Chemical and genetic study of Ligularia duciformis and related species in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces of China

The chemical constituents of the root extracts and the evolutionarily neutral DNA base sequences were studied for 28 samples of Ligularia duciformis, L. kongkalingensis, and L. nelumbifolia collected in Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces of China. The samples could be classified into four chemotypes (1-4). Sesquiterpenoids having eremophilane and oplopane skeletons were isolated from two (Chemotype?1) and three (Chemotype?2) samples, respectively. Two new oplopane derivatives were isolated and their structures were determined. In 18 samples, phenylpropenoids were the major components (Chemotype?3). In five samples, neither phenylpropenoids nor sesquiterpenoids were found (Chemotype?4). Despite this large chemical variety, no correlation was found between the chemotype and the morphological criteria of species identification. The analysis of the evolutionarily neutral DNA regions also indicated that the samples were not separated into distinct clades and that introgression was extensive.     

Chemical Constituents in Hybrids of Ligularia tongolensis and L. cymbulifera: Chemical Introgression in L. tongolensis

Two samples with morphologies intermediate between Ligularia tongolensis and L. cymbulifera were collected in Desha, Sichuan Province, and one, in Pachahai, Yunnan Province, P. R. China. The DNA sequencing confirmed that the samples were hybrids of the two species. Tetradymol ( 1 ), the major compound of L. cymbulifera not found in L. tongolensis, was isolated from the hybrid samples collected at both locations, while furanoeremophilan‐15‐oic acid derivative 4 , a compound characteristic to L. tongolensis, was found in the Pachahai hybrid but not in the Desha hybrids. Thus, the chemical consequence of hybridization can be variable. In addition, analysis of L. tongolensis samples at Pachahai indicated that introgression has been a mechanism of generating chemical diversity in the plant. Eleven compounds including three new ones were isolated.     

Chemical and genetic diversity of Ligularia latihastata and Ligularia villosa in Yunnan Province of China

The chemical constituents of the root extracts and the nucleotide sequences of the atpB-rbcL intergenic region of Ligularia latihastata and L. villosa, collected in northwestern Yunnan Province, were studied. In the twelve collected samples of L. latihastata, two major benzofurans, 5,6-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-1-benzofuran (1) and euparin (2) were detected as major components. The minor compound (2R*,3S*)-5-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)-1-benzofuran-3-yl (2Z)-2-[(acetoxy)methyl]but-2-enoate (4) was found to be susceptible to artifact formation upon extraction with EtOH. The intra-specific diversity in chemical composition of the samples was small, but the diversity in the atpB-rbcL sequence was fairly large. Compounds 1 and 2 were also found in the three collected samples of L. villosa, indicating that the two species are chemically close to each other, in agreement with morphological taxonomy.     

不同管理主体对泸沽湖流域生态系统影响的比较分析

行政边界将自然生态系统从主观上切割为可供管理的空间单元,而人类介入一个相对完整的生态系统,会从根本上影响生态系统的格局和生态学过程,这种影响对流域生态系统更为显著。以我国西南川滇两省交界处的泸沽湖流域生态系统为例,运用对比分析法,先从不同行政尺度定性比较了流域两侧生态系统管理主体在自然、社会、经济子系统方面的差异性。再采用遥感与地理信息系统变化监测技术,定量分析流域省界两侧土地利用类型、林分结构、归一化植被指数、生态系统服务功能等关键要素上的差异,形成对流域省界两侧生态系统功能的差异性的全面认识,从而对产生生态系统功能差异的驱动力进行了分析。最后,以此为基础,有针对性的提出了泸沽湖流域综合管理的对策,以实现泸沽湖流域生态系统的可持续发展。     

Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional pickles in Sichuan, China

The pickle, a traditional fermented vegetable product, is popular in Sichuan Province of China. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in pickles by analyzing 36 samples collected from 6 different regions in Sichuan Province. The LAB counts in these samples varied from 3.90 to 8.40 log cfu ml^-1. In total, 185 presumptive LAB with Gram-positive and catalase-negative properties were obtained from these samples using MRS agar, and those strains were identified at the species level by physiological tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and multiplex PCR assay. The results revealed that all isolates were accurately identified as Enterococcus thailandicus (2 strains), Lactobacillus alimentarius (16 strains), L. brevis (24 strains), L. paracasei (9 strains), L. plantarum (81 strains), L. pentosus (38 strains), L. sakei (8 strains), L. spicheri (1 strain), Leuconostoc lactis (1 strain) and Pediococcus ethanolidurans (5 strains). The predominant LAB in Sichuan pickle was L. plantarum, which were isolated from most samples. The results also demonstrated that different regions in Sichuan Province have complex compositions of LAB species, and such a rich resource of LAB strains provides raw data for further studies involving probiotic strain selection.     

