准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区土壤碳分布及其稳定同位素变化

以亚洲中部干旱区准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区为研究区,根据荒漠距离绿洲的距离,分别在荒漠边缘、中部和腹地设置3条样带,并采集2 m深的土壤剖面样品,研究土壤有机碳(SOC)、无机碳(SIC)含量及其稳定碳同位素的分布,探讨土壤碳变化与距绿洲距离的关系.结果表明: SOC含量随剖面土层深度增加而减少.受距绿洲距离的影响,SOC含量表现为荒漠边缘>荒漠中部>荒漠腹地.荒漠边缘SOC的δ¹³C值范围为-21.92‰～-17.41‰,且随深度增加而递减;荒漠中部和荒漠腹地的δ¹³C值范围为-25.20‰～-19.30‰,且随深度增加先增后减,由此推断准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠中部和腹地地表植被以C3植物为主,而绿洲边缘经历了从C3植物为主到C4植物为主的演替过程.荒漠边缘SIC平均含量为38.98 g·kg^-1,是荒漠腹地的6.01倍,表明0～2 m深度内大量SIC在荒漠边缘呈聚集趋势.SIC的δ¹³C值随深度增加先减后增,底层富集,主要受原生碳酸盐含量和剖面土壤CO₂的影响.     

树木叶片稳定碳同位素分馏对环境梯度的响应

除了自身的遗传因素外,植物对稳定碳同位素的分馏还受温度、水分状况、光照等多种环境因素的影响。通过对生长在中国北热带、亚热带和温带的13个气候区树木的稳定碳同位素分馏与环境要素的关系的研究得出,不同气候条件下树木叶片稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C)和稳定碳同位素分辨率(Δ)差异明显,分别在-23.759‰--33.914‰和14.581‰-24.354‰的范围内。且由南向北,δ13C值呈现逐渐加重的趋势、而Δ值逐渐减小。年均温度、相对湿度、降雨量及无霜期等与δ13C值呈显著负相关、与Δ值显著正相关;年均日照时数、气温年较差、蒸发量、纬度及海拔等与δ13C值呈显著正相关、而与Δ值显著负相关;而经度、年极端最高气温等与δ13C和Δ值的相关性较弱。δ13C和Δ值的变化幅度和趋势在年均温度、年较差、无霜期、活动积温分别达到约19℃、23℃、309d、6000℃出现转折,这些指标在此基础上继续增加反而使叶片δ13C值增大、Δ值减小。而当年均降雨量和相对湿度分别超过1105mm、75%以及蒸发量小于约1700mm后,δ13C和Δ值随之变化的幅度也变小。结果表明在亚热带和温带的分界线以南,水热条件均能满足植物正常生理活动的需要,环境条件的相对改变对植物生理活动及叶片稳定碳同位素分馏的影响较小;而在北方,干旱、低温等极端的外界环境条件加剧了对植物生长和生理指标的影响、造成了不同环境梯度下叶片稳定碳同位素分馏的差异。     

沙棘属植物叶片碳稳定同位素含量与气候的关系

本试验以131个沙棘属植物种群为研究对象,通过测定其叶片碳稳定同位素(δ13C)值,分析了碳稳定同位素特征与环境因子之间的关系.结果 表明:沙棘属植物叶片的δ13C值介于-24.65‰～-29.11‰‰,平均值为-26.97‰,属于C3植物,叶片δ13C值变异系数为种内大于种间,表明环境因子是影响沙棘属植物叶片δ13C...     

基于稳定碳同位素技术研究青藏高原东部高寒区植被的光合型

通过对青藏高原东部玛多县境内高寒地区20个科、38个属、62种植物叶片的稳定性碳同位素的测定,来确定植物群落的光合型。结果表明,所测定的62种植物的稳定性碳同位素比值(δ^13C)介于-28．6‰和-25．2‰之间,说明这62种植物均属于C3植物,没有C3植物或CAM植物。植物这种光合型的分布与该研究区的环境因素有密切关系,低温是该区没有C3植物分布的关键因素,同时光合型的分布也反映了植物对独特地理环境的适应。     

