高效毛细管电泳分离多种植物激素的方法研究

建立了高效毛细管电泳法分离测定茶叶中赤霉素(GA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、吲哚-3-丁酸(IBA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)等5种植物激素的分析方法。采用正交试验设计对高效毛细管电泳方法中的运行电压、缓冲液pH值和添加剂SDS浓度等分离条件进行优化,结果发现在30 mmol/L H3BO4-KH2PO4、40 mmol/LSDS组成的pH9.0缓冲液中,选择18 kV电压,25℃柱温和200 nm波长,可在11 min以内实现茶叶中5种激素的分离检测。本方法具有较高的灵敏度,5种激素的相关系数r=0.9907～0.9974,加标回收率为78.06%-95.5%,变异系数≤1.8%。利用本方法测定了茶叶不同部位的5种植物激素的含量变化。     

毛细管电泳分离寡糖衍生物及其电泳行为研究

将葡聚糖部分酸水解成寡糖混合物,经ＡＮＴＳ胺化还原衍生,在ｐＨ２．５、５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸缓冲液（含或不含１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＴＥＡ）中,以及在ｐＨ９．３、１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ硼砂缓冲液中用毛细管电泳分离衍生物,分别得到１至２１和１至１８个聚合度的衍生物电泳梯度图谱。作出了准确定位的毛细管电泳双向电泳图。对电泳行为研究发现,在低ｐＨ磷酸电泳缓冲液中,衍生物相对电迁移率（μｅｐ）ｒ与（Ｍｒ＾－２／３）、     

蛋白质和多肽研究的毛细管电泳技术

毛细管沈阳东大迪克化工药业有限公司电泳（capillary　electrophoresis，CE）也常称高效毛细管电泳（high performance capillary electrophoresis．HPCE）．是以内径20-200μm的柔性毛细管柱作为分离通道、以高压直流电场为驱动力对各种小分子、大分子以至细胞等进行高效分离、检测或微量制备等有关技术的总称（参见图1）。     

高效毛细管电泳在蛋白质分析上的应用

高效毛细管电泳（ＨＰＣＥ）是继高效液相色谱技术之后的又一新型分析及分离技术。本文应用高效毛细管电泳技术对基因工程干扰素、疫苗、动物脏器提取物等蛋白质产品进行了分离分析和纯度鉴定,并与凝胶电泳的分析结果进行对比。实验结果表明,ＨＰＣＥ可以用于生物产品分离、生物遗传研究和医学临床等领域的蛋白质定量分析、组分测定和纯度鉴定,是一种很有应用前途的新技术。     

氨基酸的毛细管电泳检测研究新进展

氨基酸是生命有机体的重要组成部分,参与人体各项生理活动和新陈代谢,在人体中发挥着特殊的作用,是人体必不可少的营养成分之一。近年来,生命科学的研究与食品、药品和保健品的开发,以及麻醉药品、精神药品对兴奋性神经递质的影响的研究,促进了对存在于各种检验材料中的氨基酸的分析方法的研究,探索高灵敏度和高选择性的氨基酸分析检测方法引起了人们极大的兴趣,所以建立快速、准确的氨基酸的检测方法越来越重要。毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis,CE)是继高效液相色谱之后发展起来的一种新的分离和分析方法,具有分离效率高、分析速度快、样品及试剂用量少等特点,本文参考近几年的相关文献,对氨基酸进行毛细管电泳检测使用紫外检测器、荧光检测器、电化学检测器和质谱检测器的方法作一综述。     

毛细管电泳的最新进展

毛细管电泳是近年发展最快的分离分析技术之一。它具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、高速度等优点,广泛应用于各个领域。随着毛细管电泳技术的不断发展,逐渐出现了非水毛细管电泳,毛细管阵列电泳,毛细管电泳免疫分析,毛细管电色谱手性拆分等分支。     