我国担子菌类热带种新知

近来在川、滇採 到和鉴定了担子菌的三个新种：金囊体刺管牛肝菌Ｔｕｂｏｓａｅｔａ ａｕｒｅｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ Ｍ．Ｚａｎｇ（牛肝菌科 Ｂｏｌｅｔａｃｅａｅ）、石栎假脐菇 Ｔｕｂａｒｉａ　ｌｉｔｈｏｃａｒｐｉｃｏｌａ　 Ｍ． Ｚａｎｇ（锈伞科 Ｃｒｅｐｉｄｏｔａｃｅａｅ）和竹生墨伞 Ｃｏｐｒｉｎｕｓ ｂａｍｂｕｓｉｃｏｌａ 　Ｍ． Ｚａｎｇ（伞菌科 Ａｇａｒｉｃａｃｅａｅ）。刺管牛肝菌属 Ｔｕｂｏｓａｅｔａ为典型热带属,为我国新记录。     

四川大头茶黄酮类化合物的聚酰胺薄膜层析分析

 四川大头茶是一种分布很广的常绿乔木,其次生代谢特征随地理分布的不同有很大的差异。运用聚酰胺薄膜层析和定量分析方法,分析了来自云南文山老君山、四川丹棱、四川兴文、四川缙云山、广西阳朔三岔河、广西阳朔三盘、广西贺县姑婆山的四川大头茶的黄酮类化合物。结果表明,不同地理种源的四川大头茶其黄酮类化合物的类型有很大的差异。根据黄酮类化合物的差异,可以把四川大头茶划分为中纬度、中海拔分布;低纬度、中海拔分布;低纬度、高海拔分布3种地理分布类型。     

Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Ligularia kanaitzensis in the Hengduan Mountains Area. Chemical Relationship with L. subspicata

Root chemicals and the sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) were analyzed for 9 Ligularia kanaitzensis and 3 L. subspicata samples collected in northwestern Yunnan and southwestern Sichuan, China. Subspicatins A and C were isolated from two L. kanaitzensis samples. Introgression of genes responsible for these compounds from L. subspicata was suggested by their strong connection with L. subspicata/L. lamarum and the geographical proximity of the samples to L. subspicata. DNA analysis of a set of 27 L. kanaitzensis samples including those analyzed previously showed that they belong to two clades, designated A and B. Together with the presence/absence of furanoeremophilane, the 27 samples were sorted into three groups: clade A/furan, clade B/furan, and clade B/non-furan. The ancestral plant presumably belonged to clade B/non-furan, because furanoeremophilanes are biosynthesized from eremophilan-8-ones. 1β-Angeloyloxyfukinone, a likely intermediate between fukinone and subspicatin C, was isolated for the first time. This finding allowed us to propose plausible biosynthetic pathways of subspicatins A and C.     

库拉索芦荟内生真菌菌群的多样性研究

【目的】了解不同生境下库拉索芦荟内生真菌的菌群组成及其动态变化规律。【方法】分别于春、秋两季对云南、四川、广东以及陕西四地的多年生库拉索芦荟采样,进行内生真菌的分离、鉴定及多样性分析。【结果】所得1 442株内生真菌可归于29个属,其中未发现有性世代及不产孢的占96.88%,子囊菌占0.83%,担子菌占0.07%,接合菌占2.22%。内生菌群以链格孢属Alternaria(35.63%)、镰刀菌属Fusarium(12.69%)及拟茎点霉属Phomopsis(11.65%)为优势种群。【结论】云南与四川的样本菌群组成相似性最高(Cs=0.88),广东与云南的差异性最大(Cs=0.73)。在根部,以链格孢属Alternaria、镰刀菌属Fusarium及丝核菌Rhizoctonia属为优势种群;叶中则以链格孢属Alternaria、拟茎点霉属Phomopsis及茎点霉属Phoma为优势种群。此外,不同季节间内生真菌的组成也存在一定差异,春季以丝孢纲类居多(IF=31.42%),秋季则以腔孢纲类居多(IF=31.01%)。     

