糖蛋白激素研究进展

糖蛋白激素是人体内一类重要激素家族,由4个成员构成-促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)和绒毛膜促性腺激素（CG）。这些激素结构相似,但功能各异。主要从结构方面对糖蛋白激素的亚基装配、受体识别及长效化改造进行分析综述。     

大鼠卵巢促黄体激素/人绒毛膜促性腺激素受体cDNA的克隆和在昆虫细胞中的高效表达

促黄体激素/人绒毛膜促性腺激素受体(LH/hCG receptor)是一种与G-蛋白偶联的糖蛋白。本文报道了从大鼠卵巢cDNA库中筛选LH/hCG受体cDNA及其在昆虫细胞中的高效表达。LH/hCG受体cDNA全长2403bp,编码受体信号肽和成熟受体674个氨基酸。用多角体病毒表达载体pVL1393,LH/hCG受体cDNA在昆虫细胞中得到高效表达。在非还原和还原条件下的SDS-PAGE分析显示,用亲和层析分离纯化的受体表观分子量分别为120Kd和92Kd。经配基结合和Scatchard Plot分析表明,其与hCG反应的Kd为8.4×10~(-9)mol/L,与CHO细胞表达产物相似。     

哺乳动物病毒共受体的特征研究

为了探究哺乳动物病毒共受体间的共性特征,本研究基于ViralReceptor数据库中收集的哺乳动物病毒-受体相互作用关系,共收集277对病毒共受体组合,从结构、功能、进化和组织表达等方面对这些病毒共受体进行系统分析,并与来源于不同哺乳动物的病毒受体组合以及随机挑选的人类蛋白组合进行比较。结果显示,哺乳动物病毒共受体相较于其他蛋白组合,彼此间有更高的功能相似性,在宿主蛋白相互作用网络中相互作用的比例更高,在人体常见组织中的共表达水平更高。研究表明,哺乳动物病毒共受体具有功能、表达和互作等共性特征。期望此结果能为病毒受体的发现和鉴定等研究提供参考。     

中央灰质内注射去甲肾上腺素对刺激兔下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩的影响

家兔用乌拉坦(700mg/kg)和氯醛糖(35mg/kg)静脉麻醉,用三碘季铵酚制动,在人工呼吸下进行实验。用电刺激下丘脑近中线区的方法诱发室性期前收缩(HVE)。中脑中央灰质(CG)内微量注射去甲肾上腺素(NA,4μg/2μl)对 HVE 有易化效应,使 HVE 次数增多。微量注射β-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂心得宁(2μg/2μl)使 HVE 次数明显减少,而α-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂酚妥拉明(2μg/2μl)则对 HVE 次数无明显减少作用。事先在 CG 内微量注射心得宁也可阻断 CG 内注入 NA 对 HVE 的易化效应。在 CG 内注射 NA 后,再在 CG 内微量注射吗啡,后者对 HVE 的抑制效应仍然存在。但在 GG 内注射 NA 可减少或消除刺激腓深神经对 HVE 的抑制作用。上述结果提示,在 CG 内β-受体的激活可增加 HVE 次数。刺激腓深神经对 HVE 的抑制作用可能部份是通过内源性吗啡样物质抑制 CG 内 NA 的释放而实现的。     

Kisspeptins/GPR54神经内分泌系统对哺乳动物生殖活动的调控

哺乳动物的生殖活动受到神经内分泌系统的精确调控。近年来的研究表明,KISS-1基因的表达产物Kisspeptins及其G蛋白偶联受体（G protein coupled receptor 54,GPR54）在这一调控网络中发挥着重要作用,与哺乳动物青春期启动、发情排卵及季节性繁殖等过程密切相关。该文就近年来Kisspeptins/GPR54系统对哺乳动物生殖活动调控的研究进展进行简述。     