双水相电泳分离蛋白质的研究

近几年来,随着生物技术的迅速发展,制备型电泳技术的研究得到了重视。然而由于技术上的原因,大规模的制备型电泳技术的研究还未能取得突破。阻碍电泳放大的一个主要问题是由于电加热作用而导致的热对流对电泳分离的破坏。为解决这一问题,人们提出了许多方法。例如,在太空的微重力环境下进行电泳,应力稳定自由流动电泳,循环等电聚焦和区带电泳,色谱电泳和等电膜等电聚焦等。这些方法在电泳放大上都取得了一定的进展,但各有其局限性。最近,Clark提出利用双水相的液液界面阻止热对流的设想,为开发大规模的制备型电泳技术开辟了一条新途径、Raghava Rao等在两种双水相体系上施加电场后成倍地缩短了分相时间。Levine和Bier采用U型管电泳装置研究了双水相体系中血红蛋白的电泳迁移率,观测到界面有阻滞作用。Clark在柱型电泳装置中进行了一组双水相萃取肌红蛋白的简单实验。在10mA的恒电流下电泳40min之后,肌红蛋白的分配系数为7.5,而当电场反向后,分配系数变为0.04,界面阻力并不显著,两者结论并不一致。     

高效毛细管电泳在蛋白质分析上的应用

高效毛细管电泳（ＨＰＣＥ）是继高效液相色谱技术之后的又一新型分析及分离技术,本文应用高效毛细管电泳技术对基因工程干扰素、疫苗、动物脏器提取物等蛋白质产品进行了分离分析和纯度鉴定,并与凝胶电泳的分析结果进行对比。实验结果表明,ＨＰＣＥ可以用于生物产品分离、生物遗传研究和医学临床等领域的蛋白质定量分析、组分测定和纯度鉴定,是一种很有应用前途的新技术。     

基于毛细管电泳的快速检测七种人冠状病毒技术方法的建立

近来,一种新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引发的COVID-19突发疫情,给全球公众健康和社会经济构成严重威胁。SARS-CoV-2成为继人冠状病毒229E(Human coronavirus 229E,HCoV-229E)、人冠状病毒OC43(Human coronavirus OC43,HCoV-OC43)、严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,SARS-CoV)、人冠状病毒NL63(Human coronavirus NL63,HCoV-NL63)、人冠状病毒HKU1(Human coronavirus HKU1,HCoV-HKU1)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV)后第七种感染人类的冠状病毒。本研究以高分辨毛细管电泳技术为基础,针对七种人冠状病毒基因保守区分别设计特异性引物对,经常规PCR扩增后,通过具备单碱基差异分辨率的毛细管电泳分析,实现快速检测七种人冠状病毒的目标。通过构建基于毛细管电泳的人冠状病毒分子靶标,实现同时快速精准鉴定七种人冠状病毒的目的。本研究建立的人冠状病毒毛细管电泳快速检测技术方法具有极高灵敏性和精确性,分辨率高而且特异性好,操作简便成本低廉,为人冠状病毒的临床诊断、口岸快速检测等提供了新的技术支持。     

一种新的测定蛋白激酶活性的方法：毛细管电泳测定蛋…

建立了以毛细管电泳为基础的测定蛋白激酶Ａ活性的新方法,可作为激酶测活的通用方法。此法基于底物及其磷酸化产物很容易在毛细管电泳中分开,且酶活力可用积分值计算。同时又发发展了连续井样技术,能在一次电泳中同时进行１０个以上的酶活性测定。新方法操作简单,灵敏度和精确性均优于常规的同位素法。     

Determination of opiates in urine by capillary electrophoresis

A method for the separation of a mixture of opiates comprising pholcodine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, heroin, codeine and dihydrocodeine by capillary electrophoresis using a running buffer of 100 mM disodium hydrogenphosphate at pH 6 is described. The characteristics of an analytical method based on this separation for the determination of these drugs following extraction from urine and using levallorphan as internal standard are reported. Detection limits in the region of 10 ng cm⁻³ are achieved when using electrokinetic injection. A comparison is made of the sensitivity and reproducibility of electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injection for these drugs. Data are presented to show the results obtained when the proposed method is applied to urine spiked with all the above opiates and also to urine from a subject following consumption of dihydrocodeine and pholcodine. The concentrations found are compared with those obtained by LC.     

