杂色山雀的研究现状

杂色山雀Parus varius是一种分布区域狭窄的小型森林洞巢鸟类,为东亚特有鸟类,主要分布在中国、日本和朝鲜半岛,全球现有8个亚种.中国仅有2亚种,P.v.varius繁殖于辽宁东部山区,P.v.castaneoventris仅分布于台湾,均为当地留鸟;除P.v.castaneoventris以外,其他亚种在日本均有分布.本文根据国内外对该物种的研究情况,对其亚种分布、生态生物学、种群遗传结构及形态学等方面作了综述,以期为后续研究提供参考.     

Notes on the mating system of Hylesinus varius (F.)(Col., Scolytidae), a putatively bigynous bark beetle

Abstract: Previous research has left confusion about central features of the mating system of the common ash bark beetle Hylesinus varius; in particular, reports conflict as to whether this species is monogynous or bigynous. It was found that females initiated egg tunnel construction; copulation takes place either on the bark in the initial phase of egg tunnel construction, or inside the tunnel system. Observations of one male copulating with several females and of solitary females in galleries with eggs suggested that the males sometimes leave after copulation. In contrast to findings for populations in Slovakia, Norwegian male H. varius were most commonly paired with only one female. Bigynous galleries contained significantly more eggs than monogynous galleries, but bigynous males did not double their reproductive success as found in some other bigynous bark beetles. This suggests that bigynous galleries at first are the work of one female but some males are later joined by a second female.     

Variation in energy metabolism and water flux of free-ranging male lace monitors,Varanus varius (Squamata: Varanidae)

The energy and water used by Varanus varius correlated with changes in weather, activity, and possibly the availability of prey. In summer, CO(2) production and water influx rates were high (0.147 mL CO(2) g(-1) h(-1) and 23.6 mL H(2)O kg(-1) d(-1)) but substantially lower during autumn (0.053 mL CO(2) g(-1) h(-1) and 9.1 mL H(2)O kg(-1) d( -1)) and winter (0.016 mL CO(2) g(-1) h(-1) and 2.4 mL H(2)O kg(-1) d(-1)), increasing again in spring (0.052 mL CO(2) g(-1) h(-1) and 7.9 mL H(2)O kg(-1) d(-1)). The summer-winter difference represented more than a ninefold reduction in energy expenditure and water flux. However, individual V. varius could manipulate their energy and water requirements by up to sixfold during the summer period by regulating activity. Although we found no adaptive benefits of increased or decreased level of activity, we did find that larger animals moved more frequently and over greater distances than smaller animals. We hypothesise that V. varius regulates its activity on the basis of the trade-off between energy expenditure through activity and energy acquisition through foraging.     

Isometric responses of the paramyosin smooth muscle of Paragordius varius (Leidy), (Aschelminthes,Nematomorpha)

Journal of Comparative Physiology A - Preliminary isometric responses of the paramyosin smooth body wall muscles of Paragordius varius (Nematomorpha) are reported.     

Quinolizidine alkaloid profiles of Lupinus varius orientalis, L. albus albus, L. hartwegii, and L. densiflorus

Alkaloid profiles of two Lupinus species growing naturally in Egypt (L. albus albus [synonym L. termis], L. varius orientalis) in addition to two New World species (L. hartwegii, L. densiflorus) which were cultivated in Egypt were studied by capillary GLC and GLC-mass spectrometry with respect to quinolizidine alkaloids. Altogether 44 quinolizidine, bipiperidyl and proto-indole alkaloids were identified; 29 in L. albus, 13 in L. varius orientalis, 15 in L. hartwegii, 6 in L. densiflorus. Some of these alkaloids were identified for the first time in these plants. The alkaloidal patterns of various plant organs (leaves, flowers, stems, roots, pods and seeds) are documented. Screening for antimicrobial activity of these plant extracts demonstrated substantial activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Bacillus subtilis.     

Some behavioural observations on wild and captive sand monitors, Varanus gouldii (Sauria: Varanidae)

Behavioural observations were made on wild and captive sand monitors in Australia. Threat and defensive postures are described for V. gouldii and reference is made to V. varius and V. spenceri; such behaviour is compared to other species within the family Varanidae. With captive V. gouldii, one case of cannibalism occurred when space was restricted.     

