含水量与温度对球孢白僵菌孢子粉贮存寿命的影响及模拟分析

将含水量 1 12 %、4 73%、7 2 3%、9 84 %及 14 11%的球孢白僵菌BeauveriabassianaSG870 2分生孢子粉在4℃和 2 5℃下黑暗贮存 18个月 ,定期检测活孢率 ,以确定孢子粉的贮存寿命。结果显示 ,各温度处理中含水量显著(P <0 0 5 )影响孢子贮存期间的活孢率。在 4℃下 ,含水量为 1 12 %～ 9 84 %处理的活孢率在头 16个月均稳定在91%以上 ,且相互间差异不显著 ;次高含水量处理的活孢率在第 18个月才显著低于其它较低含水量处理 ;高含水量处理的活孢率则从第 6个月起显著低于其余较低含水量处理 ,第 12个月时降至 2 4 2 %。而在 2 5℃下 ,第 3和第 6个月的活孢率在不同含水量处理间均呈极显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ,即随含水量升高而显著下降 ,次高含水量处理在第6个月的活孢率仅剩 17 6 %。贮存期间活孢率对贮存时间和孢子粉含水量的依赖关系很符合改进的存活衰变模型(r2 >0 85 )。根据拟合的模型预测 ,在 4℃下贮存 ,若保证活孢率 90 % ,12 %含水量的孢子粉可贮存 7 3个月 ,10 %为 11 2个月 ,9%为 14 9个月 ,8%为 2 1 0个月 ,7%为 33 0个月 ,6 %达 6 5 5个月 ,故孢子粉冷贮的含水量应控制在8%以下。若在 2 5℃下贮存并保证活孢率 80 % ,含水量 10 %的孢子粉仅可贮存 1 7个月 ,8%为 2 3个月 ,6 %为 3 0个     

真空干燥球孢白僵菌纯孢粉的活孢率、毒力与贮存期

采用真空冷冻干燥法 (冻干 )和真空室温干燥法 (抽干 )对球孢白僵菌 (Beauveriabassiana)原菌粉进行了干燥工艺的比较。在固体产孢基质上生产的新鲜纯孢粉 (原菌粉 )含水量达 5 8 65 % ,经 36h冻干或抽干 ,孢子粉的含水量分别降至 3 97%和 4 2 6% ,含孢量分别为 1 2 9× 1 0 1 1 孢子 /g和 1 2 5× 1 0 1 1 孢子 /g ,活孢率分别为 99 0 %和 97 9%。冻干粉和抽干粉之间的活孢率无显著差异 ,但萌发速度不同。原菌粉、抽干粉及冻干粉对桃蚜(Myzuspersicae)在接种后第 7d的LC50 分别为 1 1 5 ,5 89和 2 95× 1 0 4 个孢子 /mL ;在 1 0 6 个孢子 /mL的剂量下对桃蚜的LT50 分别为 3 6d、 4 4d和 3 9d。从生产成本低得多 ,抽干法比冻干法在白僵菌纯孢粉的生产中更有应用前景 ,尽管冻干粉的质量略优于抽干粉。在4℃和 2 0℃下贮存冻干粉并进行为期一年的孢子萌发率和毒力检测。结果显示 ,冻干粉在2 0℃下贮存至 2 5 5d时完全失活而丧失染虫能力 ,而在 4℃下贮存一年后的活孢率仍达90 2 % ,LT50 仅从初始的 3 9d延长至 4 7d。这说明仅通过降低含水量以延长白僵菌孢子粉在常温下的贮存期仍是不可能的。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林与橡胶林林冠的持水能力

基于2003～2004年的实验室和野外实测数据,采用尺度上推法对西双版纳地区热带季节雨林和橡胶林林冠持水能力进行了研究.结果表明,热带季节雨林林冠持水 能力为0.45～0.79 mm、橡胶林为0.48～0.71 mm,其中林冠木质部分（枝和树皮）的持水能力占较大优势;雾凉季（11月至翌年2月）和干热季（3～4月）的 林冠持水能力高于雨季（5～10月）;林冠各部分达到饱和所需的时间为叶（5 min）＜树皮（2～3 h）＜枝（2.5～4 h）.对两种林分林冠各部分在浸水/风干过程 的分析结果表明,叶易吸水和风干,在历时较短的降雨事件中是林冠截留的主体,在林地中,面积指数较大的枝和树皮吸水和风干较难,在强度大、历时长的降雨事件中可 以较好地发挥截留作用.与橡胶林相比,热带季节雨林林冠持水能力虽较小,但是其多层林冠结构林冠持水能力较强.     

