半咸水介形虫tanella opima Chen的种群动态研究

上海芦潮港潮间带1982—1983年季节性沉积物样品中半咸水介形虫Tanella opima的种群动态调查表明,该种为多年生类型,其种群年龄和性比结构均具明显的季节性变化。繁殖活动受水温控制;4—10月产卵,水温不低于16℃;5—10月孵化,水温在20℃以上,种群在温暖季节(5—10月)由7个未成熟龄期的幼虫和成虫所组成,性比以雌性占优势;在寒冷季节(11—4月)则缺失前3个龄期的幼虫,性比以雄性为主。种群中最初2个龄期幼虫在母体壳内成长,这很可能是造成死种群和化石群中极少发现它们的原因。     

松辽盆地晚白垩世生物演化与古湖泊缺氧事件

本文简要介绍了松辽盆地晚白垩世青山口组－嫩江组的地层特征,对其生物组合面貌及其岩石地球化学特征进行了分析。在全球板块构造运动和海侵控制作用下,松辽盆地在此期间曾发生过三次全盆地的缺氧事件,沉积了三套巨厚层的暗色泥岩、油页岩、页岩,为松辽盆地后期油气的生成提供了丰厚的油源母岩。盆地缺氧事件的发生,导致了古湖泊生物的三次变革,形成了具有其独特特色的生物群组合。     

安徽繁昌癞痢山东裂隙堆积新发现的早更新世鼠科化石*

1962 年, M. J. Copeland 报道了加拿大北极梅尔维尔岛中–上泥盆统梅尔维尔岛组的叶肢介化石。2014 年秋, 作者对馆藏在加拿大地质调查所的模式标本进行了观察、照相, 发现了一些新的重要的分类特征, 在此予以补充修订。1、壳瓣具有 3–5 条放射脊的翼李氏叶肢介属(Pteroleaia)是梅尔维尔岛泥盆纪最具特色的类型, 与其保存在同一层面上还发现有另一类个体十分微小的棒叶肢介属(Rhabdostichus), 该属与美国中北部及加拿大艾伯塔地区同时代的叶肢介可以对比, 之前这一类型的标本仅见于该地区中–晚泥盆世地层, 其在北极地区的出现为首次报道。同时对归于棒叶肢介科(Rhabdostichidae)的另外两属(Rhabdostichops 和 Archaeositum)的含义进行了甄别, 认为前者建属特征不成立, 后者不应属于该科。2、产于梅尔维尔岛 Dundas 半岛的叶肢介, 个体数量多且密集堆积, 曾被鉴定为 Asmussia canadensis 的那些个体的壳顶都发育有一个细小的、凸起的卵形瘤状构造, 依据这一重要鉴定特征, 其分类位置应属于锥顶叶肢介亚科(Vertexiinae)的犄叶肢介属(Cornia), 从而使这一属的地质历程从石炭纪追溯到中泥盆世。这些化石的修订, 丰富了我们对加拿大北极地区泥盆纪叶肢介面貌的认识, 为研究相关类群的起源、演化提供了新的信息。文中也讨论了李氏叶肢介亚目(Leaiina)三个早期叶肢介类群之间的相互关系, 认为 Pteroleaia (Rostroleaiidae)代表了形态特殊的一个演化分枝, 早仅见于泥盆纪并很快灭绝。壳瓣具有两条放射脊的叶肢介科(如: Leaiidae)被认为是李氏叶肢介亚目的演化主干, 兴盛于石炭纪和二叠纪。广东中泥盆世早期(Givetian)桂头群中的叶肢介组合以 Hepuleaia (Praeleaiidae)为主, 并包含壳瓣具两条放射脊的种类, 该组合是迄今已知李氏叶肢介亚目的最早代表, 这表明该亚目应起源于中国而非欧洲。     