贵州黑洞内红点齿蟾组织和器官的碳氮稳定同位素分析

应用稳定同位素技术对贵州黑洞红点齿蟾组织和器官的δ13C、δ15N同位素组成进行了研究。结果显示,其胃肠、肌肉、肾脏、肝脏、骨头的δ13C值平均范围为-23.5763‰~-22.5933‰,跨度为0.9830‰,δ15N值平均范围为6.2940‰~7.2193‰,跨度为0.9253‰;其δ13C值大小顺序为骨头肌肉胃肠肾脏肝脏,δ15N值大小顺序为骨头肝脏肾脏肌肉胃肠。红点齿蟾在不同的年龄阶段、不同的性别中,其δ13C、δ15N值也不同,其δ13C值大小顺序为幼体雌性成体雌性幼体雄性成体雄性,δ15N值大小顺序为幼体雄性成体雄性幼体雌性成体雌性。Spearman相关分析结果表明,红点齿蟾肝脏的δ13C值随其体长和湿重的变化而成极显著变化(P≤0.01),其Spearman相关系数分别为0.820和0.833;其肾脏和肝脏的δ15N值也随其体长和湿重的变化而呈极显著变化(P≤0.01),其Spearman相关系数分别为0.812,0.895和0.800,0.883。     

长期垄作稻田腐殖质稳定碳同位素丰度(δ13C)分布特征

研究了四川盆地丘陵区连续16年垄(宽垄)作稻田土壤稳定碳库腐殖质组分的稳定碳同位素(δ13C)分布特征.结果表明:稻田土壤有机碳含量为宽垄作>垄作>水旱轮作.腐殖质碳以胡敏素为主,占土壤碳含量的21%～30%,提取碳以胡敏酸为主,分别占土壤有机碳和腐殖质的17%～21%和38%～65%.土壤有机碳的δ13C值介于-27.9‰～-25.6‰,20～40cm和0～5 cm土壤有机碳δ13C值之差约为1.9‰.土壤胡敏酸δ13C值比土壤有机碳低1‰～2‰,更接近于油菜和水稻秸秆及根系的δ13C值.土壤富里酸δ13C值分别较土壤有机碳和胡敏酸高2‰和4‰.耕作层和犁底层胡敏素δ13C值分别介于-23.7‰～-24.9‰和-22.6‰～-24.2‰,δ13C值的变化反映了耕层中腐殖质的新老混合现象.各有机组分δ13C值递减顺序为:胡敏素>富里酸>土壤有机碳>稻草(油菜)残体>胡敏酸.长期水稻种植有利于增加土壤有机碳含量,同时,耕作方式影响土壤腐殖质δ13C在耕作层和犁底层中的分布格局.     

湖泊水生植物稳定碳同位素分馏机制与应用研究进展

水生植物是维持湖泊生态系统健康发展的重要基础与支撑。与陆地植物相比,水生植物稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C)的分馏过程较复杂,为系统的了解水生植物δ¹³C的分馏过程及其在湖泊现代生态系统和古环境研究中的应用,调研了国内外相关研究进展。总结已有研究表明,水生植物的δ¹³C主要与其吸收利用的碳源和水体环境要素等密切相关,影响因素较复杂,而且目前在利用水生植物的δ¹³C研究不同时间尺度上湖泊环境变化时所选用的载体存在差异。植物不同组分样品的选择对解释水生植物δ¹³C与环境之间的关系至关重要。因此,以太湖典型水生植物为研究实例,探讨了水生植物不同组分稳定碳同位素的分布特征及其对环境因子的响应差异,结果显示水生植物不同组分的δ¹³C存在一定的差异,而且对环境的响应也不同,未来在利用水生植物δ¹³C研究湖泊环境变化时对于水生植物样品组分的选择应谨慎考虑。     

北冰洋西部表层沉积物中的浮游有孔虫稳定氧、碳同位素与水团性质的关系

浮游有孔虫Neogloboquadrinapachyderma(sin.)在北冰洋的古海洋学研究中已经得到广泛的应用。然而对该属种的研究主要集中在北冰洋的东部。本文对中国首次及第二次北极科学考察在北冰洋西部所采集的32个表层沉积物中N.pachyderma(sin.)壳体进行了稳定氧、碳同位素分析,并试图找出其与水团性质的关系。对北冰洋西部N.pachyderma(sin.)的研究显示,该属种主要生活在北冰洋西部30—100m水深范围,其壳体的δ18O差异在楚科奇海主要反映水体盐度和温度的差异,而在楚科奇海台、北风脊海域和加拿大海盆则主要反映水体盐度的差异。N.pachyderma(sin.)壳体的δ13C差异主要反映水体营养状况的差异,在楚科奇海中部其壳体δ13C的轻值反映低营养盐利用率,在北风脊东侧的加拿大海盆反映营养盐的再生环境,而在楚科奇海台和北风脊海域其壳体δ13C的重值反映低营养环境。     

