球孢白僵菌在红火蚁体表侵染的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana Bb04菌株分生孢子对红火蚁Beauveria bassiana 工蚁体壁的侵染过程。结果表明: 分生孢子多分布在红火蚁工蚁节间膜、胸部的褶皱、气门、体壁的凹陷部位、刚毛窝附近, 以及着生较密刚毛的足上。萌发的分生孢子在节间膜以及体表缝隙、刚毛窝及刚毛稀少的凹陷部位、胸部褶皱和足胫节处入侵。分生孢子在附着12 h后开始萌发, 接种后18 h附着在节间膜处的孢子首先侵入成功, 接种后24 h刚毛窝附近孢子萌发入侵, 接种后60 h胸、腹和足等部位的孢子均成功穿透侵入表皮。分生孢子可以直接以芽管侵入表皮, 也可以产生附着胞再侵入。     

丝光绿蝇不同虫态附着蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子的能力及与其体表结构的关系

采用血球计数板计数法测量丝光绿蝇Lucilia sericata成虫、幼虫和蛹三虫态供试虫体体表附着的蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticillium lecanii分生孢子数,并利用扫描电子显微镜等显微技术观察供试虫体体壁外长物分布情况以及附着分生孢子部位的结构形体,来分析丝光绿蝇三种虫态附着蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子的能力大小与各虫态体表结构差异的关系。结果表明:蜡蚧轮枝菌分生孢子在丝光绿蝇三种虫态体表的附着数量有显著差异,大小依次为成虫﹥蛹﹥幼虫。成虫周身长有刚毛、鬃等体壁外长物,体壁上密集着生微毛,按其形态结构可将其区分为a和b两种类型;蛹和幼虫的主要体壁外长物是体节上间隔着生并呈"环带状"分布的棘刺,此外蛹端部以及幼虫尾端气门板等区域也着生有体壁外长物,且蛹和幼虫的这些部位的形态结构也存在显著差异。进一步分析后认为,丝光绿蝇各虫态体表附着孢子的能力和体表相关结构的拓扑构型与分布密度等因素相关。本研究可为阐述虫生真菌对同一昆虫不同虫态间的致病差异性的机理提供一定参考。     

蚌螨腺毛和足爪的亚显微结构观察

利用扫描电镜分别对6种蚌螨的腺毛和足爪结构进行了观察,结果表明蚌螨的腺毛是由腺体、围腺片、刚毛和腺毛板共同构成的复合结构;对弯弓蚌螨的连续切片的观察表明,腺体是从体表延伸至体腔的消化道附近,由此认为蚌螨的腺体是由体壁皮层细胞演化而来。蚌螨足末除了爪外,还观察到跗节端部背面或腹面有体壁突及刚毛,因此,蚌螨足的步行结构不是仅由爪形成的简单结构,而是由爪、跗节末端背突或腹垫和刚毛组成的复合体。     

四川猕猴桃科三新种

木质藤本,枝和叶柄密被锈色粗毛,灰色老枝散生少数淡褐色皮孔,髓细小,隔片状,褐色。叶纸质,阔倒卵形或近圆形,长6-12厘米,宽5-10厘米,先端凹陷或短尖,基部近心形,稀钝形,边缘具不规则的刚毛状细锯齿,上面散生锈色小刚毛,下面除沿中脉和侧脉具淡黄绿色小刚毛外,其余无毛,侧脉6-7对,向上弯曲,网结,在上面与中脉凹陷,下面隆起,细脉在上面不甚明显玉下面显著隆起,叶柄长2.5-6厘米,密被诱色或褐色粗毛。     

蜣螂(Copris ochus Motschulsky)减粘脱附的仿生学研究

研究蜣螂减粘脱附的机制,为工程机械减粘脱附的研究和应用开辟新的途径。用扫描电镜观测了车蜣螂体表的细微结构,发现蜣螂体表由隆起、凹陷、裂缝、孔洞等构成了非光滑表面,大量的长短不一的刚毛构成了柔性界面,蜣螂活动时体表主要呈负性电位变化,其峰值可达－50mV;仿蜣螂休体表的非光滑表面制作了犁壁和推土板,减低阻力减粘脱附效果明显;仿蜣螂运动时体表电位的变化,设计新的电渗模面,取得显著的减粘脱附效果。     

