微囊藻毒素在滇池鱼体内的积累水平及分布特征

为了解富营养化水体中鱼体内微囊藻毒素(MC)的积累水平及其分布特征,2003年4月和9月份两次在滇池试验区采集了鲢、鳙和草鱼等鱼种,用ELISA方法对鱼体中肝、肾、空肠、胆、肌肉等不同组织中MC的含量进行了检测。结果表明,MC在所有样品中均能检测到,且主要分布在鱼体的肝肾脏和消化道等器官,而肌肉和非消化道器官中毒素含量相对较低。不同鱼种不同组织对MC的富集程度也明显不同,鲢鳙中肝脏和肾脏这两个主要的靶器官对MC的蓄积能力就远高于草鱼。同时,不同季节MC在鱼体内的积累水平也明显不同,4月份鱼样中MC的含量普遍低于9月份鱼样中MC的含量。最后按照WHO生活饮用水安全标准的建议进行推算,所有鱼肉中的MC均没有超过其推荐的人体每日可允许摄入量(≤0.04μg/kg人体重),初步推断鱼肉中MC暂时还未危及到人体健康,但仍具有潜在的风险性。     

微囊藻毒素-LR对小鼠肠道消化酶的影响

微囊藻毒素-LR（MCLR）是一类对动物和人类健康影响很大的蓝藻毒素。已有调查认为MCLR能导致某些胃肠道疾病,相关实验室资料也证实MCLR能在肠道积累并引起肠道损伤。研究对小鼠连续腹腔染毒MCLR 28d,观察肠道病理水平及超微结构的变化,并测定肠黏膜刷状缘膜酶活性。结果显示,小肠绒毛受损较严重,绒毛数量减少、部分脱落至肠腔,固有层及黏膜下层水肿、充血;电镜观察发现肠细胞细胞质电子密度降低,伴有线粒体肿胀、细胞核变形现象;肠黏膜二糖酶（蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶、乳糖酶）、碱性磷酸酶及-谷氨酰转移酶活性均呈下降趋势。在亚慢性MCLR染毒条件下,肠道的消化功能可能受到抑制,进而导致机体对营养物质吸收不良。研究对理解蓝藻毒素引起的胃肠道不适（如恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻）提供了新的证据。       

微囊藻毒素-LR的离体鳃灌流研究

随着水体富营养化进程的加剧, 有毒蓝藻的频繁暴发已成为一个世界性的难题。自1878年Francis1报道了世界上首例由于接触有毒蓝藻而引发的牲畜中毒事件以来, 已经有许多关于鱼类、爬行动物、鸟类和哺乳动物接触蓝藻而中毒甚至死亡的案例25。在为数众多的藻毒素中, 微囊藻毒素(Microcystins, MCs)因具有很强的肝毒性6, 7和促癌作用8, 而被认为是最具危害的种类之一。       

微囊藻毒素-LR对小鼠肝细胞线粒体功能的影响

目的：探究微囊藻毒素-LR对小鼠肝细胞线粒体功能的影响。方法：采用BALB／c小鼠作为模型动物,随机分为3组：A组,空白对照组,正常饮用水;B组,添加5g门L微囊藻毒素．LR的饮用水;C组,添加30gm微囊藻毒素-LR的饮用水。分组喂养3个月,分离小鼠肝脏、提取线粒体,采用线粒体荧光探针JC-1测定线粒体膜电位（MMP）,qRT-PCR检测自噬相关基因Beclinl和Lc3α的转录水平,WesternBlot检测细胞色素c的释放,电镜观察线粒体的形态和内部结构。结果：微囊藻毒素-LR处理组的小鼠肝细胞线粒体膜电位明显下降,自噬相关基因Lc3α的转录水平上升,细胞色素C由线粒体释放到胞浆,电镜观察线粒体形态异常、内部结构被破坏。结论：微囊藻毒素-LR对小鼠肝细胞线粒体有较强的毒性作用,并引发线粒体自噬。     

微囊藻毒素对尼罗罗非鱼原代肝细胞致毒机理的探讨

采用离体细胞培养诱导方法,研究微囊藻毒素-LR(microcystin-LR,MC-LR)对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)原代肝细胞的毒性效应.尼罗罗非鱼原代肝细胞经10、50、150、500 μg/L MC-LR体外诱导24h后,单细胞微量凝胶电泳(SCGE)检测显示,与对照组相比处理组出现明显的彗星拖尾现象,说明MC-LR可引起尼罗罗非鱼肝细胞DNA的损伤,并随着剂量的增加,DNA的损伤程度增大.PI/Annexin V双染色流式细胞仪(FCM)检测表明MC-LR能明显引起肝细胞凋亡,与SCGE结果一致,且DNA损伤程度越大,细胞早期凋亡率越高,呈现明显的时间、剂量依赖性.本研究为进一步从分子、细胞水平阐明MC-LR的毒性以及致毒机理提供重要的理论依据.     

