飞蝗CYP408B1和CYP409A1基因的原核表达

【目的】细胞色素P450是分布极其广泛的超家族酶,在昆虫内源及外源化合物代谢中发挥着重要的作用。本文分析了飞蝗Locusta migratoria CYP408B1和CYP409A1基因在不同组织部位的表达差异,并对两种蛋白进行原核表达,为其分子特性和生物学功能的深入研究提供基础资料。【方法】提取飞蝗5龄若虫不同组织部位的总RNA,体外反转录成c DNA,采用Real-time PCR和RT-PCR技术分析飞蝗CYP408B1和CYP409A1在不同组织部位的表达模式,构建表达载体p CW/CYP408B1、p CW/CYP409A1和p AC/CPR,将p CW/CYP408B1和p CW/CYP409A1分别与p AC/CPR在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中进行共表达。【结果】通过PCR检测,发现CYP408B1和CYP409A1在飞蝗5龄若虫触角、脑、视叶、咽下神经节、胸神经节和附腺中均有表达,其中CYP408B1在附腺中表达量较高。原核表达结果显示,CYP409A1和CPR(NADPH细胞色素P450还原酶)均可表达,蛋白分子量分别约为58 ku和77 ku,但均为包涵体,而CYP408B1未能成功表达。【结论】本文揭示了飞蝗CYP408B1和CYP409A1在不同组织部位的表达模式,并对CYP409A1和CPR进行了原核表达,研究结果为深入探讨飞蝗细胞色素P450基因对杀虫剂的代谢解毒作用提供了实验依据和基础资料。     

亚致死剂量毒死蜱对飞蝗细胞色素P450酶活性及基因表达的影响

【目的】研究有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱对飞蝗体内细胞色素P450的影响。【方法】采用酶活力测定法和实时定量PCR技术分别研究了毒死蜱3种亚致死剂量(LD_(10)、LD_(30)和LD_(50))处理飞蝗3龄幼虫24 h后,体内细胞色素P450酶活性及CYP409A1和CYP408B1基因表达量的变化。【结果】不同亚致死剂量毒死蜱处理引起细胞色素P450活性显著性降低,分别为对照组的0.68、0.50和0.62倍。同时通过mRNA水平表达的差异比较显示,飞蝗的两个P450基因CYP409A1和CYP408B1的表达受到抑制,均出现表达量减少的现象。【结论】某些细胞色素P450基因表达受不同亚致死剂量毒死蜱的抑制而使酶的量被降低,从而造成飞蝗整体细胞色素P450酶活性的下降。     

苹果蠹蛾细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19和CYP337B19的克隆及表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过克隆苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19和CYP337B19,并对其进行序列和表达分析,以更好地了解这两个P450基因在植物次生物质解毒方面的作用,为进一步的功能研究提供依据。【方法】采用本地BLAST搜索苹果蠹蛾转录组数据库获得细胞色素P450基因cDNA序列,采用RT-PCR技术克隆目的基因的编码区。利用生物信息学软件分析目的基因的序列特征及与其他近缘物种的P450基因的系统进化关系。采用RT-qPCR技术测定目的基因在苹果蠹蛾不同发育阶段(卵、1-5龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、4龄幼虫不同组织(头部、表皮、脂肪体、中肠和马氏管)以及4龄幼虫分别取食添加0.1%香豆素和0.5%槲皮素的人工饲料2 d后的表达水平。【结果】克隆获得苹果蠹蛾细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19(GenBank登录号: MF574708)和CYP337B19(GenBank登录号: MF574697)的全长cDNA序列,开放阅读框(ORF)分别长1 518和1 491 bp,分别编码505和496个氨基酸,其蛋白质分子量分别为58.586和57.734 kD,理论等电点分别为8.99和7.61。结构域分析显示,CYP332A19和CYP337B19中均包含包括血色素结合区在内的5个保守的细胞色素P450结构域。系统发育树显示,苹果蠹蛾CYP332A19与苹淡褐卷蛾Epighyas postvittana CYP332A9等CYP332A基因聚在一枝,而CYP337B19与稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis CYP337B12和六星灯蛾Zygaena filipendulae CYP337B11等CYP337B基因聚在另一枝。RT-qPCR分析结果表明,CYP332A19和CYP337B19在苹果蠹蛾幼虫期的表达水平高于卵期的,分别在4龄幼虫脂肪体和中肠中的表达量最高。取食分别含0.1%香豆素和0.5%槲皮素的人工饲料2 d后,4龄幼虫体内的CYP332A19和CYP337B19相对表达量显著高于对照组(取食含2%DMSO的人工饲料)。【结论】CYP332A19和CYP332B19分别在苹果蠹蛾幼虫脂肪体和中肠中高表达,且在取食含香豆素和槲皮素的人工饲料的苹果蠹蛾幼虫体内表达量升高,说明这两个基因可能参与苹果蠹蛾对外源物质的解毒代谢过程。本研究的结果有助于我们了解苹果蠹蛾对寄主次生物质解毒代谢机理,为苹果蠹蛾防治提供新思路。     