Opportunistic foraging by three species of cormorants in an Australian estuary

Aspects of the feeding biology of three species of cormorant ( Phalacrocorax melanoleucos , P. sulcirostris and P. varius ) were investigated in the large Peel-Harvey Estuary in south-western Australia in April and October 1986 and January 1987. The duration of dives by each species increased with depth and at each depth was greater in P. varius than in the two smaller species. Differences in the ranges of depths in which the similarly sized P. melanoleucos and P. sulcirostris fed would have reduced any potential interspecific competition for feeding space and food. The dive-rest ratio was similar (2.6–2.8) in all three species. Comparisons between the diet of each cormorant species and the potential prey where foraging occurred demonstrated that all three cormorant species were opportunistic feeders, ingesting predominantly small, slow-swimming, benthic-feeding fish and crustaceans. The small size of the prey was limited by the small dimensions of the gullet. There was no evidence that any of the three cormorant species were likely to exert a pronounced adverse effect on the abundance of the major commercial fish in the estuary or on the food of these teleosts.     

Tryptophanase in Diverse Bacterial Species

The distribution of tryptophanase was studied. The highest observed specific activity, mumoles per minute per milligram (dry weight) cells, is given in parentheses after each species. Tryptophanase was inducible and repressible in Escherichia coli (.914), Paracolobactrum coliforme (.210), Proteus vulgaris (.146), Aeromonas liquefaciens (.030), Photobacterium harveyi (.035), Sphaerophorus varius (.021), Bacteroides sp. (.048), and Corynebacterium acnes (.042). The enzyme was constitutive and nonrepressible in Bacillus alvei (.013), and was inducible but not repressible by glucose in Micrococcus aerogenes (.036). Indole-positive bacteria were found in fecal or intestinal samples from a variety of animals among the mammals, reptiles, insects, molluscs, fish, crustaceans, and amphibians.     

Some components of preputial bacterial flora in the ram

During the reproductive period the AA have carried on bacteriological researches in the preputial cavity in eight sardinian rams, without pathological processes, living in eight flocks in the country around Sassari, in order to detect the bacteriological flora. This flora could interfere both with fertility and with conservation of seminal material for artificial insemination. Three withdrawals have been carried on before, during and after the reproduction season. E.coli, P. mirabilis, Staph. epidermidis have been found in the varius examined subjects. The AA stress that the same bacterium which had been isolated in the first withdrawal. Moreover in some subjects the bacteriological flora had increased. The AA stress how these data can be useful in order to control the flock fertility and in order to improve the technology of conservation of seminal material.     

Morphometric analysis of nonadult characters of common species of American gordiids (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea)

The nonadult stages, egg strings, eggs, larvae, and cysts of Gordius robustus, Paragordius varius, and Chordodes morgani are described morphometrically. The goal was to document the differences between species and to evaluate the usefulness of morphometrics in species identification. In concert, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA, a posteriori contrasts) statistical tests demonstrated that each species is morphometrically distinguishable from all others. Additionally, discriminant function analysis indicated that postseptum length, pseudointestine length, and stylet width were the most important variables in the discrimination of species based on larval characters. Finally, differences in oviposition behaviors among these 3 species were found. It is suggested that ovipositioning differences may place larvae into distinct niches and may ultimately lead to the use of different paratenic hosts by different gordiid species.     

Graptodytes exsanguis (Bedel, 1925) n. stat., a newly recognised species of diving beetle from North Africa,Corsica and Sardinia,with notes on other taxa of the varius/ignotus complex (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

Summary

A species of the genus Graptodytes Seidlitz, 1887 (varius/ignotus complex) is newly recognised and described based on recently sampled specimens from Corsica and Sardinia, and material in various collections from Algeria, Tunisia, Corsica and Sardinia. The name exsanguis, created by Bedel in 1925 for a variety of what he then called Hydroporus varius Aubé, 1838, is shown to be available for the newly recognised species, therefore named Graptodytes exsanguis (Bedel, 1925) n. stat. (type locality: Algeria, La Calle – nowadays El Kala). This species is similar in size and colour pattern to G. fractus (Sharp, 1882), from which it can be distinguished by strong differentiation of the male protarsal claws, features of the habitus and elytral punctation, and shape of the median lobe of aedeagus. Morphological features of G. exsanguis and G. fractus are illustrated, and pictures showing for each species the variability of habitus and median lobe are provided. For comparison, the habitus and median lobes of other species of the varius/ignotus complex are also illustrated. Habitat preferences of G. exsanguis are described based on field observations in Corsica and Sardinia, and a distribution map of validated records is presented. Analysis of a partial CO1 alignment yielded a basal and divergent position within the varius/ignotus complex for the sequenced G. exsanguis haplotypes from Corsica and Sardinia. Lectotypes are designated for Hydroporus varius var. exsanguis Bedel, 1925, Hydroporus fractus Sharp, 1882 and Graptodytes ignotus var. fallaciosus Guignot, 1932, and the latter is established as a junior synonym of G. fractus.     