经电磁场处理后茅台酒介电谱的变化

我们在十多年内对水作了一系列的实验研究与理论探索,发现水经一定参数的电磁场处理后。能改变其包括介电谱在内的某些物理特性,能降低如氯仿等水中的有害杂质,喂饮此水后动物的微循环获得改善,有防止心血管疾病等作用。据有关介绍,茅台酒的品质特殊。鉴于酒与人类的关系密切,古今中外医界对酒的看法是“少饮有益,多喝伤身”。为探索品质独特、香醇的茅台酒物理特性,以及能否进一步提高其醇美、有益健康的作用,以至减轻其伤身之虞,斗胆尝试作深层次的解读。首先,他特殊在哪里？就电学性质而言有什么特点？其介电谱有何特征？经电磁场处理后又有哪些改变？等等。带着这些问题我们做了茅台酒介电谱和白兰地介电谱的时照实验,发现在200MHz-20GHz高频段,他们的相对介电谱（εr’谱）、相时介电驰豫谱（εr＂谱）和电导率谱（6谱）都发生了明显的变化,但变化的方向则是相反：与其“对照样品”比较,茅台酒是降低,而白兰地则是升高,差异十分显著。结果提示了：经特定的电磁场作用,能改变这两种酒的主要的电学特性,从而改变这些酒的品质。由于采用了规范的测量方法,是对照测量,并取其对照测量之差值,除去了系统误差的影响,使偶然误差降低至最低。因而时照测量值之差（△εr’）能够迭到精度要求,实验结果可信。但是,为什么经由电磁场处理后,茅台酒和白兰地的变化是反向？其利弊何在？另。改变酒的电学性质会导致酒品质的哪些改变？等等,这些都有待进一步研究。由于这项实验结果内容较多。我们将系统总结陆续发表：《经电磁场处理后茅台酒介电谱的变化》。《经电磁场处理后白兰地介电谱的变化》,和《纯水、茅台酒、白兰地介电谱的对比分析》等文,以餐读者。望能引发讨论。     

成骨细胞介电特性检测的方法研究

目的:以小鼠成骨细胞为材料,建立一套完整的用于成骨细胞的介电特性检测方法。方法:本研究首先是设计制作不同形状和尺寸的细胞介电谱检测装置(测量池),其次进行测量池的生物相容性评价,包括浸提液毒性实验,HE染色观察细胞形态。最后将细胞培养在测量池中,连入阻抗分析仪在20Hz~10MHz检测并联电导Gp和电容Cp并绘制介电谱图。结果:生物相容性检测表明测量池对细胞无毒性,可使用。此外,介电特性检测结果表明随着频率的增大,细胞的电容减小,电导略微增大后减小;随着培养时间的增长,电容值增大而电导值减小;经中强磁场处理后,细胞的电容和电导值都有下降。结论:该方法能够为其他贴壁细胞的介电特性检测提供研究基础,并对于在此基础上展开的贴壁细胞介电特性解析提供参考。     

广东兴宁盆地白垩纪介形类动物群

描述的标本采自粤东兴宁盆地白垩系红层（兴宁群），该地层由叶塘组（上部）和合水组（下部）组成。共得介形类化石１０属１２种，９未定种，其中有２新种。叶塘组建立了Ｅｕｃｙｐｒｉｓ－ＣｙｐｒｏｉｓＣｙｐｒｉｄｅａ组合，其时代为晚白垩世早期；合水组建立了Ｍｏｎｇｏｌｏｃｙｐｒｉｓ组合，其时代为早白垩世晚期。     

中国北部寒武纪Bradoriida种属问题的讨论

我国北部现已命名的寒武纪介形虫有37个“种”(包括:“亚种”)和25个“属”。参考现代生物学的种、属概念及有关种、属建立的一般标准,文中对这些寒武纪介形虫“种”、“属”进行了认真分析和详细类比,认为它们可归并为22个种,11个属,其中原已命名的许多“种”、“属”是这些种、属的同物异名,少数“种”、“属”则是这些种、属的异物同名。此外,本文建立了1新种Wushiella shangjiensis sp. nov.。     