飞蝗细胞色素P450基因LmCYP6FD3的表达及其在杀虫剂解毒中的作用

【目的】研究飞蝗Locusta migratoria细胞色素P450基因的分子特性和生物学功能。【方法】搜索飞蝗转录组数据库,获得细胞色素P450基因cDNA序列,采用RT-PCR技术克隆目的基因cDNA全长序列。采用实时定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)技术测定其在飞蝗5龄若虫不同组织(胃盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠、体壁、精巢、卵巢、肌肉、血淋巴、脂肪体和马氏管)中及不同发育阶段(卵、1-5龄若虫及成虫)的表达水平。采用RNA干扰(RNAi)技术沉默飞蝗2龄若虫细胞色素P450基因,检测基因的沉默效率,并研究该基因干扰后,2龄若虫对杀虫剂马拉硫磷、西维因和溴氰菊酯3种杀虫剂的敏感性。【结果】克隆获得飞蝗细胞色素P450基因的cDNA全长序列(Gen Bank登录号:KT316378),将其命名为LmCYP6FD3,其核苷酸序列全长为1 563 bp,编码521个氨基酸。研究发现该基因在飞蝗5龄若虫马氏管中高表达,其次是后肠和脂肪体中,在其他组织中的表达量相对较低;对LmCYP6FD3在飞蝗不同发育阶段的表达进行检测,发现该基因在飞蝗整个发育阶段均有表达,在若虫期表达量较高。RNA干扰结合杀虫剂生物测定结果表明,LmCYP6FD3在RNA干扰24 h时的沉默效率最高;2龄若虫点滴接触西维因,RNAi处理组(dsLmCYP6FD3注射组)与对照组(ds GFP注射组)相比,死亡率提高了32%。【结论】克隆获得飞蝗LmCYP6FD3的cDNA全长序列,该基因在飞蝗马氏管中高表达,并可能参与西维因在飞蝗体内的解毒代谢。     

苹果蠹蛾细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19和CYP337B19的克隆及表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在通过克隆苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19和CYP337B19,并对其进行序列和表达分析,以更好地了解这两个P450基因在植物次生物质解毒方面的作用,为进一步的功能研究提供依据。【方法】采用本地BLAST搜索苹果蠹蛾转录组数据库获得细胞色素P450基因cDNA序列,采用RT-PCR技术克隆目的基因的编码区。利用生物信息学软件分析目的基因的序列特征及与其他近缘物种的P450基因的系统进化关系。采用RT-qPCR技术测定目的基因在苹果蠹蛾不同发育阶段(卵、1-5龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、4龄幼虫不同组织(头部、表皮、脂肪体、中肠和马氏管)以及4龄幼虫分别取食添加0.1%香豆素和0.5%槲皮素的人工饲料2 d后的表达水平。【结果】克隆获得苹果蠹蛾细胞色素P450基因CYP332A19(GenBank登录号:MF574708)和CYP337B19(GenBank登录号:MF574697)的全长cDNA序列,开放阅读框(ORF)分别长1 518和1 491 bp,分别编码505和496个氨基酸,其蛋白质分子量分别为58.586和57.734 ...     

致倦库蚊GSTe1和CYP9J40的时空表达特点

【目的】细胞色素P450单加氧酶(P450)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)是生物降解外源有毒物质的重要解毒酶家族,在昆虫适应杀虫剂选择的过程中发挥重要的作用。以往在致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus对硫磷抗性研究中,发现了一个Epsilon GST基因(GSTe1)和一个P450 CYP9家族基因(CYP9J40)在抗性品系中高表达。研究它们在蚊虫中的时空表达模式对理解它们的生物学功能有重要意义。【方法】本研究利用实时定量PCR和原位杂交的方法探讨了这两个解毒酶基因在蚊虫中的时空表达。【结果】定量PCR显示GSTe1和CYP9J40在对硫磷抗性蚊虫中的转录水平分别是敏感蚊虫的4.2倍和1.9倍,它们在蚊虫整个生活周期的表达模式相似,均为幼虫期表达量相对较低,从蛹期开始表达量显著升高,到成虫期雌虫达到顶峰,而雄虫与幼虫期表达量相当。原位杂交结果表明这两个基因在肌肉、消化道和卵巢中都有表达,且CYP9J40的表达更广泛,在脑和胸部神经节也有明显表达。【结论】基因表达的发育阶段特异性和广泛的组织分布说明GSTe1和CYP9J40除了参与蚊虫对杀虫剂的抗性,还可能具有其它生理功能,如对雌虫发育有重要的影响。     