Determination of three major catecholamines in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection

A sensitive simple method is presented for the determination of three major catecholamines in human urine by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with on-line chemiluminescence (CL) detection. This was also the first time that the luminol-Ag(III) complex CL system was used for CE detection. This method was based on the enhancing effect of epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) on the CL reaction between luminol and the Ag(III) complex in alkaline solution. The separations and determinations were performed with an electrophoretic buffer consisting of 20.0mM sodium borate and 1.0mM luminol. Under optimized conditions, the three catecholamines were baseline separated and detected in less than 8 min. Detection limits of 7.9 × 10(-8)M, 1.0 × 10(-7)M, and 6.9 × 10(-8)M were observed for EP, NE, and DA, respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values for the peak height were 4.7% to 5.4% (n = 5). Our proposed method was applied to the determinations of the catecholamines in urine samples from 12 healthy individuals and 26 pheochromocytoma patients. Our results suggest that this method might be useful to monitor the catecholamine levels in routine screening and to diagnose pheochromocytoma.     

Determination of urine catecholamines by capillary electrophoresis with dual-electrode amperometric detection

Demonstrated in this study is that without pretreatment and preconcentration nanomolar-level catecholamines in human urine samples can be quantitatively determined with ease by utilizing capillary electrophoresis coupled with amperometric detection. The detector employs a parallel-opposed dual-electrode scheme assembled with an on-capillary electrode and a disk electrode and takes advantage of the redox cycling of analytes between the two working electrodes to improve the limit of detection. The matrix effect of urine samples significantly decreases the detection sensitivity from that obtained in standard solutions. Therefore, calibration curves derived from standard solutions cannot be used in quantitative determination of catecholamines. Methods of standard addition and internal standard have been studied. The results suggest that isoproterenol is a good internal standard to facilitate the measurements of dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in human urine samples.     

Determination of poorly separated monoclonal serum proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) technique was developed for the determination of poorly separated monoclonal serum proteins by agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE). A P/ACE 5500 capillary instrument (Beckman) was used under the following conditions: 57 cm x 50 microm I.D. fused-silica capillary, pH 9.6 borate buffer, and 214 nm on-line detection. Sixty patients (61 +/- 13 years) with a well isolated (n=24, group A) or poorly separated monoclonal band(s) by AGE (n=36, group B) were included in this study. Within- and between-run precision for CZE was below 4% for albumin and 7% for gamma-globulin. A 100% (group A) or 61% agreement (group B, more bands detected by CZE in 10 cases) was obtained between CZE and AGE for the number of monoclonal bands. In group B, quantification was possible in 92% of samples by CZE vs. 64% by AGE (P<0.05, chi-square). The proposed CZE method appears as an additional helpful technique for the determination of poorly separated monoclonal serum proteins by AGE.     

Determination of free and total 7-hydroxycoumarin in urine and serum by capillary electrophoresis

A new method for the rapid determination of 7-hydroxycoumarin, the predominant metabolite of coumarin in humans, was developed for analysis in urine and serum, based on separation by capillary electrophoresis, with UV detection at 210 nm. The linear detection range for 7-hydroxycoumarin was 0–50 μg/ml while the limit of quantitation was 1 μg/ml. An internal standard, 3-(α-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin, was utilised for the determination of free 7-hydroxycoumarin, but it was found not to be suitable in the analysis of total 7-hydroxycoumarin present. Urine from two volunteers, who had been administered coumarin, was analysed by both capillary electrophoresis and by HPLC. The results from the two methods were compared and contrasted. The CE method was found to decrease the analysis time in comparison to HPLC analysis, with results available after 1.5 min as compared to 12 min with HPLC. There was no statistical difference between the results determined by either method.     

Physico-chemical characterization of proteins by capillary electrophoresis

The electrophoretic mobility of proteins was successfully determined by means of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with various background electrolytes (BGEs). The objective was focused on the variation in BGE physico-chemical composition and the consequential impact on the observed protein charge. Experimental and calculated mobilities, according to Henry's equation, versus ionic strength have been compared. For positively-charged lysozyme, a good agreement between observed and calculated mobilities was observed using triethanolamine chloride at pH 7.0 as the BGE. Mobility close to zero was shown using borate (pH 8.0) and phosphate (pH 7.0) at a low ionic strength of about 20 mmol l⁻¹, and as a consequence, specific adsorption of oxyanions was evidenced. Lysozyme retention in the case of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was decreased by the presence of phosphate ions. CE and HPLC are complementary tools for characterizing the behaviour of lysozyme. On the other hand, the mobility of the negatively-charged α-lactalbumin remained constant as regards phosphate at pH 7.0 in the 20–200 mmol l⁻¹ range, contrary to the decrease that had been expected with the increasing ionic strength. β-Lactoglobulin exhibited increasingly lower mobilities than those expected of boric acid/borate at pH 7.0 and 8.0 (I=20 mmol l⁻¹).     