南疆阿尔金山环形山地区泥盆纪介形类

本文描述和图解的介形类化石材料系来自南疆阿尔金山环形山地区ＷＦ－３４－１－２号样品,计８属、３亚属和１０种。通过对这些属种的分析指出：（１）其所代表的地质时代是泥盆纪晚埃姆斯晚期到艾菲尔期,且更可能是晚埃姆期晚期;（２）其生态组合为近岸浅水,特别是局限海环境类型;（３）属华南泥盆纪介形类动物地理区系。     

东海黑潮区浮游介形类的生态特征

本文根据１９８７年７－８月和１９８９年１０－１１月在东海黑潮区所获的综合调查资料,分析了该区浮游介形类的种类组成和数量变动以及生态类群和群落结构,并探讨其与环境因素的关系。结果表明,本区共出现浮游介形类３８种,种类数的平面分布呈现东高西低的格局,高丰度区出现于不同水系的交汇区和黑潮主干区,但两区的种类组成明显有别。单一种类后圆真浮萤和长拟浮萤分别为测区西部和东部的主要种,根据分布特点,本区浮介形类     

松辽盆地晚白垩世非洲叶肢介科两新属

描述了在松辽盆地西部泰康,富拉尔基,齐齐哈尔一带晚白垩世嫩江组发现的非洲叶肢介科２新属６新种,讨论了非洲叶肢介科的演化。     

Light scattering as a diagnostic for protein crystal growth--a practical approach

Static and dynamic light scattering are discussed as particularly useful tools for studying various aspects of protein crystal growth. Specific applications for prenucleation assays as well as for monitoring postnucleation growth processes are presented. Protein-protein interactions determined by light scattering, which serve as a predictor for favorable crystallization conditions as well as for protein solubility behavior, are detailed. Several precautions regarding the practical aspects of light scattering and interpretation of data are also discussed.     

中国秋海棠属植物的传统利用

秋海棠属植物除了具有较高的观赏价值外,在中国还作为药用、食用、饮料和饲料等被利用。本文应用民族植物学研究方法,通过野外调查、文献和标本收集整理和研究,共记载了中国产26种秋海棠属植物被作为药用、食用、饮料和饲料加以利用。在所记载的26种国产秋海棠属植物中,有24种作药用,8种作食用(蔬菜)或饮料,5种作饲料。3种作饮料的种类在其自然分布地被广泛利用。9种秋海棠作为多种用途加以利用,其中8种既被作为药用、食用和饮料,也被作为饲料加以利用。本研究还表明,国产秋海棠属植物中,有些种类由于过度采集利用或其它因素已变得稀有或濒危。由此提出,合理开发利用和有效保护应成为今后中国秋海棠属植物研究的重要内容。     

Building Stone Treasure Troves

Cities large and small have a treasure trove of building stones both local as well as imported from various regions of the country as well as foreign sources. Many of them contain fossils which are easily available for teachers to utilize for class field trips. For some areas guidebooks exist which are listed in the attached appendix. Even for localities where no guidebook exists these published guides can be helpful especially if they are illustrated. Field trips are a useful learning tool and teachers are encouraged to create various lesson plans utilizing this generally unrecognized resource.     

Macrophages in the embryo and beyond: much more than just giant phagocytes

Originally recognized as an essential part of the innate and acquired immune systems, macrophages emerged as omnipresent and influential regulators of embryo- and organo-genesis, as well as of tissue and tumor growth. Macrophages are present essentially in all tissues, beginning with embryonic development and, in addition to their role in host defense and in the clearance of apoptotic cells, are being increasingly recognized for their trophic function and role in regeneration. Some tissue macrophages are also found to possess a substantial potential for autonomous self-renewal. Macrophages are associated with a significant proportion of malignant tumors and are widely recognized for their angiogenesis-promoting and trophic roles, making them one of the new promising targets for cancer therapies. Recent expression profiling of embryonic macrophages from different tissues revealed remarkable consistency of their gene expression profiles, independent of their tissue of origin, as well as their similarities with tumor-associated macrophages. Macrophages are also capable of fusion with other cells in tissue repair and metastasizing tumors, as well as with each other in the immune response and osteoclastogenesis.     

