃,BMR为(4·75±0·18)mLO2/(g·h),最低C为(0·26±0·00)mLO2/(g·h·℃);在5~20℃时,MR与Ta的回归方程为:MR=9·54(±0·52)-0·23(±0·03)Ta。两种鸟具有BMR和Tb较高、下临界温度较低和TNZ较宽、热传导稍高的北方地区小型鸟类的代谢特点,通过自身的物理和化学调节(代谢产热)以更好地适应其生存环境。     

东北地区黑线仓鼠的代谢产热特征及其体温调节

为探讨寒冷地区黑线仓鼠 (Cricetulusbarabensis)的代谢产热特征及体温调节 ,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪对其代谢率、热传导和体温等热生物学指标进行了测定。结果显示 :在环境温度为 5～ 35℃的范围内 ,黑线仓鼠的体温基本维持恒定 ,平均体温为 36 33± 0 2 3℃ ;热中性区为 2 5～ 32 5℃ ;基础代谢率为 3 4 9±0 36mlO2 / (g·h) ;环境温度 (Ta)在 5～ 2 5℃范围内 ,代谢率 (MR)与Ta 呈负相关 ,回归方程为 :MR [mlO2 / (g·h) ]=9 6 0 - 0 2 2Ta (℃ ) ,在此范围内 ,黑线仓鼠的热传导率 (C)最低 ,平均为 0 2 8± 0 0 1mlO2 /(g·h·℃ ) ;代谢预期比和热传导预期比 (F值 )为 1 6 8。黑线仓鼠的基本热生物学特征为 :较高的BMR和热传导率 ,相对较低的体温和较宽的热中性区。这些特征可能限制了其在极端寒冷和干旱环境中的分布和生存.     

温州地区冬季北红尾鸲的代谢特征及体温调节

为探讨北方迁徙性鸟类北红尾鸲(Phoenicurus auroreus)在越冬环境的代谢特征及体温调节,本文采用开放式氧气分析仪和数字式温度测量仪测定了在环境温度(Ta) 5、10、15、20、25、27.5、30、32.5、35、37.5、40℃条件下的代谢率(MR)和体温(Tb),并计算不同温度的热传导(C)。结果表明:在Ta为5~35℃范围内,北红尾鸲的Tb基本维持恒定,平均为40.3±0.1℃;热中性区(TNZ)为25~35℃;基础代谢率(BMR)为50.25±1.35 mL O2·h^-1,是Londo1o等(2015)体重预期值的151%;在Ta为5~25℃范围内,MR随Ta的降低而显著增加,回归方程为:MR (m L O2·h^-1)=99.65-1.93Ta(r=-0.707,P<0.001);高于35℃时,MR随Ta升高增加;当Ta为40℃时,MR达到59.78±1.31 mL O2·h^-1;在Ta为5~25℃范围内,北红尾鸲的C最低且基本保持恒定,为0.17±0.01 mL O2·g^-1·h^-1·℃^-1,是Aschoff(1981)体重预测值的111%;北红尾鸲的基本热生物学特征为较高的Tb、BMR和C以及较宽的TNZ,具有北方地区小型鸟类的代谢特点。     

八哥的代谢产热特征及体温调节

采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计和数字式温度计,在环境温度(Ta)5.0～37.5℃范围内,测定了成体八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)的代谢率(MR)和体温(Tb),并计算出每个温度点的热传导(C),以及MR和C的体重预期值等指标,探讨其代谢产热特征。在Ta为5.0～37.5℃时,八哥的体温基本维持恒定,平均为(41.4±0.1)℃,热中性区(TNZ)为25.0～32.5℃,基础代谢率(BMR)为(125.33±2.08)ml O2/h,是体重预期值的60%;Ta在5.0～25.0℃范围内,MR[ml O2/h]与Ta(℃)呈负相关,回归方程为:MR=365.30-10.07Ta;Ta在10.0～25.0℃时,C最低且基本恒定,平均为(0.06±0.00)ml O2/(g.h.℃),是体重预期值的100%。八哥具有较低的基础代谢率,相对较高的热传导和体温,符合南方小型鸟类的代谢特征。     

黑腹绒鼠的代谢产热特征及其体温调节

为探讨东洋界华中区黑腹绒鼠的代谢产热特征及体温调节,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪对其代谢率、热传导和体温等热生物学指标进行了测定.结果显示:在环境温度为5～25℃的范围内,黑腹绒鼠的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为36.5±0.1℃;热中性区为25～30℃;基础代谢率为2.99±0.09 ml O2/(g·h);环境温度(Ta)在5～25℃范围内,代谢率(MR)与Ta呈负相关,回归方程为:MR[ ml O2/(g·h)]= 6.56-0.16 Ta(℃),在此范围内,黑腹绒鼠的热传导率C最低,平均为0.26±0.01 ml O2/(g·h·℃).黑腹绒鼠的基本热生物学特征为:较高的BMR、热传导率和体温以及较宽的热中性区.     

Metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in the silky starling(Sturnus sericeus)

To better understand the physiological characteristics of the silky starling(Sturnus sericeus), its body temperature(Tb), basal metabolic rate(BMR), evaporative water loss(EWL) and thermal conductance(C) elicited by different ambient temperatures(Ta)(5-30 °C) were determined in the present study. Our results showed that they have a high Tb(41.6±0.1 °C), a wide thermal neutral zone(TNZ)(20-27.5 °C) and a relatively low BMR within the TNZ(3.37±0.17 mL O2/g·h). The EWL was nearly stable below the TNZ(0.91±0.07 mg H2O/g·h) but increased remarkably within and above the TNZ. The C was constant below the TNZ, with a minimum value of 0.14±0.01 mL O2/g·h·°C. These findings indicate that the BMR, Tb and EWL of the silky starling were all affected by Ta, especially when Ta was below 20 °C and the EWL plays an important role in thermal regulation.     

珠颈斑鸠的代谢产热特征

采用封闭式氧气流体压力呼吸仪和数字式温度计,测定在环境温度(Ta)为0℃、6.5℃、10.5℃、16.5℃、20℃、22.5℃、25℃、27.5℃和30℃时珠颈斑鸠(Streptopelia chinesis)的代谢率(MR)和体温(Tb),由此计算出每个温度点的热传导(C)以及MR和C的体质量预期值等指标,探讨其代谢产热特征。结果表明:在Ta为0℃～30℃时,珠颈斑鸠的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为(40.7±0.1)℃,热中性区(TNZ)为22.5～27.5℃,基础代谢率为(160.48±6.05)mlO2.h-1,是体质量预期值的65%;Ta在0℃～25℃范围内,热传导值最低且基本保持恒定,平均为(0.07±0.01)mlO2.g-1.h-1.℃-1,是体质量预期值的122%。珠颈斑鸠具有较低的MR,较高的C和Tb,能较好地适应南方较热的气候环境。     

棕眉山岩鹨的代谢产热特征的初步研究

实验采用封闭式流体压力呼吸计和数字式温度计 ,分别测定了环境温度 (Ta)在 5～ 35℃范围内棕眉山岩鹨 (Prunellamontanella)的耗氧量和体温 (Tb) ,由此计算出代谢率 (MR)、热传导率 (C)和代谢预期比与热传导预期比 (F)等值 ,以探讨该种的代谢产热特征。结果表明 :棕眉山岩鹨在Ta 为 5～ 35℃时 ,Tb 基本维持恒定 (为 4 1 2 5± 0 12℃ ) ,MR的最低值为 4 2 7± 0 0 7mLO2 /(g·h) ;Ta 在 5～ 2 4℃时 ,MR与之负相关 :MR [mLO2 /(g·h) ]=10 39- 0 2 4Ta℃ ;Ta 在 5～ 2 6 5℃时 ,C最低且基本保持恒定 ,平均为 0 2 6±0 0 0mLO2 /(g·h·℃ ) ;Ta 在 2 4～ 30℃时 ,F值为 1 0 5 ,表明该种具有较好的体温调节能力。与热带地区鸟类比较 ,棕眉山岩鹨具较高的MR和Tb,稍高的C ,符合北方小型鸟类的代谢特点 ,能较好的适应冬寒冷、夏炎热的环境。     