Mating systems of some putative polypore — agaric relatives

Mating systems are reported for taxa of polypores and agarics considered related. Taxa areDictyopanus pusillus, Favolus alveolaris, F. tenuiculus, Lentinus bertierii, L. crinitis, L. punctaticeps, L. strigellus, L. strigosus, L. suavissimus, Pleurotus australis, P. levis, P. tuberregium, Polyporus ciliatus, P. elegans, P. squamosus, andP. varius. All are tetrapolar exceptP. elegans.     

A new species of genus Syntactus Förster (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ctenopelmatinae) with a key to Oriental and Eastern Palearctic species

A new species, Syntactus jiulianicus Sun & Sheng, sp.n. belonging to the tribe Pionini of the subfamily Ctenopelmatinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), collected from Jiangxi Province, China, is reported. Illustrations of the new species and Syntactus delusor (Linnaeus, 1758), Syntactus minor (Holmgren, 1857) and Syntactus varius (Holmgren, 1858) are provided. A key to the species of Syntactus known from the Oriental and Eastern Palaearctic Regions is given.     

杂色山雀对人工巢箱内苔藓类巢材的选择

2008年及2009年每年的3～8月,在辽宁省仙人洞国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀(Parus varius)人工巢箱内苔藓类巢材进行了收集和鉴定,发现巢中共有藓类植物7科9属。其中,小锦藓属(Brotherella)、青藓属(Brachytheccium)、棉藓属(Plagiothecium)及绢藓属(Entodon)所占比重较大。我们分别按照样方和苔藓群落采集了周围环境中的藓类植物,鉴定出7科8属的藓类植物;采集到35个苔藓群落,出现最多的是东亚小锦藓(B.fauriei)群落。结果显示,杂色山雀对苔藓的选择可能与苔藓的生物学特性、分布和数量有关。另外通过统计分析和比较得出,按照苔藓群落来采集的方式更适合本文的研究。     

The genus Antillothrips Stannard, with descriptions of two new species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae)

Abstract. The genus Antillothrips Stannard ( Elatea Faure, syn.n.) is redefined with a key to the ten species: australis sp.n.; exastis (Ananthakrishnan & Kudo) stat.n. comb.n.; cingulatus (Hood) (= Haplothrips (Hindsiana) sakimurai Moulton syn.n.; Xenothrips opacus Ananthakrishnan & Kudo syn.n.); graminellus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish; hartwigi sp.n.; malabaricus (Ananthakrishnan); micropterus Pitkin; nayari (Ananthakrishnan); stannmdi (Faure) comb.n.; varius (Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish). Lectotypes are designated for opacus and exastis.     

Tests of phenotypic and genetic concordance and their application to the conservation of Panamanian golden frogs (Anura, Bufonidae)

Evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) differ in the extent to which they capture, or even consider, adaptive variation, and most such designations are based solely on neutral genetic differences that may not capture variation relevant to species' adaptabilities to changing environmental conditions. While concordant patterns of divergence among data sets (i.e. neutral and potentially non-neutral characters) can strengthen ESU designations, determining whether such criteria are met for highly variable taxa is especially challenging. This study tests whether previously defined ESUs for endangered Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus varius and Atelopus zeteki) exhibit concordant variation among multiple phenotypic traits and mitochondrial DNA sequences, and the extent to which such divergence corresponds to environmental differences. Multivariate analyses identify phenotypic and genetic differentiation consistent with proposed ESUs and support the status of A. varius and A. zeteki as separate species. Moreover, the significant association detected between ESU co-membership and genetic similarity, which remained strong after removing the effect of geographic distance, also indicates that genetic differences are not simply due to isolation by distance. Two phenotypic characters (body size and the extent of dorsal black patterning) that differ among ESUs also co-vary with environmental differences, suggesting that to the extent that these phenotypic differences are heritable, variation may be associated with adaptive divergence. Lastly, discriminant function analyses show that the frogs can be correctly assigned to ESUs based on simultaneous analysis of multiple characters. The study confirms the merit of conserving the previously proposed golden frog ESUs as well as demonstrates the utility and feasibility of combined analyses of ecological, morphological and genetic variation in evaluating ESUs, especially for highly variable taxa.     