Direct MS measurement of the extract of Ligularia virgaurea collected in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China

Introduction – There are numerous Ligularia species in the eastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and adjacent areas. L. virgaurea has been used as a traditional folk medicine for the treatment of stomachache and nausea. Objective – To analyse chemical constituents of L. virgaurea, grown in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China. Methodology – The direct MS measurement of the crude extract of plant samples was used for grouping of this species. As the main compounds were available in pure form, the main peaks were analysed by LCMS. Results – An easy and speedy method of analysis using MS spectra was developed. On the basis of the findings, L. virgaurea could be divided into two groups. The genetic studies also supported this grouping. Type 1 mainly includes virgaurenones and virgaurenolides. The MS of type 2 is quite different because it includes mainly ligularol and its congeners. Both MS were easily distinguished. Conclusion – The crude extracts of 11 L. virgaurea samples already collected in recent years were analysed and it was possible to identify them as type 1 or 2. This method was applied to three samples collected in 2009 to successfully classify them as either type 1 or 2. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

羚牛的遗传多样性及其种群遗传结构分析

羚牛是亚洲大陆一种特有的大型珍稀动物,目前正面临着栖息地丧失、片段化和人类活动的严重威胁。为了有效地保护这种濒危动物,全面了解羚牛的种群结构、进化历史和整个分布区内遗传多样性的分布是至关重要的。本研究以mtDNA D-loop330bp基因片段为分子标记,比较分析了来自陕西秦岭、甘肃南部、四川岷山、邛崃山和云南贡山的40个样品的序列差异,根据分布特点将所采集到的羚牛分为3个地理单元,即秦岭、四川和云南。结果表明,在3个地理单元中存在4种单倍型,且地理单元间不存在共享单倍型,相互单倍型之间的平均序列差异为1.66％。进一步分析表明,3个地理单元间的基因流较低,存在着显的遗传分化 ,说明羚牛具有明显的系统地理分布格局。同时提出应将分布于秦岭山区、唐家河青川地区、天全以及云南贡山地区作为独立的管理单元分别加以保护。     

草兔线粒体基因组全序列及其系统发育关系分析

草兔(Lepus capensis)在我国数量多,分布广,但人们对草兔的系统地理学、草兔与其他兔类的系统发育关系了解不多,其亚种水平的分类也长期存在争议。本研究通过LA-PCR 技术对草兔线粒体基因组全序列进行PCR 扩增、序列测定和分析,并基于线粒体基因组12 个蛋白质编码基因10 776 bp的核苷酸序列,采用贝叶斯法(BI)和最大似然法(ML)构建哺乳纲(Mammalia) 灵长总目(Euarchontoglires)5 个目12 种动物的系统发育关系,结果支持兔形目(Lagomorpha)的单系起源,其中草兔与欧洲野兔(L. europaeus)亲缘关系最近,两者互为姐妹群,进而与家兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)构成姐妹群关系。此外,基于线粒体细胞色素b 基因全序列,构建31 个兔类个体的系统发育关系,结果显示,草兔与雪兔(L. timidus),云南兔(L. comus) 与高原兔(L.oiostolus),东北兔(L. mandschuricus)与塔里木兔(L. yarkandensis) 有较近的亲缘关系,而在草兔内部,中国的草兔与南非草兔亲缘关系较远,采自江苏盐城的草兔与来自山东、陕西、四川的草兔聚为一支,具有明显较近的亲缘关系。该研究为更好地探讨草兔系统发育关系提供了进一步的分子生物学资料.     