臭蜣螂体壁的组织结构

对臭蜣螂Copris ochus Motschulsky体壁的组织学结构进行了光镜观察。用伊红和马洛赖氏三色法染色可见体壁尤其在腹壁的折叠处及膜翅壁中存在着胶原纤维。鞘翅中有内腔,具皮细胞,鞘翅背部表皮下陷形成桥墩状结构以支撑加固鞘翅腔并减轻重量。膜翅的背腹壁之间也具有内腔和皮细胞,并充满油脂腺（经分析是棕脂肪细胞腺）及其分泌物。足的肌肉束中被大量棕脂肪细胞腺环绕。棕脂肪细胞的存在为周围器官提供所需能量,并有减轻重量和润滑的作用。体壁表面具有大量突起、刚毛及大量粗细不等的管道与其下相通,加上大量油脂腺及其分泌机能,为其体表的减粘特性提供了形态和化学基础。鞘翅内腔的结构可为建筑仿生学提供一定参考。     

锯缘青蟹嗅觉器官的保护性形态特征

用光镜和扫描电镜对锯缘青蟹嗅觉器官保护性的形态学结构进行了研究。内鞭基部具一个半圆锥形凹面 ,它使内、外鞭间形成约 4 0°的基本夹角。化感刚毛与着生面呈 30°～ 5 0°角 ,其小于两鞭间 4 0°～ 90°的可变张角。这种空间关系能有效地避免内鞭折断化感刚毛的可能 ,因而内鞭在化感刚毛前方形成了天然保护屏障。化感刚毛良好的柔韧性、基部的念珠状结构以及中部分节等特征可能在避免自身折断或变形方面具有作用。另外 ,外鞭顶段迎水面的杆状刚毛和刺状刚毛、内鞭迎水面上以及底节远侧端的刺状刚毛所处的位置 ,均是化感刚毛的重要门户 ,因此推测这些触觉性的刚毛可能有利于化感刚毛避开来自上、下及前方的絮状污物     

虫草成熟子囊壳、子囊与子囊孢子的电镜观察

虫草子囊壳壁为拟薄壁组织,基部与子座菌丝相联,顶端有一孔口,其内无缘丝,中心腔内无侧丝,基部着生的子囊垂直平行排列。子囊顶端中央是乳状突起,围以隆起的环状膜质边缘。成熟时,其顶端乳状突起膨大,膜质边缘也随之翻卷,中央有一小孔。同一子囊壳内子囊顶端发育阶段不同,说明子囊的形成不同步。子囊内含有两条平行的具横隔的子囊孢子。虫草子囊顶端形态结构即不象虫草属模式种蛹虫草,也不象头状虫草,说明子囊顶端的形态结构的种间差异。     

黄颡鱼受精早期精子入卵扫描电镜观察

用扫描电镜对黄颡鱼(Pseudobagrus fulvidraco)成熟精、卵及授精早期精子入卵过程进行了观察。成熟精子为鞭毛型形态,全长为11·2～12·4μm,头部直径1·1～1·3μm,鞭毛长10·0～11·3μm。成熟的黄颡鱼卵呈圆形,具单一受精孔,卵膜上以受精孔为中心分布有无数辐射状沟嵴。授精前,受精孔暴露在外面;授精2s时,受精孔被纤维状物质覆盖,之后大量精子很快黏附在覆盖物上;至授精10s,漏斗状受精孔又暴露出来。黄颡鱼在授精10s～1min内完成精子入卵过程,可观察到几乎所有样品的精孔区出现一圈环状隆起。大量精子处于隆起外侧,只有少数越过隆起到达受精孔前庭。授精1·5min,精孔区的隆起变成两圈,精子鞭毛解体。授精3min,可见迟到的精子被挡在外面。授精5min,精孔区的精子头部解体,受精孔几乎被分泌物覆盖,受精塞清晰可见。至授精20min,精子几乎全部解体。讨论了精子入卵的动力作用、精卵识别和单精受精机制。     