特异的抗FSH、LH受体疫苗对绒山羊生长性能的影响

内蒙古农业大学生物工程学院鄂迎春、该校动物科学与医学学院赵金山、内蒙古伊克昭盟鄂托克旗白绒山羊种羊场张永斌等7位专家利用噬菌体显示技术构建FSH、LH受体N．末端＋肽重组疫苗对内蒙阿尔巴斯绒山羊公羊进行免疫。他们将羊分成4组：第1组作对照,皮下注射生理盐水;2、3、4组分别皮下注射LH受体疫苗（phGAL,phGALT）,FSH受体（phRNA,phSKV,phSOL）疫苗及FSH—LH受体（phRNA、phSKV、phSOL,phGAL）疫苗。     

核移植与线粒体

线粒体是哺乳动物的产能、供能细胞器,与生长、发育、衰老和凋亡等多种细胞事件及疾病有关。哺乳动物核移植可能导致克隆胚胎及后代中线粒体的杂合性,从而影响到个体的表型甚至导致线粒体疾病。文章阐明了哺乳动物中线粒体的生物学功能及遗传特性,并分析了核移植中供体细胞和受体卵胞质两种来源的线粒体在同种胚胎细胞核移植、同种及异种体细胞核移植重构胚发育进程中的变化以及可能影响线粒体杂合性的一些因素,对其可能导致的线粒体疾病及解决方法进行了简单的阐述。

     

醋酸铜诱导家兔排卵前LH峰过程中下丘脑μ—阿片受体密度的变化

下丘脑β-内啡肽（β-EP）活动减弱是排卵前GnRH／LH峰形成的重要因素，为了解下丘脑μ-阿片受体是否参与了这一过程，本文利用放射受体自显影结合计算机图像处理，观察醋酸铜诱导家兔排卵前LH峰过程中下丘脑μ-受体密度变化。给新西兰雌兔注射1％醋酸铜0．9ml（醋酸铜组）或生理盐水（对照组），于注射后不同时间处死，观察下丘脑内侧基底核（MBH）及视前内侧区（MPO）的μ-受体密度变化，结果表明：醋酸铜组给药后1hMPO部位μ-受体密度明显增加（P＜0．05），于给药后3及3．5h明显减少，LH峰出现。MBH部位μ-受体密度变化和MPO部位相似，对照组μ-受体及LH水平无明显波动。相关分析表明：MBHμ-受体密度变化和血LH水平呈显著负相关（γ＝-0．5481，P＜0．01）。上述结果表明下丘脑μ-受体减少与排卵前LH峰形成密切相关。     

蒙药乌力吉-18对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴相关激素及受体表达的影响

目的:探讨蒙药乌力吉-18对大鼠下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴相关激素及受体的影响。方法:选取40只健康雌性未孕SD大鼠,随机分为空白组、对照组、乌力吉-18高、低2个剂量组,每组10只。空白组灌胃等体积蒸馏水,对照组灌胃逍遥丸,高、低剂量组分别灌胃2.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1、1.0 g·kg^-1·d^-1乌力吉-18,连续给药31学艺术d。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、促卵泡生成素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E₂)及孕酮(PROG)的含量;免疫组化法检测下丘脑组织促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)、垂体组织促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRHR)的表达;以蛋白免疫印迹技术检测卵巢组织促卵泡生成素受体(FSHR)、黄体生成素受体(LHR)蛋白表达量。以实时荧光定量PCR检测卵巢组织中FSHR、LHR基因表达量。结果:与空白组比较,乌力吉-18低剂量组可明显升高血清LH含量(P<0.05),上调下丘脑组织GnRH、垂体组织GnRHR表达及卵巢组织FSHR、LHR蛋白表达(P<0.05);乌力吉-18高剂量组可显著升高血清FSH、LH、E₂含量(P<0.05),上调下丘脑组织GnRH表达及卵巢组织FSHR表达量(P<0.05),并可显著升高卵巢组织中FSHR、LHR基因表达量(P<0.05);对照组可明显升高血清E₂含量(P<0.05)。结论:蒙药乌力吉-18可明显升高血清FSH、LH及E₂的含量,促进下丘脑组织GnRH、垂体组织GnRHR及卵巢组织中FSHR、LHR的表达,表明乌力吉-18能够对下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴相关激素及受体表达产生影响。     

鱼类促性腺激素受体研究进展

促性腺激素FSH/LH在脊椎动物的生殖调控中占据中心地位,其生理功能主要通过其特异性受体FSH-R/LH-R所介导.研究表明,鱼类FSH-R和LH-R主要在性腺表达,也在脑、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏等部位表达,主要调控生殖细胞的成熟和最后的排卵及排精.     