干旱胁迫下四倍体刺槐幼苗水分利用效率及稳定碳同位素组成的研究

在模拟自然干旱的条件下,测定2个四倍体刺槐品种(K2、K3)和普通二倍体刺槐(K1)一年生组培苗的长期和瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C),以探讨四倍体刺槐的抗旱机理.结果表明,K2、K3的长期水分利用效率(WUEL)在不同水分胁迫条件下都显著高于K1,它们在同等供水条件下比K1具有更大的生物量产出;3个材料叶片的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEI)均随干旱胁迫的加剧表现先升后降的趋势,且胁迫处理均高于适宜水分处理.随水分胁迫的加剧,各品种刺槐苗木叶片的δ13C显著升高;K2、K3的δ13C在各水分条件下均高于K1;各材料叶片的δ13C与其WUEL有良好的正相关性,可以作为筛选高WUE刺槐品种的指标.     

基于稳定碳同位素分析宁夏典型林分土壤有机碳分布格局及影响因素

选择宁夏自北向南方向的贺兰山、罗山和六盘山(3座山的降水量呈现逐渐增加的趋势)共有的青海云杉林和油松林土壤作为研究对象,分析两种针叶林土壤有机碳特征[土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)和有机碳分解速率(β值)]的变化情况,并采用冗余分析法分析土壤化学指标对土壤有机碳特征的影响作用,探究干旱半干旱区土...     

五味子果色遗传假设

以资源调查过程中观察到的现象和收集到的资源为依据,对五味子果实颜色遗传规律进行探讨;认为五味子果色深浅为多基因控制的数量性状;果色分布受另一对基因控制;果色与果梗颜色受不同基因控制,其组合具有不完全自由性.     

离体条件下TDZ对解除北五味子种子休眠的影响

以深度休眠的北五味子种子为材料,研究了离体条件下,种皮、胚乳因素对北五味子种子休眠的影响;建立了离体条件下,使用TDZ有效解除北五味子种子休眠的方法;并对北五味子种子解除休眠过程中过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化规律进行分析.结果表明,(1)种皮和胚乳因素是引起北五味子种子休眠的主要因素,种皮和胚乳对北五味子种子的萌发具有不同程度的抑制作用;(2)MS培养基中添加0.02 mg·L-1 TDZ能有效解除北五味子种子休眠,可使第30天的发芽率达到90.0%,显著缩短北五味子种子休眠时间;(3)随着北五味子种子休眠被解除,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性均呈明显的增加趋势.     

An immunostimulatory polysaccharide (SCP-IIa) from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill

A water-soluble polysaccharide named SCP-IIa was isolated from the water extract of the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill by means of ethanol precipitation, deproteination, anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. The molecular weight of SCP-IIa was ascertained via HPLC, and immuno-modulating effect was evaluated using the immunosuppressed model induced by cyclophosphamide. SCP-IIa was a homogeneous form of polysaccharide, with an average molecular weight of approximately 7700 Da. The detected parameters showed that SCP-IIa increased the thymus and spleen indices, as well as the pinocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages in immunosuppressed mice. The splenocyte proliferation assay showed that SCP-IIa, in combination with Con A or LPS, positively affected splenocyte proliferation. Moreover, the polysaccharide promoted hemolysin formation. The results suggested that SCP-IIa was involved in immunomodulatory effects leading to the exploration for SCP-IIa as a potential immunostimulant.     

Analysis of volatile fractions of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. using GC-MS and chemometric resolution

The two-dimensional data obtained from GC-MS has been used qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the components of the volatile fractions of Schisandra chinensis obtained by six different extraction methods. Sub-window factor analysis (SFA) was employed to confirm the identities of components determined in different samples. With the help of SFA, and other chemometric techniques, peak purity in the chromatograms was determined, and overlapping peaks were resolved to yield a pure chromatographic profile and mass spectrum for each component. It is demonstrated that the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis may be greatly enhanced using chemometric resolution methods, such methods being particularly valuable with respect to the analysis of complex samples such as traditional Chinese medicines. It is further demonstrated that different extraction methods give rise to volatile fractions of S. chinensis which differ qualitatively and quantitatively in their composition.     

