蜣螂(Copris ochus Motschulsky)减粘脱附的仿生学研究

研究蜣螂减粘脱附的机制,为工程机械减粘脱附的研究和应用开辟新的途径。用扫描电镜观测了车蜣螂体表的细微结构,发现蜣螂体表由隆起、凹陷、裂缝、孔洞等构成了非光滑表面,大量的长短不一的刚毛构成了柔性界面,蜣螂活动时体表主要呈负性电位变化,其峰值可达－50mV;仿蜣螂休体表的非光滑表面制作了犁壁和推土板,减低阻力减粘脱附效果明显;仿蜣螂运动时体表电位的变化,设计新的电渗模面,取得显著的减粘脱附效果。     

臭蜣螂体壁的组织结构

对臭蜣螂Copris ochus Motschulsky体壁的组织学结构进行了光镜观察。用伊红和马洛赖氏三色法染色可见体壁尤其在腹壁的折叠处及膜翅壁中存在着胶原纤维。鞘翅中有内腔,具皮细胞,鞘翅背部表皮下陷形成桥墩状结构以支撑加固鞘翅腔并减轻重量。膜翅的背腹壁之间也具有内腔和皮细胞,并充满油脂腺（经分析是棕脂肪细胞腺）及其分泌物。足的肌肉束中被大量棕脂肪细胞腺环绕。棕脂肪细胞的存在为周围器官提供所需能量,并有减轻重量和润滑的作用。体壁表面具有大量突起、刚毛及大量粗细不等的管道与其下相通,加上大量油脂腺及其分泌机能,为其体表的减粘特性提供了形态和化学基础。鞘翅内腔的结构可为建筑仿生学提供一定参考。     

蜣螂与壁虎刚毛的比较及改形对其功能的影响

脱附与粘附是工程作业的两个相互矛盾的难题,土壤和物料的粘附严重降低了机械的作业效率和质量,没有粘附又使某些机械无法工作或运行。目前世界流行的脱附技术,包括向界面注入空气的充气法、向界面注入溶液的充液法、利用机械或超声波的振动法、施加电场的电渗法、施加磁场的磁     

LncRNA的结构、功能及其与疾病的关系

70%的人类基因组能够被转录,而其中仅有1%～2%的转录本能够编码蛋白,余下98%均为非编码RNA（non-coding RNA,ncRNA）.在ncRNA中,长度大于200核苷酸称为长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,LncRNA）,占全部ncRNA的80%～90%．LncRNA除了数量庞大以外,还具有表达量较低、物种间保守性较差及细胞表达特异性等特点,使LncRNA结构及作用机制等研究充满挑战．目前关于LncRNA的研究主要集中于功能方面．LncRNA能够广泛参与生物体的各种生理及病理过程,如表观遗传学调控、癌症、神经系统功能等．LncRNA作用机制众多,能够以分子诱饵、分子向导、分子支架及信号通路的调节剂等多种角色参与调节机体各种生物学过程．解析LncRNA的分子结构、深入研究其在生物体生理及病理过程中所发挥的作用,并揭示其作用机制,不仅能够加深对生物体生理及病理过程的认识,同时也能给某些疾病的诊断、防治提供新的思路及解决途径．本文综述了近年来有关LncRNA结构、功能及作用机制相关研究进展,以期为后续LncRNA相关研究提供参考.     

Non-Smooth Morphologies of Typical Plant Leaf Surfaces and Their Anti-Adhesion Effects

The micromorphologies of surfaces of several typical plant leaves were investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. Different non-smooth surface characteristics were described and classified. The hydrophobicity and anti-adhesion of non-smooth leaf surfaces were quantitatively measured. Results show that the morphology of epidermal cells and the morphology and distribution density of epicuticular wax directly affect the hydrophobicity and anti-adhesion. The surface with uniformly distributed convex units shows the best anti-adhesion, and the surface with regularly arranged trellis units displays better anti-adhesion. In contrast, the surface with randomly distributed hair units performs relatively bad anti-adheslon. The hydrophobic models of papilla-ciliary and fold-setal non-smooth surfaces were set up to determine the impacts of geometric parameters on the hydrophobicity. This study may provide an insight into surface machine molding and apparent morphology design for biomimetics engineering.     