三种杀虫剂亚致死剂量对草地贪夜蛾细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

【目的】为明确杀虫剂亚致死剂量对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda细胞色素P450基因表达的影响。【方法】本研究采用叶片浸渍法测定了3种杀虫剂[氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)]对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的毒力,以及通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)技术测定了这3种杀虫剂亚致死剂量(LC₁₀)处理后48 h时草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫16个P450基因的表达量。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和Bt对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的LC₁₀值分别为0.931, 0.283和1 089.688 mg/L。2龄幼虫受LC₁₀氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫后,13个P450基因(CYP4G75,CYP6AB12,CYP6B50,CYP321A7,CY321A8,CYP321A9,CYP321A10,CYP321B1,CYP337B5,CYP9A59,CYP9A58,CYP6AE44及CYP6AE43)表达上调...     

氯虫苯甲酰胺诱导甜菜夜蛾细胞色素P450基因上调表达

【目的】明确氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)细胞色素P450基因的诱导表达作用。【方法】采用O-脱乙基香豆素法研究了低剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺处理对甜菜夜蛾幼虫中肠P450s酶活性的影响,应用Real-time PCR方法测定了其对P450基因(CYP9A9, CYP4G37,CYP4S11和CYP6B)和NADPH细胞色素P450还原酶基因(HQ852049)表达的影响。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾P450酶及相关基因的诱导作用均表现出时间效应和剂量效应,。甜菜夜蛾4龄幼虫取食0.02 mg/kg氯虫苯甲酰胺饲料至5龄, 在蜕皮后6-36 h内, 其P450s酶活性增加为对照组的1.90~2.92倍, 诱导效应高于0.01 mg/kg氯虫苯甲酰胺处理组（其P450s酶活性为对照组的1.11~1.62倍）。同时, 0.02 mg/kg氯虫苯甲酰胺处理组甜菜夜蛾中肠P450基因CYP9A9, CYP4G37和CYP6B mRNA的相对表达量分别上升为对照组的1.97~3.95, 2.46~4.29及1.53~4.48倍, NADPH细胞色素P450还原酶基因 HQ852049 的相对表达量亦增加为对照的1.85~4.08倍。【结论】结果提示,氯虫苯甲酰胺可能通过诱导3种P450基因及细胞色素P450还原酶基因 HQ852049 基因mRNA的上调表达而增强了甜菜夜蛾幼虫中肠P450s酶活性。     