Phytochemical and chemotaxonomic studies on the stems and leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill

A comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the stems and leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. resulted in isolation of seventeen compounds, including five lignans: meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (1), licarin-A (2), pregomisin (3), gomisin A (4), acutissimanide (5), three phenylpropanoids: 2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-propane-1,3-diol (6), 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (7), erigeside 2 (8), six sesquiterpenoids: 7′-hydroxy-abscisic acid (9), burmannic acid (10), (3S,5R,6R,7E)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (11), 3-Cyclohexene-1,2-diol, 4-(3-hydroxybutyl)- 3, 5, 5-trimethyl- (12), (−)-loliolide (13), (3Z,5R,8R,11R)-Caryophyll-3-ene-5,8,15-triol (14), one monoterpenoid: (6R,3Z)-6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenoic acid (15) and two other compounds: methyl shikimate (16), 4-Hydroxydodec-2-enedioic acid (17). Their chemical structures were confirmed through NMR, HRESIMS and comparison with the data in the literature. This is the first report of compounds 5, 6, 8–15, 17 from the family Schisandraceae and compounds 2, 16 from the genus Schisandra. Furthermore, we performed a chemotaxonomic study of the separated compounds.     

胚乳和外源赤霉素对五味子[Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill]种子发芽的影响

以组织培养和土壤播种的未经层积处理的五味子种子为材料,检测胚乳和外源赤霉素(GA3)对发芽影响的结果表明,在不加生长调节物质的MS培养基上,去掉外种皮带全胚乳的种子发芽率只有2.7%,而带1/2和1/3胚乳的种子发芽率则分别为46%和70.6%;培养基中添加GA3,可提高去掉外种皮带全胚乳和带1/2胚乳种子的发芽率,而对带1/3胚乳的种子则无效果.土壤播种时,用10～1000mg·L-1GA3对去掉外种皮种子进行1～10d前处理,其中100mg·L-1GA3前处理10d的发芽率最高,达到38.7%.     

Bioreactor type affects the accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids in microshoot cultures of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.

Microshoots of the East Asian medicinal plant species Schisandra chinensis (Chinese magnolia vine) were grown in bioreactors characterized by different construction and cultivation mode. The tested systems included two continuous immersion systems—a cone-type bioreactor (CNB) and a cylindric tube bioreactor (CTB), a nutrient sprinkle bioreactor (NSB), and two temporary immersion systems (TIS)—RITA® and Plantform. Microshoots were grown for 30 and 60 days in the MS medium enriched with 1 mg l^?1 NAA and 3 mg l^?1 BA. The accumulation of two groups of phenolic compounds: phenolic acids and flavonoids in the bioreactor-grown S. chinensis biomass, was evaluated for the first time. In the microshoot extracts, seven phenolic acids: chlorogenic, gallic, p–hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, salicylic and vanillic, and three flavonoids: kaempferol, quercitrin and rutoside, were identified. The highest total amount of phenolic acids (46.68 mg 100 g^?1 DW) was recorded in the biomass maintained in the CNB for 30 days. The highest total content of flavonoids (29.02 mg 100 g^?1 DW) was found in the microshoots maintained in the NSB for 30 days. The predominant metabolites in all the tested systems were: gallic acid (up to 10.01 mg 100 g^?1 DW), protocatechuic acid (maximal concentration 16.30 mg 100 g^?1 DW), and quercitrin (highest content 21.00 mg 100 g^?1 DW).

     

Studies on the accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids in different in vitro culture systems of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. using a DAD-HPLC method

Different in vitro culture systems of the East-Asian origin medicinal plant species − Schisandra chinensis, were tested in order to investigate their potential for the accumulation of two groups of phenolic compounds. In vitro cultures were maintained on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA in an agar system (30- and 60-day growth cycles), and also in two different liquid systems: stationary and agitated. Stationary liquid cultures were grown in batch (30- and 60-day growth cycles) and fed-batch modes. Of the twenty compounds, seven free phenolic acids and of the eleven compounds, five flavonoids were quantified in methanolic extracts from lyophilized biomass and in the growth media using the RP-HPLC-DAD method. For comparison purposes, phytochemical analyses of leaf and fruit extracts from the parent plant were also conducted. The estimated compounds were not detected in the growth media. The highest total amounts of phenolic acids (71.48 mg/100 g DW) and flavonoids (29.36 mg/100 g DW) were found in extracts from the biomass of agar cultures harvested after 30 days of cultivation. The main metabolites in all the tested systems were: protocatechuic acid (max. 35.69 mg/100 g DW), chlorogenic acid (max. 13.05 mg/100 g DW), and quercitrin (max. 27.43 mg/100 g DW).