针叶树病原菌异担子菌属的物种多样性及相关检疫建议

异担子菌属Heterobasidion种类是北半球针叶树最严重的森林病原菌,在世界范围内能侵染27种针叶树,对欧洲和北美洲的经营林已造成重大损失。基于传统形态学研究,认为异担子菌属有2个种,即多年异担子菌H. annosum和岛生异担子菌H. insulare,然而单孢交配实验研究证明2个种为复合种。分子系统发育分析研究表明：异担子菌属包括15个种,其中5个种为森林病原菌[冷杉异担子菌H. abietinum、多年异担子菌（狭义）H. annosum s. str.、变孔异担子菌H. irregulare、西方异担子菌H. occidentale和小孔异担子菌H. parviporum];10个种为腐生菌（淀粉孢异担子菌H. amyloideum、南洋杉异担子菌H. araucariae、阿曼德异担子菌H. armandii、南方异担子菌H. australe、岛生异担子菌H. insulare、林芝异担子菌H. linzhiense、东方异担子菌H. orientale、拟岛生异担子菌H. subinsulare、拟小孔异担子菌H. subparviporum和西藏异担子菌H. tibeticum）。多年异担子菌（狭义）H. annosum s. str.、小孔异担子菌H. parviporum和冷杉异担子菌H. abietinum分布于欧洲,分别是松属、云杉属和冷杉属林木的病原菌。变孔异担子菌H. irregulare和西方异担子菌H. occidentale分布于北美洲,前者侵染松属和柏属树木,后者侵染冷杉属、铁杉属、黄杉属和巨杉属树木。虽然广义的多年异担子菌H. annosum sensu lato曾在我国报道,但基于目前研究结果表明该种为拟小孔异担子菌H. subparviporum。目前世界上最具侵染力的5种病原菌即狭义的多年异担子菌H. annosum s. str.、小孔异担子菌H. parviporum、冷杉异担子菌H. abietinum、变孔异担子菌H. irregulare和西方异担子菌H. occidentale还未在我国发现,也未列为对外检疫对象,因此建议将其列为进境植物检疫性有害生物。RNA聚合酶II大亚基序列（RPB1）在异担子菌属种类鉴定中敏感性和特异性最高,研究证明该分子方法可应用于鉴别不同异担子菌种类的有效基因标记,在海关部门进行原木和木质产品的检疫中可运用该分子标记进行林木病原异担子菌的检测。     

福建闽南地区汉族与畲族的指长比

本文旨在研究福建闽南地区汉族和畲族指长比(R)的特点。随机选择福建闽南地区汉族506例（男性173例,女性333例）,畲族450例（男性231例,女性219例）,采用体质测量法,测量并计算左右侧6项指长比（R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5、R_3/4、R_3/5、R_4/5）。福建闽南地区汉族和畲族左、右侧指长比均呈R_2/3<R_2/4<R_3/4<R_2/5<R_4/5<R_3/5的趋势;汉族女性指长比左侧R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5、R_3/4、R_3/5和右侧R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5高于汉族男性（P<0.05）;畲族女性指长比左侧的R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5和右侧R_2/3、R_2/4高于畲族男性（P<0.05）;畲族男性指长比左、右侧R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5、R_3/5、R_4/5高于汉族男性（P<0.05）;畲族女性指长比左侧R_2/3、R_2/4和右侧R_2/3、R_2/4、R_2/5、R_4/5高于汉族女性（P<0.05）。同民族不同性别两侧R_2/4百分比分布差异有统计学意义,不同民族同性别右侧R_2/4百分比分布差异有统计学意义。福建闽南地区汉族和畲族指长比存在性别、侧别的不同,与其他地区、族群也存在差异。     