不同RNAi方法对飞蝗触角高表达基因沉默效率的比较

【目的】RNAi技术在研究飞蝗功能基因组学方面已经日趋成熟,飞蝗触角中富含有丰富的气味结合蛋白、转运蛋白以及气味降解酶等,这些蛋白在昆虫嗅觉信号传导中发挥着重要的作用,但是关于高效降解这些基因的相关RNAi方法还未知,因此本文通过分析不同RNAi方法对飞蝗触角高表达基因的沉默效率差异变化,以此探索一种高效降解飞蝗触角高表达基因的方法,为后续研究基因功能提供理论依据与技术指导,为从飞蝗嗅觉机制方向设计防控蝗灾的分子靶标奠定基础。【方法】以Lm CYP3117C1基因为目标基因,飞蝗为实验材料,选取飞蝗5龄若虫解剖触角、下颚须、翅、跗足、中肠、马氏管6个组织部位,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析基因不同组织部位的表达特异性。用不同溶剂溶解ds RNA(DEPC水,丙酮和DEPC水(1︰1)混合溶剂,0.1%Triton X-100),分别采用注射法(触角窝注射和腹部注射),浸泡法和涂抹法3种方法干扰靶标基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析基因表达抑制情况,研究不同RNAi方法对基因表达量变化的影响。【结果】Lm CYP3117C1基因在飞蝗若虫6个组织部位均有表达,在触角的表达量最高,分别是下颚须、翅、跗足、中肠、马氏管的3.78倍、2.10倍、10.84倍、363.48倍、365.16倍。通过在两边的触角窝注射ds CYP3117C1,24 h后飞蝗雌雄虫触角Lm CYP3117C1表达量显著降低,雌虫和雄虫沉默效率分别为76.84%和87.51%,但在其他组织部位(下颚须、翅、跗足、其余整虫)基因表达量没有发生显著变化;飞蝗腹部注射ds CYP3117C1,24 h后雌雄虫触角的基因表达水平均发生显著降低,其中雌虫触角沉默效率达68.60%,雄虫沉默效率达61.10%,另外,飞蝗雌虫跗足Lm CYP3117C1基因表达量也发生显著降低,但下颚须、翅和其余整虫没有明显变化;飞蝗雄虫下颚须,其余整虫Lm CYP3117C1基因表达有显著降低,翅和跗足没有发生明显变化;将飞蝗触角浸泡于溶于不同溶剂的ds CYP3117C1溶液中(DEPC水、丙酮和DEPC水(1∶1)混合溶剂、含0.1%Triton X-100的DEPC水),分别浸泡1,3,5 min,24 h后检测雌雄虫触角Lm CYP3117C1基因表达情况,结果显示没有发生明显变化;将ds CYP3117C1分别溶于DEPC水和含0.1%Triton X-100的DEPC水中涂抹飞蝗触角,24 h后发现飞蝗雌雄虫触角Lm CYP3117C1基因表达水平无显著变化。【结论】飞蝗触角浸泡法和涂抹法干扰Lm CYP3117C1没有显著效果,腹部注射法对飞蝗触角Lm CYP3117C1的沉默效率较低,触角窝注射法可以高效降解Lm CYP3117C1,可作为飞蝗触角高表达基因RNAi的主要干扰方法。     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450 337B3(CYP337B3)的表达、纯化及结晶

【目的】以抗性棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera体内发现的一种基因重组导致的嵌合型P450酶CYP337B3作为研究对象,通过基因克隆、体外重组表达、蛋白质结晶等技术手段,获得CYP337B3(△23)的晶体结构,为深入了解棉铃虫P450酶CYP337B3的结构与功能奠定基础。【方法】对CYP337B3编码基因进行了密码子优化,通过基因重组,将其转化至BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中进行原核表达尝试,通过亲和层析及RESOURCETM Q离子交换层析对CYP337B3(△23)进行体外纯化,利用气相悬滴结晶方法对CYP337B3(△23)进行结晶条件的筛选及X射线晶体衍射。【结果】通过密码子优化,实现了CYP337B3(△23)在大肠杆菌原核表达系统内的大量表达,经过体外纯化及十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,CYP337B3(△23)蛋白纯度可达到95%左右,我们对CYP337B3(△23)进行了蛋白结晶条件的筛选,最终获得了CYP337B3(△23)的结晶条件和蛋白晶体。【结论】本文利用气相悬滴结晶方法获得了CYP337B3(△23)的蛋白晶体,为今后CYP337B3的三维结构解析、功能研究以及最终阐述该种新型的棉铃虫抗药机制奠定了良好的基础。     

cDNA cloning and characterization of feline CYP1A1 and CYP1A2

Deficiency of drug glucuronidation in the cat is one of the major reasons why this animal is highly sensitive to the side effects of drugs. The characterization of cytochrome P450 isoforms belonging to the CYP1A subfamily, which exhibit important drug oxidation activities such as activation of pro-carcinogens, was investigated. Two cDNAs, designated CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b, corresponding to the CYP1A subfamily were obtained from feline liver. CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b cDNAs comprise coding regions of 1554 bp and 1539 bp, and encode predicted amino acid sequences of 517 and 512 residues, respectively. These amino acid sequences contain a heme-binding cysteine and a conserved threonine. The cDNA identities, as well as the predicted amino acid sequences containing six substrate recognition sites, suggest that CYP1A-a and CYP1A-b correspond to CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, respectively. This was confirmed by the kinetic parameters of the arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities of expressed CYPs in yeast AH22 cells and by the tissue distribution of each mRNA. However, theophylline 3-demethylation is believed to be catalyzed by CYP1A1 in cats, based on the high V(max) and low K(m) seen, in contrast to other animals. Because feline CYP1A2 had a higher K(m) for phenacetin O-deethylase activity with acetaminophen, which cannot be conjugated with glucuronic acid due to UDP-glucuronosyltransferase deficiency, it is supposed that the side effects of phenacetin as a result of toxic intermediates are severe and prolonged in cats.     