铲头叶蝉属一新种——同翅目:铲头叶蝉亚科

作者在研究贵州铲头叶蝉亚科标本时,鉴定出铲头叶蝉属一新种。模式标本存放在贵州农学院。 红纹铲头叶蝉Hecalus rufofascianus新种(图1—5) 体扁平。头冠宽扁,前端呈角状突出,端缘向上翻折,具缘脊;单眼位于头冠前缘,紧靠复眼;颜面在复眼下方的侧缘波曲,额唇基宽大隆起。前胸背板微隆起前倾,前、后缘接近平行,侧缘斜直微向上翻折,比头冠部宽;小盾片横刻痕位于中后部,成弧形凹陷;前翅端片小,翅脉明显;后足胫节端刺式2—2—1。雄虫尾节端半部有刚毛,基半部光滑无毛;下生殖板薄片状,基部宽大,端部尖,外侧有4根刚毛;阳基侧突基部宽扁,端部变细,末端     

蜣螂与壁虎刚毛的比较及改形对其功能的影响

脱附与粘附是工程作业的两个相互矛盾的难题,土壤和物料的粘附严重降低了机械的作业效率和质量,没有粘附又使某些机械无法工作或运行。目前世界流行的脱附技术,包括向界面注入空气的充气法、向界面注入溶液的充液法、利用机械或超声波的振动法、施加电场的电渗法、施加磁场的磁     

Restudies on Body Surface of Dung Beetle and Application of Its Bionics Flexible Technique

1　IntroductionTheadherencebetweenthesoilandthetouchingmachinecomponentscriticallyreducestheworkingeffi ciencyandqualityofthediggingmachinesandfarmtools.Therefore ,thenon adherenceisabigproblemintheindustry ,agriculturalproduction ,andmechanicalengineering[1- 4] .Thesurveyshaveshownthatthecar riagevolumeofdumptrucksworkinginstickyclaycanbereducedby 2 0 %to 5 0 %duetoadheredsoil[3] .Thus,itisanurgentdemandtodevelopaneffectivetechniqueforthereductionofadhesionanddraft.Thebodysurfacesoftheanimal…     

腐食酪螨成螨形态观察

利用光学显微镜观察腐食酪螨成螨外部形态特征。通过观察发现,腐食酪螨雄性成螨体长约300～440μm,表皮光滑,附肢4对呈淡棕色,各足均着生有刚毛和感器;胛内毛（sci）较胛外毛（sce）长;基节上毛（ps）膨大且有刺状侧突;背毛（d）4对,d1最短,d4最长;腹面可见圆形的肛吸盘和前肛毛（pra）各1对。雌螨体型较雄螨大,长约486～492μm,生殖区位于腹面第Ⅲ、Ⅳ基节之间,生殖毛3对;肛门达躯体末端,周围着生有肛毛（a）5对,肛后毛（pa）3对。通过对腐食酪螨成螨外部形态结构的观察为其科学分类提供了实验依据。     

Integumental organs of the phyllosoma larva of the rock lobster Jasus edwardsii (Hutton)

The external morphology and distribution of the integumentalorgans of the final-stage phyllosoma of the rock lobster Jasusedwardsii were examined. Seven types of organs were recognizedon the integument of the body trunk, antennules and antennae:plumose setae, simple setae, porous setae, aesthetasc setae,simple pores, dorsal cuticular organs and dome-shaped structures.The plumose setae and simple pores were abundant on the dorsalsurface of the cephalosome, abdomen and telson. The dorsal cuticularorgans were present only on the dorsal surface of the cephalosome,and the aesthetasc setae were restricted to the antennule. A comparison of the morphology of these organs with the senseorgans of other decapods with known function suggests that thedorsal surface of the body trunk is one of the major sites ofreception of near-field water movement in the Jasus phyllosoma.     