红原鸡与家鸡的亲缘关系研究

对中国红原鸡滇地亚种和海南亚种与我国茶花鸡,泰和鸡和寿光鸡等地方鸡种以及芦花鸡,洛岛红等外国鸡种进行了血型（３个位点,１３个等位基因）,蛋白质（酶）多态（５个位点,１１个等位基因）和ＤＮＡ指纹分析,结果表明,红原鸡与茶花鸡（原始型品种）的亲缘关系较近;与泰和鸡,寿光鸡,芦花鸡,洛岛红（进化型品种）的亲缘关系较远,呈红原鸡－茶花鸡－泰和鸡,寿光鸡或芦花鸡,洛岛红这样一个进化阶梯,以上结果与国外资料（     

Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic–Oriental starlings and mynas (genera Sturnus and Acridotheres: Sturnidae)

We used nuclear and mitochondrial genes to generate a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Palearctic–Oriental starlings and mynas (genera Sturnus , Acridotheres , Leucopsar , Creatophora and Fregilupus : Sturnidae). Our results indicate that the group has undergone a rapid diversification in Asia since the late Miocene. A reassessment of the morphological and ecological characters used in previous taxonomic revisions shows that all characters are highly homoplastic. We suggest that the elevated morphological and ecological plasticity favoured the adaptation of starlings and mynas to the local environment, the exploitation of all niches and their successful radiation in south-east Asia. Under the current limits the genera Sturnus and Acridotheres are not monophyletic, and we propose a revised phylogenetic taxonomy for the entire clade. We confirm that the extinct Fregilupus varius is a starling and it colonized Réunion Island (Mascarenes) by transoceanic dispersal from Asia.     

Amino acid sequence of a myoglobin from lace monitor lizard, Varanus varius, and its evolutionary implications

Myoglobin was purified from a muscle extract of lace monitor lizard, Varanus varius, by Sephadex G-75, followed by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The apomyoglobin was cleaved with cyanogen bromide. The largest fragment was further digested with pepsin, trypsin, and alpha-chymotrypsin. From the amino acid sequence of the cyanogen bromide fragments, together with those of tryptic peptides of apomyoglobin, the complete amino acid sequence of lizard myoglobin was deduced. To investigate the tetrapod and amniote origins, many possible phylogenetic trees were constructed using the myoglobin sequences, including those of map turtle and lace monitor lizard. The tree that requires the minimum number of nucleotide substitutions in their genes for the myoglobin sequences to have evolved from a common ancestor was different from the similarly most parsimonious trees for cytochrome c or for alpha-hemoglobin. The trees were different from each other and from the tree that best reflects current biological opinions.     

Effect of Bile and Desoxycholate on Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria

The bile tests for characterizing gram-negative anaerobic bacilli were reevaluated in prereduced anaerobically sterilized peptone-yeast-glucose broth, in thioglycollate broth, and on blood agar plates. Blood agar plates were unsatisfactory. The combination of 20% bile with 0.1% desoxycholate inhibited Fusobacterium, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, and B. oralis and sometimes Sphaerophorus necrophorus, but not B. fragilis or other Sphaerophorus species studied. Ten per cent bile with 0.05% desoxycholate was less satisfactory. There was no significant difference between fresh and commercial powdered bile. Desoxycholate (0.1% in thioglycollate broth) inhibited B. fragilis, Fusobacterium, B. melaninogenicus, B. oralis, and S. necrophorus, but not S. varius or S. mortiferus/S. ridiculosus. The bile and desoxycholate tests are simple to perform and helpful for characterization and classification of gram-negative anaerobic bacilli.