The human steroid hydroxylases CYP1B1 and CYP11B2

Major advances have been made during the last decade in our understanding of adrenal steroid hormone biosynthesis. Two key players in these pathways are the human mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, which catalyze the final steps in the biosynthesis of cortisol and aldosterone. Using data from mutations found in patients suffering from steroid hormone-related diseases, from mutagenesis studies and from the construction of three-dimensional models of these enzymes, structural information could be deduced that provide a clue to the stereo- and regiospecific steroid hydroxylation reactions carried out by these enzymes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the physiological function and the biochemistry of these enzymes. Furthermore, the pharmacological and toxicological importance of these steroid hydroxylases, the means for the identification of their potential inhibitors and possible biotechnological applications are discussed.     

Polymorphic Variation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 Genes in a Haryana Population

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1B1 are important phase I xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes involved in the metabolism of numbers of toxins, endogenous hormones, and pharmaceutical drugs. Polymorphisms in these phase I genes can alter enzyme activity and are known to be associated with cancer susceptibility related to environmental toxins and hormone exposure. Their genotypes may also display ethnicity-dependent population frequencies. The present study was aimed to determine the frequencies of commonly known functional polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 genes in a Haryana state population of North India. The allelic frequency of CYP1A1 polymorphism m1 (MspI) was 29.65% and m2 (Ile⁴⁶²Val) was 24.85%. The frequency of CYP1B1 polymorphism m1 (Val⁴³²Leu) was 45.85% and m2 (Asn⁴⁵³Ser) was 16.2%. We observed inter- and intra-ethnic variation in the frequency distribution of these polymorphisms. Analysis of polymorphisms in these genes might help in predicting the risk of cancer. Our results emphasize the need for more such studies in high-risk populations.     

Comparative CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 substrate and inhibitor profile of dietary flavonoids

CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 are two extrahepatic enzymes that have been implicated in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Selective inhibition of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 by dietary constituents, notably the class of flavonoids, is a widely accepted paradigm that supports the concept of dietary chemoprevention. In parallel, recent studies have documented the ability of CYP1 enzymes to selectively metabolize dietary flavonoids to conversion products that inhibit cancer cell proliferation. In the present study we have examined the inhibition of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1-catalyzed EROD activity by 14 different flavonoids containing methoxy- and hydroxyl-group substitutions as well as the metabolism of the monomethoxylated CYP1-flavonoid inhibitor acacetin and the poly-methoxylated flavone eupatorin-5-methyl ether by recombinant CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. The most potent inhibitors of CYP1-EROD activity were the methoxylated flavones acacetin, diosmetin, eupatorin and the di-hydroxylated flavone chrysin, indicating that the 4'-OCH(3) group at the B ring and the 5,7-dihydroxy motif at the A ring play a prominent role in EROD inhibition. Potent inhibition of CYP1B1 EROD activity was also obtained for the poly-hydroxylated flavonols quercetin and myricetin. HPLC metabolism of acacetin by CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 revealed the formation of the structurally similar flavone apigenin by demethylation at the 4'-position of the B ring, whereas the flavone eupatorin-5-methyl ether was metabolized to an as yet unidentified metabolite assigned E(5)M1. Eupatorin-5-methyl ether demonstrated a submicromolar IC(50) in the CYP1-expressing cancer cell line MDA-MB 468, while it was considerably inactive in the normal cell line MCF-10A. Homology modeling in conjunction with molecular docking calculations were employed in an effort to rationalize the activity of these flavonoids based on their CYP1-binding mode. Taken together the data suggest that dietary flavonoids exhibit three distinct modes of action with regard to cancer prevention, based on their hydroxyl and methoxy decoration: (1) inhibitors of CYP1 enzymatic activity, (2) CYP1 substrates and (3) substrates and inhibitors of CYP1 enzymes.     