人工栽培蛹虫草的病原真菌

蛹虫草规模化栽培过程中,真菌病害普遍发生且危害严重。本研究对人工栽培蛹虫草中真菌病害进行调研,对病原真菌进行分离、纯化、鉴定及致病性检验,并分析病害发生的特点。结果发现引起蛹虫草病害的病原真菌主要有虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉。其中虫草生齿梗孢为引起蛹虫草侵染性病害的主要病原真菌。虫草生齿梗孢、产扁虫菌素单端孢、镰刀菌、裂褶菌和哈茨木霉主要为害蛹虫草子实体;淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌、粉红枝穗霉、卵孢单端孢、扩展青霉、黄曲霉和黑曲霉主要为害栽培料与蛹虫草菌丝体。镰刀菌、裂褶菌、哈茨木霉、淡紫拟青霉、稻绿核菌和粉红枝穗霉为引起蛹虫草病害的首次报道。本研究为蛹虫草病害防控奠定基础,以促进产业健康发展。     

基于年降水、生长季降水和生长季蒸散的高寒草地水分利用效率

水分利用效率是深入理解生态系统碳、水循环间耦合关系的重要指标。以前研究青藏高原的水分利用效率多基于年降水量(AP)来分析, 但植物对水分的利用主要在生长季。该研究采用以AP、生长季降水量(GSP)和生长季蒸散量(ET_gs)分别计算的年降水利用效率(PUE_a)、生长季降水利用效率(PUE_gs)和生长季水分利用效率(WUE_gs), 分析了2000-2010年间青藏高原两种主要植被类型高寒草甸和高寒草原PUE_a、PUE_gs和WUE_gs的差异及其与降水量、蒸散量和气温的关系。结果表明: (1)高寒草甸的PUE_a、PUE_gs均大于高寒草原, 但两种草地类型的WUE_gs无显著差别, 这说明两种草地类型可能存在相似的内在的水分利用效率。(2)从年际动态来看, PUE_a和PUE_gs的波动范围相似, 而WUE_gs的波动范围更大, 说明以蒸散为依据的WUE_gs可能比PUE_a和PUE_gs更敏感, 因而可能更好地反映生态系统的水分利用能力。(3)高寒草甸和高寒草原的PUE_a、PUE_gs和WUE_gs分别与AP、GSP和ET_gs呈单调递减趋势, 表明3种水分利用效率均随降水量或蒸散量的增加而降低。高寒草原的3种水分利用效率中仅WUE_gs随着气温的增加而增加, 而高寒草甸的3种水分利用效率均与气温无显著关系, 这说明相比高寒草甸, 高寒草原的水分利用效率对气温更加敏感。     

Effects of Surfactant Protein-A on the Interaction of Pneumocystis murina with its Host at Different Stages of the Infection in Mice

ABSTRACT. We examined the effects of surfactant protein A (SP-A), a collectin, on the interaction of Pneumocystis murina with its host at the beginning, early to middle, and late stages of infection. Pneumocystis murina from SP-A wild-type (WT) mice inoculated intractracheally into WT mice (WT_S-WT_R) adhered well to alveolar macrophages, whereas organisms from SP-A knockout (KO) mice inoculated into KO mice (KO_S-KO_R) did not. Substitution of WT mice as the source of organisms (WT_S-KO_R) or recipient host macrophages (KO_S-WT_R) restored adherence to that found with WT_S-WT_R mice. In contrast, when immunosuppressed KO and WT mice were inoculated with P. murina from a homologous source (KO_S-KO_R, WT_S-WT_R) or heterologous source (WT_S-KO_R, KO_S-WT_R) and followed sequentially, WT_S-KO_R mice had the highest levels of infection at weeks 3 and 4; these mice also had the highest levels of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and neutrophils in lavage fluid at week 3. Surfactant protein-A administered to immunosuppressed KO_S-KO_R mice with Pneumocystis pneumonia for 8 wk as a therapeutic agent failed to lower the organism burden. We conclude that SP-A can correct the host immune defect in the beginning of P. murina infection, but not in the middle or late stages of the infection.     