真空干燥球孢白僵菌纯孢粉的活孢率、毒力与贮存期*

采用真空冷冻干燥法 (冻干 )和真空室温干燥法 (抽干 )对球孢白僵菌 (_{Beauveriabassiana})原菌粉进行了干燥工艺的比较。在固体产孢基质上生产的新鲜纯孢粉 (原菌粉 )含水量达 58.65 % ,经 36h冻干或抽干 ,孢子粉的含水量分别降至 3.97%和 4.26% ,含孢量分别为 1.29×10¹¹ 孢子 /g和 1.25×10¹¹ 孢子 /g ,活孢率分别为 99.0 %和 97.9%。冻干粉和抽干粉之间的活孢率无显著     

不同温度下球孢白僵菌对桃蚜生殖力及生命表参数的影响

对6日龄桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)用106孢子/mL球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana(Balsamo)Vuillemin悬浮液接种后,饲养于4组温度(18,21,25和28℃)下,相对湿度(RH)为85%的条件下,观察其生殖力及生命表参数的变化。结果显示,与对照相比,在观察时限的10d内接种蚜日均产仔数分别减少43%,31%,53%和61%,接种蚜的净生殖力R0下降57%,73%,74%,60%,内禀增长力rm下降30%,41%,36%,22%。这表明,球孢白僵菌对桃蚜种群增长具有一定的抑制作用,其作用在21、25℃下更为明显。     

变温干燥固体发酵产物对球孢白僵菌分生孢子性能的影响

[目的]评价球孢白僵菌固体发酵产物的干燥温度对产后分生孢子性能的影响.[方法]采用28℃2和35℃组合的7种恒温或变温处理干燥发酵产物,分析收获的分生孢子质量.[结果]变温干燥可显著降低产后孢子粉的杂菌污染.干燥温度对活孢率和孢子萌发速度影响不一致.35℃恒温干燥5 h后活孢率与新鲜孢子无明显差异,但萌发中时缩短了9.3%.干燥处理提高了孢子对高温和紫外辐射的耐受性.适当的变温干燥比恒温干燥有利于增强孢子抗逆性.干燥温度影响分生孢子胞内海藻糖积累,但其含量与抗逆性无直接相关性.优化干燥温度可提高产后分生孢子毒力.在370～450孢子/mm2剂量下,经28℃ 24 h后升至35℃干燥2 h或35℃恒温干燥5 h的分生孢子对桃蚜的致死中时分别比新鲜孢子缩短了10.6 h和7.5 h.[结论]球孢白僵菌固体发酵产物的干燥温度是影响产后孢子粉杂菌污染、孢子活力、抗逆性和毒力的重要因素.     

不同温湿度下球孢白僵菌对小猿叶甲的致病力

本文在室内研究了分离自小猿叶甲的一株球孢白僵菌(SCAU-BB01D)在不同温度和湿度条件下对小猿叶甲成虫和2龄幼虫的致病力。结果显示温度和相对湿度对白僵菌的致病力有显著影响。在17℃和29℃,小猿叶甲成虫和2龄幼虫的死亡率显著低于其他温度; 在23℃下,成虫接菌后第14天的累计死亡率达到最高为95.60%; 在23℃和26℃下,2龄幼虫接菌后第10天达到最高累计死亡率96%。随着相对湿度的提高,球孢白僵菌对小猿叶甲的致病力显著增加,当相对湿度从50%增加至100%时, 成虫第14天的累计死亡率从55.70%增加到88.80%,2龄幼虫第10天的累计死亡率从62.00%增加到96.00%。机率值分析结果表明,在17、20、23、26和29℃温度下,白僵菌对小猿叶甲成虫和2龄幼虫的LT₅₀分别为 13.63、10.27、8.05、8.87、12.41天和 6.06、5.72、4.90、4.86、6.73天。随着相对湿度的升高,球孢白僵菌对小猿叶甲的致死中时(LT₅₀)呈缩短的趋势,当相对湿度为50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100％时,成虫和2龄幼虫的LT₅₀分别为12.97、10.97、10.13、9.79、9.14、8.29天和7.68、6.92、5.76、5.57、5.48、4.82天。由实验结果可以得知,23～26℃是球孢白僵菌感染小猿叶甲最适宜的温度范围,环境湿度越高越有利于病原菌侵染,当相对湿度大于90%时,最有利于球孢白僵菌对小猿叶甲的感染。     

不同碳、氮营养对球孢白僵菌生物学特性和抑菌活性的影响

研究了不同碳营养和氮营养对球孢白僵菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生量、菌丝生物量及其次生代谢产物的抑菌活性.结果表明,球孢白僵菌对单糖、双糖、多糖等碳营养及有机氮和无机氮等氮营养均能够利用,但利用程度存在一定差异.其中,球孢白僵菌的菌丝生长以白砂糖和蛋白胨最快,以甘露醇和硫酸铵最慢;分生孢子产生量以白砂糖和硝酸钾最多,以甘露醇...     