Determination of iothalamate in rat urine,plasma, and tubular fluid by capillary electrophoresis

A method for the quantitative determination of iothalamate (IOT) in rat urine, plasma and tubular fluid by capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) has been developed and validated. Samples of urine and tubular fluids were diluted with water and samples of plasma were deproteinized with two volumes of acetonitrile containing the internal standard, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). A BioFocus 2000 system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) was used. The UV detector was set at 254 nm. The samples were loaded into uncoated fused-silica capillary (40 cm×50 μm) by pressure injection. A borate buffer [20 mM, pH 12 (pH adjusted with 1.0 M NaOH)] was used as the electrophoretic buffer. The typical analytical conditions were: voltage, 22 kV; injection, 9 psi×s; capillary and carousel temperatures were 20°C and 18°C respectively. The linear relationship was observed between time-corrected peak area of IOT in water and urine or the corrected peak area ratio of IOT to PABA in plasma and the nominal concentration of IOT with correlation coefficient greater than 0.999. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation (CV) were less than 8%. The concentration of IOT in plasma, urine and tubular fluid determined by CE can be used for estimation of whole kidney and single nephron clearances.     

Determination of uric acid in human urine and serum by capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection

A simple and sensitive method based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) with chemiluminescence (CL) detection has been developed for the determination of uric acid (UA). The sensitive detection was based on the enhancement effect of UA on the CL reaction between luminol and potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) in alkaline solution. A laboratory-built reaction flow cell and a photon counter were deployed for the CL detection. Experimental conditions for CL detection were studied in detail to achieve a maximum assay sensitivity. Optimal conditions were found to be 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M luminol added to the CE running buffer and 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M K₃[Fe(CN)₆] in 0.2 M NaOH solution introduced postcolumn. The proposed CE-CL assay showed good repeatability (relative standard deviation [RSD] = 3.5%, n = 11) and a detection limit of 3.5 × 10⁻⁷ M UA (signal/noise ratio [S/N] = 3). A linear calibration curve ranging from 6.0 × 10⁻⁷ to 3.0 × 10⁻⁵ M UA was obtained. The method was evaluated by quantifying UA in human urine and serum samples with satisfactory assay results.     

Analysis of creatine and creatinine in urine by capillary electrophoresis

Creatine is found in the urine of subjects ingesting creatine monohydrate as an ergogenic aid. Creatinine, the catabolic breakdown product of creatine, is a major constituent of normal urine. It is of interest to follow the excretion of creatine and creatinine in urine as a function of time after creatine ingestion. In this study, creatine and creatinine were analyzed in urine by capillary electrophoresis. The optimization of the method was discussed, with the best results being obtained using a 30 mM phosphate–150 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate buffer at pH 6, with the detector set at 214 nm and an applied voltage of 15 kV across a 45 cm capillary. Verification of the method was provided by HPLC analysis and spiking. The application of the method was demonstrated by analysis of creatine and creatinine in urine samples collected in a 24-h period following creatine ingestion.     

Stereoselective determination of clenbuterol in human urine by capillary electrophoresis

The effectiveness of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the field of stereoselective determination of drugs in biological matrices is demonstrated by analyzing clenbuterol in human urine. Due to the very low therapeutical doses of 20–40 μg per day the total concentrations in urine are 1–10 ng/ml. The sample was extracted with hexane–tert.-butyl methyl ether (99.5:0.5). The reconstituted sample was injected electrokinetically (50 s, 10 kV). Using phosphate buffer, pH 3.3 and hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector the total analysis time was below 15 min. The limit of determination was estimated as 0.5 ng/ml per enantiomer. S-(−)-Bupranolol was used as internal standard. Both precision and accuracy of the method were within the limits for biological samples. The application to human urine from patients having received therapeutical doses showed a slightly predominant excretion of the (+)-enantiomer to the (−)-enantiomer.