Ultrastructure of tarsal sensilla and other integument structures of two Pseudocellus species (Ricinulei, Arachnida)

Ricinuleids are one of the least investigated groups of Arachnida. In particular, knowledge of their ultrastructure is poor. Observations of the distal tarsomeres of ricinuleids show differences in their shape and equipment of surface structures. Legs I and II are used by the Ricinulei to explore their surroundings with tentative movements. The tarsomeres of these legs show similarities in shape and surface structures that distinguish them from those of legs III and IV. In this study, 11 different structures of the tarsomere surfaces of two cave-dwelling species, Pseudocellus pearsei and P. boneti from México, were investigated for the first time with scanning and transmission electron microscopy and discussed regarding their possible function: 1) a single treelike ramifying seta resembles a no pore single-walled (np-sw) sensillum; 2) setae occurring in a small number and possessing a bipartite shaft represent terminal pore single-walled (tp-sw) sensilla. The surface of the proximal half of the shaft shows small branches. The distal half has a smooth surface; 3) long setae with conspicuous longitudinal lamellae show characteristics of chemoreceptive wall pore single-walled (wp-sw) sensilla; 4) frequent small wp-sw sensilla with flat and irregular lamellae; 5) very short wp-sw sensilla occurring solitary or in groups; 6) a few short setae with smooth surface correspond to wp-sw sensilla; 7) a single short clubbed seta articulating in a flat pit is considered to be a np-sw sensillum; 8) common long setae with a pointed tip show characteristics of mechanoreceptive np-sw sensilla; 9) ventral setae with adhesive and mechanosensory function are accompanied by multicellular "class III" glands; 10) slit organs with mechanoreceptive function; and 11) dome-like tubercles with no indication of sensorial function. Several of these sensilla form a sensory field on the dorsofrontal surface which is particularly pronounced on the distal tarsomeres of legs I and II.     

Morphological variablility in the chigger mite species Neotrombicula sympatrica (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) from Kyrgyzstan

Aberrations (quantitative chaetotactic deviations, i.e. decreasing or increasing of setae numbers and variations in arrangement of setae) and anomalies (qualitative chaetotactic deviations, for example, partial reduction of scutum, shortening of a seta more than 1.5-2 times, merging of setae) were recorded for 13 taxonomically important morphological structures in the chigger mite species Neotrombicula sympatrica Stekolnikov, 2001. 3308 specimens were studied as a total. 17.2% of them had various morphological deviations. The most common types of aberrations were observed in the number and positions of genualae I (94 specimens), AM seta (79 spec.) and sternal setae (77 spec.). The aberrations of sternal and coxal setae were usually interrelated: the sternal seta was "transferred" from the sternal area onto the coxa, or the other way round take place. The specimens having aberrations of sternal setae were twice as numerous as the specimens with aberrations of coxal setae (77 against 35). The specimens with aberrations of dorsal setae and mastitarsala were very rare (2 spec. each). Among anomalies, the presence of nude galeal seta (91 spec.) and scutal anomalies (66 spec.) were prevalent. The most frequently one form of deviation only was observed in one specimen of N. sympatrica. Nevertheless, the specimens simultaneously having several aberrations or anomalies were also found. 17 types of such combinations were observed, that counts 20.6% of all specimens with deviations. Symmetric deviations, namely the presence of two nude galeal setae (31 spec.), presence of 2 genualae on both legs I (4 spec.), presence of 2 AM (2 spec.) and symmetric reduction of scutal angles (1 spec.), sometimes cause troubles in diagnostics. The quarter of variance in N. sympatrica and in the species N. monticola Schluger et Davydov, 1967 formerly studied by the author turned out as almost identical. The specimens with deviations counted 14.5% of all studied specimens in the latter species. However, the structures of variance in these species is different. In N. monticola, the aberrations of humeral setae were dominant (71.6%) (Kharadov, Chirov, 2001), while in N. sympatrica, the aberrations of other structures were prevalent: genualae I (24.8%), AM (20.9%) and sternal setae (20.4%).