四川地区白背飞虱虫源地分析及迁入路径

为明确四川稻区白背飞虱迁入种群虫源地分布及迁飞路径,运用HYSPLIT 4.8平台和Arc GIS对2012年四川17个站点5—7月白背飞虱灯诱高峰日进行了轨迹模拟、虫源地分析,并运用气象图形处理软件Grads对白背飞虱主要迁入高峰日的虫源地进行风场分析。结果表明:(1)早期5—6月迁入四川盆地的白背飞虱主要降落于川南和川东地区,川南早期虫源主要来自越南和老挝北部和云南南部、东部及东北部地区,川东主要集中在重庆南部、湖南西部以及湘鄂渝交界处,少量来自广西西北部地区,7月白背飞虱的迁飞因受到西南、偏南及东南气流的影响,其虫源广泛分布于云南、贵州、重庆、广西、湖南及湖北。(2)白背飞虱迁入四川盆地的路径主要有4支,第一支,白背飞虱随西南或偏南气流由云南经贵州西部迁入川南,或再经贵州东北部和重庆迁入川东;第二支,白背飞虱随偏南气流由广西经贵州中部迁入川南,或经贵州东北和重庆迁入川东;第三支,由湖南经重庆随东南或偏南气流迁入川东;第四支,由云南随偏南气流迁入川西。(3)由于特殊地形地势的影响,四川盆地白背飞虱的迁入始期和主要迁入期是由东南向西北发生发展;四川稻区白背飞虱主要迁入峰集中在7月份,早期5—6月高峰数较少,且集中在川南和川东地区,总体上迁入峰变化表现为由东南至西北依次减少,以上对四川稻区白背飞虱监测预警有重要意义。     

11份割手密遗传多样性的SSR分析

利用10对多态性丰富的SSR引物,以国家甘蔗种质资源圃中保存的14份具有代表性的割手密为对照,对未收集过的云南地区11份割手密（Saccharum spontaneum L.）野生资源进行多样性分析。结果共扩增出233条DNA谱带,与对照相比,新采集材料的多态性条带为207条,其中14条为特有条带,多态性条带比率为0.89。遗传相似性系数和UPGMA聚类分析表明,新采集的材料并没有单独聚为一类,而是比较分散,在相似性系数为0.64处做切割线,参试材料可分为三个类群：第一类群主要由龙门割手密、河边村割手密和福建仙游1号组成;第二类群中包含19份材料,其中新采集的样品有上岗割手密、他拉割手密、安乐割手密、勐根割手密、芒美割手密、贺海割手密、回落割手密、里拉割手密和曼亨割手密,对照材料主要包含了云南、四川、越南、老挝、泰国地区的割手密,其共同特点是均分布在内陆地区;第三类群包括3个材料,分别是海南1号、海南92-2和广东化州割手密,其中不包含新采集的材料。而在相似性系数为0.654处作切割线又能将上述第二类群分为较细的三个亚群。由此可见,新采集的11份割手密资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,与已收集的资源相比,具有一定的差异性。说明依靠云南高山峡谷等立体气候特点,分布着遗传差异显著的割手密无性系。     

云南牛毛藓属的分类

本文对牛毛藓属(Ditrichum Hamp.)的几次调动及模式种的变更情况作了较详细的报道,并在系统研究了昆明植物所及云南大学生物系历年从云南各地所采标本后,发现云南现有该属植物7种,其中3种:D. brevidens Nog., D. darjeelingense Ren. et Card.和D. tortuloides Grout为云南新分布种。     

金沙江干热河谷蕃麻皂素资源的开发研究

借助已有的酸水解/醇提取的方法,分析了来自四川攀枝花、成都、海南西部、南非中部4个不同生境地域的共10个蕃麻鲜叶片样品,以及来自云南楚雄元谋、保山施甸、丽江永胜、四川攀枝花4个典型的金沙江干热河谷地域的15个蕃麻麻膏(干料,含水量15%~20%)样品,得到了其甾体总甙元组分、含量等基础数据资料。并在此基础上,重点开展了对蕃麻皂素的提取、分离、精制工作,建立了合适的工艺技术路线,乙酰蕃麻皂素产率4.7%。结果表明:金沙江干热河谷地域很适合蕃麻生长,而且生源积累优势组分蕃麻皂甙元,利于后加工,很有希望成为我国甾体药业新的原料基地。蕃麻作为一种种植业发展潜力巨大。     