Biosystematics and evolutionary relationships of perennial Triticeae species revealed by genomic analyses

Understanding the classification and biosystematics of species in Triticeae Dumort., an economically important tribe in the grass family (Poaceae), is not an easy task, particularly for some perennial species. Does genomic analysis facilitate the understanding of evolutionary relationships of these Triticeae species? We reviewed literature published after 1984 to address questions concerning: (1) genome relationships among the monogenomic diploid species; (2) progenitors of the unknown Y genome in Elymus polyploids, X genome in Thinopyrum intermedium, and Xm genome in Leymus; and (3) genome constitutions of some perennial Triticeae species that were unknown or misidentified. A majority of publications have substantiated the close affinity of the E^b and E^e genomes in Th. bessarabicumand Th. elongatum, supporting the use of a common basic genome symbol. The E genome is close to the St genome of Pseudoroegneria and ABD genomes ofTriticum/Aegilops complex, providing an explanation for transferring genes from the E to ABD genomes with relative ease. Although the solid proof is still lacking, theW, P, and especially Xp genomes are possible origins for the Y genome of polyploid Elymus. The absence of the E genome and the allopolyploidy nature of tetraploidLeymus species have been unequivocally confirmed by both cytogenetic and molecular studies. However, the donor of the Xm genomes of Leymus was only speculated to be related to the P genome of Agropyron and F genome of Eremopyrum. Intermediate wheatgrass (Th. intermedium) has been extensively studied. The presence of the St (as the previously designated X) genome in Th. intermedium is now unequivocal. Its two more closely related E₁ and E₂ genomes are shown to be older versions of the E genome rather than the current E^b and E^e genomes. Speciation of Th. intermedium was similar to that of Triticum aestivum, in which the J^s/E^s(like B) genomes had the greatest differentiation from the current J (E^b) genome owning to repetitive sequences of the V genome, whereas its St (like D) had the least differentiation from the current St genome. Species with unknown or misidentified genomes have been correctly designated, including those with the ESt, StP, StPY,StWY, EStP, HW, StYHW, and NsXm genomes. Some of those species have been transferred to and renamed in appropriate genera.     

1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione as a building block for the synthesis of homo- and heterometallic complexes

1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione (C₁₂H₆N₂O₂ (1)) reacts with V(η⁶-mesitylene)₂ and Ti(η⁶-toluene)₂ affording coordination compounds of general formula M(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂)₃ (M=Ti (2); M=V (3)) which further react with TiCl₄ or TiCp₂(CO)₂ yielding the tetrametallic species M(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)₃(M′L_n)₃ (M=V, M′L_n=TiCl₄ (4); M=Ti, M′L_n=TiCp₂ (5); M=V, M′L_n=TiCp₂ (6)). The complex salt [Fe(N,N′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂)₃][PF₆]₂ (7) has been obtained from iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate and 1 in the presence of NH₄PF₆. The reaction of 7 with TiCp₂(CO)₂ affords the tetrametallic derivative [Fe(N,N′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---O,O′)₃(TiCp₂)₃][PF₆]₂ (8). TiCl₂(THF)₂ reacts with MCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂) to give MCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂ (M=Ti (9); M=V (10)). By reaction of TiCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂ (9) with C₁₂H₆N₂O₂, the bimetallic derivative TiCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂) (11) has been prepared, which readily adds to TiCl₄, to give the trimetallic titanium derivative TiCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₄ (12). VCp₂(O,O′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---N,N′)TiCl₂ (10) reacts with the tris-chelate iron(II) cation 7 affording the heptametallic cationic complex [Fe(N,N′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---O,O′)TiCl₂(N,N′---C₁₂H₆N₂O₂---O,O′)VCp₂]₃ ⁺² isolated as the hexafluorophosphate 13.     