华北农田大仓鼠的能量代谢特征及其体温调节

利用封闭式流体压力呼吸计 ,测定了华北农田主要害鼠大仓鼠 (CricetulustritondeWinton)在 5～36℃范围内的能量代谢特征。结果表明 :在 5～ 31℃范围内 ,大仓鼠的体温基本维持恒定 ,平均体温为 (36 7±0 1)℃ ;热中性区为 2 9～ 34℃ ;基础代谢率 (BMR)为 (1 2 3± 0 0 2 )mLO2 /(g·h)。在 5～ 15℃范围内 ,热传导率维持恒定 ,平均为 (0 12± 0 0 0 )mLO2 /(g·h·℃ )。大仓鼠的能量代谢特征是 :在总兽类中 ,高于期望值 ;在啮齿动物中 ,低于期望值 ;在仓鼠亚科动物中 ,稍高于期望值 ;从食性上看 ,高于食种子类的期望值 ,而与食草类的期望值相似 ;体温稍低 ;热传导较高 ;这些特征与该物种夜行性、主要以作物的种子为食、独居和穴居等生活习性密切相关。结合大仓鼠在我国主要分布于长江以北 ,但在极端干旱和高寒地区则没有分布的特点 ,提出了生理生态特征可能是限制大仓鼠地理分布的重要因素的观点。     

北小麝鼩的代谢产热和体温调节特征

为探讨食虫目小型哺乳动物的代谢产热和体温调节特征,本文采用封闭式流体压力呼吸仪测定了北小麝鼩在环境温度5 ～ 30℃下的静止代谢率(RMR),结果显示:在环境温度(Ta)为17 5 ～25℃ 的范围内,北小麝鼩的体温基本维持恒定,平均体温为36.55 ± 0.38℃ ;热中性区(TNZ) 为20 ～ 25℃ ;基础代谢率BMR 为5.46 ±0.23 (mLO₂ /g· h),其中环境温度在25℃ 时静止代谢率最低,为4.84 ± 0.39 (mLO₂ /g· h)。在5 ～ 25℃环境温度范围内,热传导值保持稳定;在此温度范围内,北小麝鼩的热传导率(C) 最低,平均为0.42 ± 0.01mLO₂ / (g·h·℃ )。总之,北小麝鼩的产热和体温调节特征为较高的BMR,中等的热传导率,较低的体温和较宽的热中性区。这些特征可能与该物种体型小、夜行性、主要以无脊椎动物为食等生活习性密切相关。     

Copper (II) and cobalt (II) complexes of chiral tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (TTF-OX) and tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyl-oxazoline (TTF-SMe-OX) derivatives

Synthesis and single crystal X-ray structures of the first paramagnetic transition metal complexes containing chiral ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-oxazoline (EDT-TTF-OX) 1a-c and ethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene-thiomethyloxazoline 2 (EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX) ligands based on copper (II) and cobalt (II) are described. The racemic [EDT-TTF-OX][Cu(hfac)₂] complex 3a crystallizes in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group , whereas the enantiopure counterparts 3b-c crystallize in the triclinic non-centrosymmetric space group P1. Cu(II) adopts a distorted square pyramidal coordination geometry, a much weaker Cu?S_TTF interaction also being identified. The same coordination pattern around Cu(II) is observed in the complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Cu(hfac)₂] (4) in spite of the bidentate nature of the redox active ligand. DFT theoretical calculations afforded two equilibrium configurations for a corresponding model complex, in which the metal centre establishes secondary coordination either with one S_TTF or with the SMe group. The same ligand coordinates the cobalt (II) to afford the octahedral complex [(rac)-EDT-TTF-(SMe)OX][Co(hfac)₂] (5). In all these novel complexes, the paramagnetic centres are structurally and magnetically isolated. Cyclic voltammetry measurements show the stability of the radical cation species.     

Binding of tetrakis(pyrazoliumyl)porphyrin and its copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes to poly(dG-dC)2 and poly(dA-dT)2

Interactions of cationic porphyrins bearing five-membered rings at the meso position, meso-tetrakis(1,2-dimethylpyrazolium-4-yl)porphyrin (MPzP; M is H₂, Cu^II or Zn^II), with synthetic polynucleotides poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ have been characterized by viscometric, visible absorption, circular dichroisim and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopic and melting temperature measurements. Both H₂PzP and CuPzP are intercalated into poly(dG-dC)₂ and are outside-bound to the major groove of poly(dA-dT)₂, while ZnPzP is outside-bound to the minor groove of poly(dA-dT)₂ and surprisingly is intercalated into poly(dG-dC)₂. The binding constants of the porphyrin and poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ are on the order of 10⁶ M⁻¹ and are comparable to those of other cationic porphyrins so far reported. The process of the binding of the porphyrin to poly(dG-dC)₂ and poly(dA-dT)₂ is exothermic and enthalpically driven for H₂PzP, whereas it is endothermic and entropically driven for CuPzP and ZnPzP. These results have revealed that the kind of the central metal ion of metalloporphyrins influences the characteristics of the binding of the porphyrins to DNA.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