2009年云南省边境地区健康儿童肠道病毒测序定型和ECHO7、ECHO13病毒的基因特征分析

了解2009年缅甸入境健康儿童和云南省口岸地区健康儿童肠道病毒(enterovirus,EV)带毒情况并对埃柯病毒7型(ECHO7)和埃柯病毒13型(ECHO13)的基因特征进行了描述。采集9个边境口岸小于15岁的健康儿童粪便标本271份,进行病毒分离和基因测序定型。271份便标本中共检测到EV30株(带毒率为11.1%),其中脊髓灰质炎病毒(poliovirus,PV)6株(阳性率2.8%),均为疫苗株,未发现脊灰野病毒;检测到非脊灰病毒(NPV)24株(阳性率8.9%)。经VP1区核苷酸序列测定,24株NPV全部为人类肠道病毒B组(HEV-B,6个血清型),其中13株为埃柯病毒7型(echovirus 7,ECHO7,占54.17%),5株为ECHO13(占20.83%)。未分离到HEV-A组,HEV-C组和HEV-D组病毒。2009年缅甸入境健康儿童和云南省口岸地区健康儿童中肠道病毒携带率较高,且均为HEV-B组病毒,其中主要型别为ECHO7和ECHO13,这两种病毒存在基因多样性特点(即存在不同的基因型)。     

鄂报春(Primula obconica Hance)亲缘地理学的初步研究

为了获得鄂报春（Primula obconica Hance）的种内亲缘地理学信息,对叶绿体基因组上非编码区trnL-trnF的序列变异进行了分析.获得的20个单倍型具有一定的地理分布结构.对这些单倍型进行系统发育分析,得到了三个主要分支：东部分支广泛分布于中国东南部、湖南、湖北、四川和云南;四川分支分布于四川西部;云南分支分布于云南西北部.东部分支分布面积较后两个分支大,并且在东部分支中可以发现一定的演化关系.结合古气候学和地质学信息,推测东部分支中现存的单倍型由冰期时气候变冷导致鄂报春快速迁移而形成,云南、四川分支中的单倍型可能是在各自的避难所中得以保存.同时本文也简要地探讨了鄂报春几个亚种之间的分类学关系.     

Migration sources and pathways of the pest species Sogatella furcifera in Yunnan,China, and across the border inferred from DNA and wind analyses

The migration sources and pathways of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) in topologically complex regions like Yunnan, China, and adjacent montane areas have long been a challenging task and a bottleneck in effective pest forecast and control. The present research reinvestigated this issue using a combination of mtDNA and long‐term historical wind field data in an attempt to provide new insights. Genetic analyses showed that the 60 populations of S. furcufera collected across Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan lack genetic structure and geographic isolation, while spatial analysis of haplotype and diversity indices discovered geographic relevance between populations. Migration rate analysis combined with high‐resolution 10‐year wind field analysis detected the following migration sources, pathways, and impacted areas which could explain the outbreak pattern in Yunnan. (a) Dominating stepwise northward migrations originated from northern Indochina, southern Yunnan, and central‐eastern Yunnan, impacting their northern areas. (b) Concurring summer–autumn southward (return) migration originated from nearly all latitude belts of Sichuan and Yunnan mainly impacting central and southern Yunnan. (c) Regular eastward and summer–autumn westward migrations across Yunnan. The northward migration reflects the temporal rhythm of gradual outbreaks from the south to the north in a year, while the return migration may explain the repeated or very severe outbreaks in the impacted areas. To form a better pest forecast and control network, attention must also be paid to the northern part of Yunnan to suppress the impact of return migration in summers and autumns.     

金鱼藻的化学成分

从金鱼藻( Ceratophyllum demersum L .) 全草的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了其中7 个, 分别为: 苜蓿素-7- O-β- D-葡萄糖苷( 1) , naringenin-7- O-β- D-葡萄糖苷(2 ) , 七叶内酯(3) , β-谷甾醇(4 ) , 7α-羟基-β-谷甾醇(5) , 7α-甲氧基-β-谷甾醇(6) , 十六碳脂肪酸(7) 。化合物(3) 为首次从金鱼藻中分离得到。