球孢白僵菌液体培养条件下淀粉酶的产生及活性影响因子

球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)是一种经典的昆虫病原真菌。利用自蚜虫分离的菌株SG8702对该菌产淀粉酶的条件及理化特性进行了研究。从二次旋转组合设计的13种液体培养基中,筛选出适合该菌产淀粉酶的培养基配方,其成份为可溶性淀粉0.3%,葡萄糖、蛋白胨和酵母粉各0.5%。含10.6个分生孢子/mL的此培养液恒温(25±1)℃振荡(120r/min)培养3.5d,菌丝生物量为16.7mg/mL,产淀粉酶量达527.1u/mg菌丝的最大值;培养液初始pH4～6最有利淀粉酶的产生,产酶量为1315.8～1439.2u/mg菌丝。淀粉酶活性在40℃、pH 4.0条件下最高,在pH 3～8范围内20℃下处理20min或在pH4～6范围内37℃下处理1 h酶活较为稳定;40℃下处理20min酶活保持90%以上,50℃和60℃下处理相同时间则酶活分别丧失52%和91%。一定浓度的Ca²⁺有利于酶活提高,但Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺、Na+、Hg²⁺、Fe²⁺和Mg²⁺等常见金属离子则不同程度地抑制酶活。     

不同培养基质上球孢白僵菌孢子与菌丝多糖含量的变化

球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana(Balsamo)Vuellemin是重要的害虫生防真菌(Feng et al.,1994),其制剂在常温下长期储存是有效应用的技术瓶颈。由于菌体内源营养(如糖类)的积累是一个可控指标, 通过工艺调节内源营养积累可改善孢子的生理状态,有助于增强孢子贮存稳定性(冯明光和应盛华, 2002)。有关生防真菌孢子中糖类的研究多集中于单糖、双糖以及糖醇(Hallsworth&Magan,1994),多糖的报道仅见于芽生孢子内的糖原及其代谢的检测(Lane&Trinci,1991),不同基质对培养物多糖总量的影响还未见诸报道。本文简要报道在不同培养基质上培养的球孢白僵菌菌丝和孢子多糖的测定结果, 并就三种多糖提取方法进行了比较。     

Influence of whey permeate and millet as substrates on thermotolerance of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae conidia during storage

Conidia from Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, produced in quarter-strength Sabouraud dextrose agar amended with yeast extract, whey permeate, and millet agar, were exposed to 45°C for 90 min prior to and at 30 d post-storage at 25°C. B. bassiana produced in whey permeate or millet had better thermotolerance than the other treatments after the storage.     

不同温湿度下白僵菌对松毛虫的侵染致病效应

采用荧光显微技术和电镜扫描技术 ,对 33个温湿度组合条件下球孢白僵菌孢子在马尾松毛虫活体上的萌发、侵染进程和致病效果进行了观察与测定 ,分析了三者之间的关系 .揭示了孢子萌发速率与环境温度的关系 :V =(T - 4.2 5) /2 7.2 .其中 ,孢子萌发的起点温度为 4.2 5℃ ,有效积温为 2 7.2日度 .湿度是孢子萌发和侵染致病的主要制约因子 ,且温度和湿度具有互补与综合作用 .温度达 1 0℃以上 ,相对湿度达 95% ,侵染致病效应更为显著 .     

Relationship between thermotolerance and hydrophobin-like proteins in aerial conidia of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus as fungal biocontrol agents

AIMS: This study was to illustrate the relationship between the thermotolerance and the contents of hydrophobin-like or formic-acid-extractable (FAE) proteins in aerial conidia of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus produced on rice-based substrate. METHODS AND RESULTS: Survival indices of 11 isolates were separately assessed as a ratio of the viability of conidia after 3-150 min thermal stress at 48 degrees C over that of unstressed conidia and fitted well to a survival model (r(2) >/= 0.97). For a given isolate, the fitted model generated an LT(50), the time for 50% viability loss under the stress. The LT(50)s of six B. bassiana isolates (10.1-61.9 min) and five P. fumosoroseus isolates (2.8-6.2 min) were correlated (r(2) = 0.81) with FAE protein contents (6.9-23.4 microg mg(-1)). The survival indices of a fixed B. bassiana isolate after 45-min thermal stress at 48 degrees C were also correlated to the FAE protein contents from conidia produced on glucose-, sucrose-, or starch-based substrate (0.79 相似文献   

Saturated salt solutions for humidity control and the survival of dry powder and oil formulations of Beauveria bassiana conidia