Stevioside

Stevioside is a natural sweetener extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. The literature about Stevia, the occurrence of its sweeteners, their biosynthetic pathway and toxicological aspects are discussed. Injection experiments or perfusion experiments of organs are considered as not relevant for the use of Stevia or stevioside as food, and therefore these studies are not included in this review. The metabolism of stevioside is discussed in relation with the possible formation of steviol. Different mutagenicity studies as well as studies on carcinogenicity are discussed. Acute and subacute toxicity studies revealed a very low toxicity of Stevia and stevioside. Fertility and teratogenicity studies are discussed as well as the effects on the bio-availability of other nutrients in the diet. The conclusion is that Stevia and stevioside are safe when used as a sweetener. It is suited for both diabetics, and PKU patients, as well as for obese persons intending to lose weight by avoiding sugar supplements in the diet. No allergic reactions to it seem to exist.     

Overview of mycotoxin methods, present status and future needs

This article reviews current requirements for the analysis for mycotoxins in foods and identifies legislative as well as other factors that are driving development and validation of new methods. New regulatory limits for mycotoxins and analytical quality assurance requirements for laboratories to only use validated methods are seen as major factors driving developments. Three major classes of methods are identified which serve different purposes and can be categorized as screening, official and research. In each case the present status and future needs are assessed. In addition to an overview of trends in analytical methods, some other areas of analytical quality assurance such as participation in proficiency testing and reference materials are identified.     

Pentanol isomer synthesis in engineered microorganisms

Pentanol isomers such as 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol are a useful class of chemicals with a potential application as biofuels. They are found as natural by-products of microbial fermentations from amino acid substrates. However, the production titer and yield of the natural processes are too low to be considered for practical applications. Through metabolic engineering, microbial strains for the production of these isomers have been developed, as well as that for 1-pentanol and pentenol. Although the current production levels are still too low for immediate industrial applications, the approach holds significant promise for major breakthroughs in production efficiency.     

Enzyme activity dot blots: a rapid and convenient assay for acetyltransferase or protein kinase activity immobilized on nitrocellulose

Methods are described for assaying (Tetrahymena) histone acetyltransferase activity and (Drosophila) casein kinase II activity by spotting extracts on nitrocellulose filters. The methods are quantitative over a wide range of enzyme concentrations and are almost as sensitive as liquid assays. Examples are presented for illustrating the use of these methods for enzyme purification, concentration, and desalting, as well as for electrophoretic blotting from agarose gels. A simple method for autoradiographic enhancement of nitrocellulose filters is also described.     

Economic and ecological importance of termites: A global review

In this review article, the positive and negative impacts of termites on ecosystems and human activities are examined. Various ecosystem services provided by termites – their importance as a food resource for humans, wildlife and domestic animals – are discussed, along with the use of these insects in scientific research and in folk and traditional medicine. Some insufficiently studied properties of termites (their ability to perceive the radiation of radioactive substances, electric fields and magnetic fields), as well as the use of termites in bionics, are described. Special attention is paid to the use of termite mounds for different purposes (e.g. in mineral deposit searches, in medical applications, as furnaces for copper smelting, for storage of some nuts, as burial sites, for gathering of edible mushrooms of the genus Termitomyces and as fertilizer). Examples of such use in different countries are given. This article reviews the activities of termites as pests of agriculture and forestry, including crops that are most affected, and termites as structural pests (e.g. wooden structures, household furniture, books and museum collections). Examples of termites’ malicious activities in different parts of the world are provided. Information on the invasions of termites is given, and the main areas of expansion of their habitat are described. The economic loss caused by termites in some countries and the world as a whole are presented. The article also lists the most economically important termite species in the world.     

The Knox method and other tests for space-time interaction

The Knox method, as well as other tests for space-time interaction, are biased when there are geographical population shifts, i.e., when there are different percent population growths in different regions. In this paper, the size of the population shift bias is investigated for the Knox test, and it is shown that it can be a considerable problem. A Monte Carlo method for constructing unbiased space-time interaction tests is then presented and illustrated on the Knox test as well as for a combined Knox test. Practical implications are discussed in terms of the interpretation of past results and the design of future studies.