CYP2R1-, CYP27B1- and CYP24-mRNA expression in German type 1 diabetes patients

1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and 25(OH)D(3) have been associated with type 1 diabetes. Diverse enzymes are involved in the synthesis of these metabolites: the 25-Vitamin-D-hydroxylase (CYP2R1), the 25-hydroxyvitamin-D(3)-1-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and the 25(OH)D(3)-24-hydroxylase (CYP24) among others. Serum levels of 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) were investigated in type 1 diabetes patients (n=173) and the mRNA expression of the CYP2R1, CYP27B1 and CYP24 genes in type 1 diabetes patients (n=33) and healthy controls (n=23). These parameters were correlated with the -1260 (C/A) polymorphism in the CYP27B1 gene. Lower expression of CYP27B1 mRNA in comparison with healthy controls (1.7165 versus 1.7815, P=0.0268) was found. Additionally, patients carrying the genotype CC possessed a reduced amount of CYP27B1 mRNA compared to healthy controls (1.6855 versus 1.8107, respectively, P=0.0220). The heterozygosity rate of the -1260 C/A polymorphism was more frequent in patients with normal levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) (> or =19.9 pmol/ml) than in whose with a level of less than 19.9 pmol/ml (46.7% versus 22.2%, P=0.0134). No correlation with serum levels of 25(OH)D(3) was found. Thus, CYP27B1 gene could play a functional role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes through modulation of its mRNA expression and influence serum levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) via the -1260 C/A polymorphism.     

CYP2D6 and CYP1A1 mutations in the Turkish population

Drugs and carcinogens are substrates of a group of metabolic enzymes including cytochrome p450 enzymes and gluthatione S-transferases. Many of the genes encoding these enzymes exhibit functional polymorphisms that contribute individual cancer susceptibility and drug response. Molecular studies based on these polymorphic enzymes also explain the aetiology of cancer and therapeutic management in clinics. We analysed the cytochrome p4501A1 (CYP1A1) and 2D6 (CYP2D6) variant genotype and allele frequencies by PCR-RFLP in Turkish individuals (n=140). The frequency of the CYP1A1*2A mutant allele was found to be 15.4%, and the CYP2D6*3 and *4 mutant allele (poor metabolizer) frequencies were 2.5% and 13.9%, respectively. This study presents the first results of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 mutant allele distributions in the Turkish population and these data provide an understanding of epidemiological studies that correlate therapeutic approaches and aetiology of several types of malignancy in Turkish patients.     

Expression Profile of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 Enzymes in Colon and Bladder Tumors

Background

The cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes are involved in carcinogenesis via activation of pro-carcinogenic compounds to carcinogenic metabolites. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 have shown elevated levels in human tumors as determined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical studies. However studies that have examined CYP1 expression by enzyme activity assays are limited.

Results

In the current study the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 was investigated in a panel of human tumors of bladder and colorectal origin by qRT-PCR and enzyme activity assays. The results demonstrated that 35% (7/20) of bladder tumors and 35% (7/20) of colon tumors overexpressed active CYP1 enzymes. CYP1B1 mRNA was overexpressed in 65% and 60% of bladder and colon tumors respectively, whereas CYP1A1 was overexpressed in 65% and 80% of bladder and colon tumors. Mean mRNA levels of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 along with mean CYP1 activity were higher in bladder and colon tumors compared to normal tissues (p<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed CYP1 expression levels to be independent of TNM status. Moreover, incubation of tumor microsomal protein in 4 bladder and 3 colon samples with a CYP1B1 specific antibody revealed a large reduction (72.5 ± 5.5 % for bladder and 71.8 ± 7.2% for colon) in catalytic activity, indicating that the activity was mainly attributed to CYP1B1 expression.

Conclusions

The study reveals active CYP1 overexpression in human tumors and uncovers the potential use of CYP1 enzymes and mainly CYP1B1 as targets for cancer therapy.     

Effect of structural modification on the inhibitory selectivity of rutaecarpine derivatives on human CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1

Derivatives of a CYP1A2 inhibitor rutaecarpine were synthesized to have potent and selective inhibition of human CYP1 members. Structural modelling shows a good fitting of rutaecarpine with the putative active site of human CYP1A2. Among the derivatives, 10- and 11-methoxyrutaecarpine are the most selective CYP1B1 inhibitors. 1-Methoxyrutaecarpine and 1,2-dimethoxyrutaecarpine are the most selective CYP1A2 inhibitors.     

CYP1A1*2 and CYP1A1*3 polymorphisms cosegregate in the Indian population

Several ethnic groups have been genotyped for polymorphisms at the CYP1A1 gene locus that encodes the enzyme that catalyzes the initial step in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Two of the CYP1A1 polymorphisms, namely, CYP1A1*2 and CYP1A1*3 are reported to cosegregate among the Japanese and to a lesser extent in Caucasians, but not in people of African descent. In the absence of such information in the Indian population, the frequency of the CYP1A1*2 polymorphism was determined in this study, using DNA samples from 649 ethnic Indians who had been earlier genotyped for the CYP1A1*3 polymorphism. Analysis of the combined genotype data revealed that the two polymorphisms cosegregate in the Indian population.