Synthesis and properties of trinuclear polypyridyl complexes Ru(II)-Co(II)-Ru(II) and Ru(II)-Co(III)-Ru(II): Their photoinduced interconversion

The trinuclear [{Ru^II(bpy)₂(bpy-terpy)}₂Co^II]⁶⁺ complex (1⁶⁺) in which a Co(II)-bis-terpyridine-like centre is covalently linked to two Ru(II)-tris-bipyridine-like moieties by a bridging bipyridine-terpyridine ligand has been synthesised and characterised. Its electrochemical, photophysical and photochemical properties have been investigated in CH₃CN. The cyclic voltammetry exhibits two successive reversible oxidation processes, corresponding to the Co^III/Co^II and Ru^III/Ru^II redox couples at E_1/2 = −0.06 and 0.91 V vs Ag/Ag⁺ 10 mM, respectively. The one-electron oxidized form of the complex, [{Ru^II(bpy)₂(bpy-terpy)}₂Co^III]⁷⁺ (1⁷⁺) obtained after exhaustive electrolysis carried out at 0.2 V is fully stable. 1⁶⁺ and 1⁷⁺ are only poorly luminescent, indicating that the covalent linkage of the Ru(II)-tris-bipyridine centre to the cobalt subunit leads to a strong quenching of the Ru^II excited state by an intramolecular process. Luminescence lifetime experiments carried out at different temperatures indicate that the transfer is more efficient for 1⁷⁺ compare to 1⁶⁺ due to lower activation energy. Continuous irradiation of 1⁷⁺ performed at 405 nm in the presence of P(Ph)₃ acting as sacrificial electron donor leads to its quantitative reduction into 1⁶⁺, whereas similar experiment starting from 1⁶⁺ with a sulfonium salt as sacrificial electron acceptor converts 1⁶⁺ into 1⁷⁺ with a slower rate and a maximum yield of 80%. These photoinduced electron transfers were followed by UV-Visible spectroscopy and compared with those obtained with a simple mixture of both mononuclear parent complexes i.e. [Ru^II(bpy)₃]²⁺ and [Co^II(tolyl-terpy)₂]²⁺ or [Co^III(tolyl-terpy)₂]³⁺ (tolyl-terpy = 4′-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine).     

Sericolophus (Pheronematidae) and Hernandeziana (Corythophoridae) are synonyms (Hexactinellida: Porifera)

Eight specimens of Sericolophus reflexus (Ijima) were compared with the holotype of Hernandeziana ijimae (Hernandez) to assess suspected synonymy of these taxa. An extensive morphometric analysis of the spicules available in these specimens of variable condition show that the H. ijimae holotype exhibits characters near the centre of the range of S. reflexus. It is concluded that H. ijimae is a junior synonym of S. reflexus , and that the family Corythophoridae de Laubenfels is invalid by preoccupation of its base generic name.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The larval head of Exechia (Mycetophilidae) and Bibio (Bibionidae) (Diptera)

Exechia and Bibio have retained several plesiomorphic groundplan features of Diptera and Bibionomorpha, including a fully exposed and sclerotized head capsule, the transverse undivided labrum, the absence of movable premandibles, and undivided mandibles without combs. The fusion of the hypostomal bridge with the head capsule and largely reduced antennae are derived features shared by both taxa. The absence of teeth at the anterior hypostomal margin is a potential autapomorphy of Bibionomorpha. A basal position of Anisopodidae is suggested by a number of plesiomorphies retained in this family. Apomorphies of Bibionomorpha excluding Anisopodidae are the reduction of tentorial elements, the partial fusion of the labrum and clypeus, one-segmented antennae, the absence of a separate submental sclerite, the loss of the labial palpus, and the reduction of the pharyngeal filter apparatus. Head structures of Bibio are largely unmodified. The subprognathous orientation is one of few autapomorphic features. In contrast, the mouthparts of Exechia are highly modified in correlation with the specialized food uptake. The rasping counterrotating movements of maxillae and mandibles with teeth oriented in opposite directions are carried out by strongly developed extensors and flexors of the paired mouthparts. The modified labium mechanically supports the “drill head” formed by the mandibles und maxillae. The necessary stability of the head capsule is provided by the hypostomal bridge which also compensates the far-reaching reduction of the tentorium.     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.