Oil-based formulated conidia sprayed on steel plates and conidia powder (control) of Beauveria bassiana isolate IMI 386243 were stored at temperatures from 10 to 40 degrees C in desiccators over saturated salt solutions providing relative humidities from 32 to 88%, or in hermetic storage at 40 degrees C, and moisture contents in equilibrium with 33 or 77% relative humidity. The negative semi-logarithmic relation (P<0.005) between conidia longevity (at 40 degrees C) and equilibrium relative humidity did not differ (P>0.25) between formulated conidia and conidia powder. Despite this, certain saturated salts provided consistently greater longevity (NaCl) and others consistently shorter longevity (KCl) for formulated conidia compared to conidia powder. These results, analysis of previous data, and comparison with hermetic storage, indicate that storage of conidia over saturated salt solutions provides inconsistent responses to environment and so may be problematic for bio-pesticide research. In hermetic storage, oil formulation was not deleterious to longevity and in the more moist environment enhanced survival periods.     

不同温、湿度下白僵菌对棉铃虫幼虫的致病力

测试了不同温、湿度下白僵菌Beauveria bassiana对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫的致病力。实验设置了10、15、20、25、30℃ 5个温度水平,用高浓度（1×10<.sup8孢子/mL）、中浓度（1×10⁷孢子/mL）、低浓度（1×10⁶孢子/mL）的白僵菌孢子液分别感染1～4龄的棉铃虫。结果表明：三个浓度处理的棉铃虫在温度为25℃时的致死中时（LT₅₀）最短,死亡速度最快,死亡率最高;高于或低于此温度时,棉铃虫的LT₅₀延长,死亡速度减慢。相对湿度发生变化时,感病棉铃虫死亡速度和死亡率明显不同。相对湿度为95%左右时,棉铃虫死亡速度最快,死亡率最高;相对湿度低于70%时,棉铃虫死亡率显著降低。     

Medium components and culture conditions affect the thermotolerance of aerial conidia of fungal biocontrol agent Beauveria bassiana

AIMS: To produce more thermotolerable conidia of Beauveria bassiana, a well-known fungal biocontrol agent, by optimizing the medium components and culture conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: The conidia produced on media including 0.5-6% glucose, sucrose or starch as carbon source and 50-300-microg ml(-1) Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ or Fe3+ as additive to Sabouraud dextrose medium at 15-30 degrees C, pH 4-8 or KCl-adjusted water availabilities were exposed to 30-min wet heat stress at 48 degrees C. The medium components for conidial production with greatly enhanced thermotolerance included 4% glucose as optimum or 1% starch as alternative for the carbon source and < or =50-microg ml(-1) Mn2+ for the metal additive. The culture conditions were optimized as 25 degrees C and pH 5-6. Conidial thermotolerance decreased remarkably when sucrose and Fe3+ or Cu2+ were used in the cultures, but altered slightly when 50-200-microg ml(-1) Zn2+ were included. CONCLUSIONS: The tolerance of B. bassiana conidia to the thermal stress was significantly affected by the medium composition and culture conditions under which the conidia were produced. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Proper treatment of small grains as mass production substrates for more glucose release and supplement of glucose or 50-microg ml(-1) Mn2+ are possible means to enhancing conidial thermotolerance and field persistence for improved insect control.     

Influence of two formulation types and moisture levels on the storage stability and insecticidal activity of Beauveria bassiana

The formulation of mycopesticides may require a physical separation of conidia from the substrate and subsequent drying. In the present study, Beauveria bassiana conidia produced by solid-state fermentation were harvested either through a dry or washing protocol. Washed conidia were used to design a water-dispersible granule (WG) formulation, whereas sieved conidia were mixed with an emulsifiable oil to achieve an oil-based formulation (OD). Potential harmful effects caused by the formulation type on the storage stability and insecticidal activity against Hypothenemus hampei were assessed. As expected, the time for initial conidial germination to drop 50% (GT₅₀) in all treatments was deeply influenced by storage temperatures, which varied from over 180 days at 4 °C to less than 90 days at 35°C. In all four tested temperatures, GT₅₀s for unformulated dry conidia were significantly higher than for those formulated as WG, and the latter was similar to conidia formulated as OD in the two highest temperatures. Residual water content in the OD formulation (1,600 vs. 340?ppm) had a negative influence on conidial survival under storage, whereas WG granules immediately dried after the washing protocol showed conidial germination similar to granules exposed to a slower dehydration regime. Mortality of H. hampei adults exposed to different concentrations of B. bassiana formulated as WG was slightly lower (10–15%) than either the OD or the unformulated conidia. In brief, we have demonstrated that formulation type and their moisture level can affect the storage stability and insecticidal activity of B. bassiana conidia toward the coffee berry borer. Of particular importance, we have shown that drying oils prior to formulation could improve the storage of mycopesticides, an approach that may find industrial applications.