Design Principles of the Non-smooth Surface of Bionic Plow Moldboard

1　IntroductionTransferringbiologyfunctiontoengineeringtech nology[1] isaprominentprogressintechnologicalfields ,whichenrichesthecontentofTRIZsystematicmethod .Thenon smoothsurfacesofthetypicalsoilan imalshavetheeffectsofreducingsoiladhesion ,whichhasbeenconvincedandgraduallyaccepted .Thebionicplowmoldboardisanappliedexampleofimitatingthecharacteristicsofsoilanimals’surfaceappearancesandpracticingtheBionicTheoryofNon SmoothSurface(TNSS) .ThebasisofTNSSisnon smoothsurfaceef fects[2 ,3] …     

Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Hook and Skin of Forehead Brooding Male Nurseryfish, Kurtus Gulliveri, From Northern Australia

Mature males of nurseryfish have a hook on their head to which the eggs become attached and are carried like a bunch of grapes. This paper examines the anatomy and histology of the hook. The osteological basis of the hook is shown to be a modification of the supraoccipital crest of the skull covered by typical teleost skin. The integument in the cleft of the hook, where the eggs are attached, is considerably different from ordinary fish skin. The stratified epidermis is devoid of secretory mucus and neurosensory cells and is folded into crypts that extend deeply into the dermis. This may be a specialization that facilitates adhesion of the sticky egg mass. Field observations show that this cleft area of the hook is edematous, and histology confirms that the area is highly vascularized. We speculate that this may facilitate gas exchange and/or nutrition between the male and the egg mass, but this can only be confirmed by physiological experiments with pregnant males in captivity. Engorgement with blood in the highly vascularised dermis of the hook may help hold the egg mass in place.     

Yellow Marking and Pteridine Contents in the Integument of Albino Armadillidium vulgare

The albino mutant strain in the woodlice, Armadillidium vulgare, was investigated with respect to the yellow patterns on the dorsal integument. Pigment cells were observed with electron microscope in order to determine the cell types of yellow markings. Quantitative analyses of pteridines in the albino were carried out by HPLC. The result indicated that the albino integument contain sepiapterin, biopterin, pterin, isoxanthopterin as in the wild type and the red mutant strain. The total amount of the four pteridines in the albino was about half as much as that in the red phenotype for both males and females, respectively. Males and females showed almost the same totals and ratios of the four pteridines in the albino and red phenotypes. Therefore, pteridine contents in both phenotypes of A. vulgare may not be related to the activity of androgenic gland hormone. Yellow chromatophores of the albino and red phenotypes were morphologically identical, emitting a yellow fluorescence. These cells contained numerous electron-lucent pigment organelles which were similar to pteridine granules of the wild type.     

梣属11种植物次生木质部附物纹孔的电镜观测

应用扫描电镜对梣属11种植物次生木质部导管附物纹孔的分布和形态进行了详细的观察,应用Carnoy2.0软件和扫描电子显微镜采集的照片,测定了附物纹孔丰富度指标和纹孔数量特征指标。电镜观察表明,梣属11种研究植物次生木质部导管分子侧壁附物纹孔的分布和形态变化较大,附物纹孔丰富度指标的统计描述进一步证实附物纹孔的分布变化大;3个附物纹孔丰富度指标分别与管间具缘纹孔数量特征指标的逐步回归分析表明,导管侧壁附物纹孔丰富度2个指标,即导管外纹孔口附物频率与导管纹孔腔附物频率随纹孔口面积百分比的增大而增大,推测梣属植物附物纹孔丰富度与纹孔几何构造及数量特征有关。研究认为,附物纹孔在梣属植物稳定存在,是可界定梣属植物的木材解剖性状。     

Defense mechanisms in insects: Certain integumental proteins and tyrosinase are responsible for nonself-recognition and immobilization of Escherichia coli in the cuticle of developing Ceratitis capitata

A defense mechanism in the cuticle of developing C. capitata was demonstrated using an in vitro system consisting of isolated cuticular tyrosinase from C. capitata, cuticular tyrosinase-free proteins, tyrosine, and E. coli. The simultaneous presence of the above components resulted in the formation of large immobilized E. coli aggregates. By contrast, omission of any of the above components failed to produce such aggregates. In other words, E. coli retained their mobility and viability. The results indicate that certain cuticular proteins are responsible for the nonself-recognition, since they are able to bind to the E. coli surface in vitro, and a reactive tyrosine derivative is generated by the action of cuticular tyrosinase for the immobilization and probably killing of E. coli. Based on these studies the most likely explanation for the nonself-recognition and immobilization and/or killing of bacteria is the production of E. coli-protein complexes and their crosslinking through quinone intermediate. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Three-Dimensional Geometrical Modelling of Wild Boar Head by Reverse Engineering Technology

In this paper, a wild boar head was taken as the bionic research object for the development of new ridgers, a kind of plough. The reverse engineering technology was adopted to obtain the surface geometrical information of the head. Several three-dimensional （3D） point clouds of the head were captured first using a non-touch laser scanner, and an integrated point cloud was generated by aligning these point clouds using UG/Imageware. Then, the digital surface model of the head was rebuilt by means of CATIA. The characteristic curves of the surface model were analyzed. The results show that the average error between the rebuilt surface and the point cloud is -0.431 ram. The max curvature of the ridge on the neb of the head is 0.187 mm^-1, and the max and rain Gauss curvatures on the surface are 0.008 mm^-2 and -0.002 mm^-2. These geometrical information are the essential parameters for biomimetics study of the ridger.