Biological activity, identification and quantification of gibberellins in seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies) grown under different photoperiods

Short photoperiod induces growth cessation in seedlings of Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.] Karst.). Application of different gibberellins (GAS) to seedlings growing under a short photoperiod show that GA₉ and GA₂₀ can not induce growth. In contrast application of GA, and GA₄ induced shoot elongation. The results indicate that 3β-hydroxylation of GA₉ to GA₄ and of GA₂₀ to GA₁ is under photoperiodic control. To confirm that conclusion, both qualitative and quantitative analyses of endogenous GAs were performed. GA₁, GA₃, GA₄, GA₇, GA₉, GA₁₂, GA₁₅, GA₁₅, GA₂₀, GA₂₉, GA₃₄ and GA₅₁ were identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in shoots of Norway spruce seedlings. The effect of photoperiod on GA levels was determined by using deuterated and ¹⁴C-labelled GAs as intermal standards. In short days, the amounts of GA₉, GA₄ and GA₁ are less than in plants grown in continuous light. There is no significant difference in the amounts of GA₃, GA₁₂, and GA₂₀ between the different photoperiods. The lack of accumulation of GA₉ and GA₂₀ under short days is discussed.     

Application of trophic transfer efficiency and age structure in the trophic analysis of fossil assemblages

We evaluate onshore-offshore trends in age-frequency distributions and trophic transfer efficiencies using 11 modern death assemblages off the Texas coast. Trophic transfer efficiencies within trophic levels offer little insight over that achieved by a size-frequency distribution. Production/biomass ratios will always be 1 in the fossil record. Within trophic-level estimates of paleogrowth efficiency, the ratio of paleoproduction to paleoingestion (Pⁱ_glt/Iⁱ_lt where i indicates the i^th trophic level and lt indicates the time-averaged value) follow the expected ecological trend precisely in that paleogrowth efficiency is consistently higher in primary consumers than in predators in all 11 death assemblages. Paleoutilization efficiency, the ratio of predator paleoingestion to prey paleoproduction, I²_lt^°/P¹_glt^°, may provide information on the degree of bias in the preservation of primary (1 °) and secondary (2 °) consumer trophic groups. I²_lt^°/P¹_glt^° fell below 0.1 in most cold-seep and bay assemblages, indicating a large surplus of primary consumers. In sharp contrast, I²_lt^°/P¹_glt^°     

Metabolism of C19- and C20-gibberellins by cell-free preparations from immature Phaseolus coccineus seed

Gibberellin biosynthesis pathways were investigated using isotopically-labelled C₁₉- and C₂₀-gibberellins and cell-free preparations from immature seed of Phaseous coccineus cv. Prizewinner. The initial steps in an early 13-hydroxylation pathway involved the conversion gibberellin A₁₂-aldehyde (GA₁₂-aldehyde) to GA₁₂ which was 13-hydroxylated to yield GA₅₃, Metabolism of GA₅₃ yielded GA₄₄. In contrast to other cell-free systems, GA₄₄ was not further converted, either as a δ-lactone or an open-lactone structure, to the C-20 aldehyde GA₁₉. GA₁₉ was, however, metabolised to GA₂₀, GA₅ and GA₁. GA₂₀ represented a branch point in the pathway as it was converted both to GA₁, which was an end product, and GA₅ which was further converted to GA₆. Like GA₁, GA₆ was also an end-product of the early 13-hydroxylation pathway.
A non-13-hydroxylation pathway involving GA₄, GA₁₅, GA₂₄ GA₃₇ and GA₃₆ also originated from GA₁₂. The terminal product of this pathway was the 3β-hydroxy C₁₉-gibberellin, GA₄.