微囊藻毒素-LR 对小鼠肝细胞线粒体功能的影响*

摘要目的：探究微囊藻毒素-LR 对小鼠肝细胞线粒体功能的影响。方法：采用BALB/c 小鼠作为模型动物,随机分为3 组：A 组, 空白对照组,正常饮用水;B 组,添加5 g/L微囊藻毒素-LR 的饮用水;C 组,添加30 g/L 微囊藻毒素-LR 的饮用水。分组喂养3 个月,分离小鼠肝脏、提取线粒体,采用线粒体荧光探针JC-1 测定线粒体膜电位（MMP）,qRT-PCR检测自噬相关基因Beclin1 和 Lc3琢的转录水平,Western Blot检测细胞色素C的释放,电镜观察线粒体的形态和内部结构。结果：微囊藻毒素-LR 处理组的小 鼠肝细胞线粒体膜电位明显下降,自噬相关基因Lc3琢的转录水平上升,细胞色素C由线粒体释放到胞浆,电镜观察线粒体形态 异常、内部结构被破坏。结论：微囊藻毒素-LR 对小鼠肝细胞线粒体有较强的毒性作用,并引发线粒体自噬。     

微囊藻毒素-LR对小鼠原代肝细胞线粒体功能的影响

目的 蓝藻水华引起的微囊藻毒素污染是世界性关注话题之一,微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)具有强特异性肝毒性,但其引起肝损伤的确切机制尚未完全阐明.为解决这一问题,本研究从细胞分子层面探讨MC-LR造成肝细胞线粒体功能改变的分子机制.方法 提取小鼠原代肝细胞,加入梯度剂量的MC-LR(2.5～10 nmol/L)作用48 h...     

广东省典型大中型供水水库和湖泊微囊藻毒素分布

为了解肝脏促癌剂微囊藻毒素（MCs）在广东省淡水水体中的污染情况,于2003年夏、秋、冬3个季节,采集了广东省12个典型供水水库和4个湖泊的水样;同时于2004年2—12月对7个水库和1个湖泊进行了每隔2个月的加密调查,用高效液相色谱（HPLC）和酶联免疫法（ELISA）测定了水体中微囊藻毒素（MCs）含量。结果显示广东省典型供水水库和淡水湖泊微囊藻毒素分布广泛,毒素组成以MC-RR为主,水库微囊藻毒素含量在未检出—0.919μg/L,2004年毒素含量比2003年有一定程度的上升。微囊藻毒素污染较为严重的水库为汤溪、鹤地、契爷石和深圳等水库,广州流花湖和肇庆星湖等城市景观湖泊中微囊藻毒素污染也较为严重。虽然本次调查的所有水样MCs含量均在世界卫生组织和我国饮用水卫生标准以下,但结果说明广东省饮用水源已在一定程度上遭受MCs的污染,需采取有效措施防止水质进一步恶化。     

罗非鱼微囊藻毒素去毒相关基因克隆与活体表达研究

可溶性谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Soluble glutathione S-transferase,sGST)催化微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,MCs)与还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的加合去毒代谢过程,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPX)为sGST的去毒反应提供GSH,解偶联蛋白2(Uncoupling protein 2,UCP2)则可抑制微囊藻毒素诱发活性氧导致的肝细胞凋亡。本研究从罗非鱼肝脏通过简并引物克隆sGST、GPX与UCP2基因cDNA核心序列,并应用5’RACE和3’RACE技术分别扩增罗非鱼肝脏sGST基因cDNA序列5’末端和3’末端序列而获得其cDNA全序列。罗非鱼肝脏sGST基因cDNA全序列长861 bp,其中5’非翻译区(5-’UTR)为25 bp,3’非翻译区(3-’UTR)为167 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为669 bp,编码222个氨基酸,包含脊椎动物完整sGST的2个功能域:N-末端功能域(GSH结合位点)和C-末端功能域(底物结合位点)。罗非鱼sGST与真鲷、条石鲷(Oplegnathus fasciatus)、斑马鱼同源性较高,达到64.3%—78.5%,而与人、大鼠、小鼠、牛、猪、鸡差异较大,氨基酸同源性为48.2%—55.9%。罗非鱼肝脏GPX、UCP2基因cDNA核心序列长280 bp、776 bp,分别编码92、258个氨基酸。罗非鱼GPX与条石鲷、虹鳟、斑马鱼、人、大鼠、小鼠、牛、猪GPX同源性均较高,达到69.6%—85.9%。罗非鱼UCP2与真鲷、斑马鱼、鲤鱼、欧洲白鲑(Leuciscus cephalus)、草鱼、人、大鼠、小鼠UCP2同源性更高,达到71.8%—93.8%。通过对罗非鱼(5—8 g)活体腹腔注射亚致死量MC-LR(50μg/kg bwt),发现微囊藻毒素对罗非鱼肝脏sGST基因表达有显著的诱导作用(p<0.05),注射微囊藻毒素24h后sGST基因mRNA表达水平上调80%。注射微囊藻毒素24h后,虽然罗非鱼肝脏GPX与UCP2基因mRNA表达水平亦出现明显的升高趋势,但两者均未出现显著性的变化(p>0.05)。本研究从基因表达调控的角度证实,罗非鱼肝脏sGST在微囊藻毒素去毒过程中可能发挥关键作用,同时也说明罗非鱼肝脏GPX、UCP2基因可能在微囊藻去毒过程中发挥协同作用。     

微囊藻毒素的危害及其防治

本文对微囊藻毒素的化学结构及其危害机理进行了分析,并提出了对微囊藻的综合防治对策.     

作物光合、蒸腾与水分高效利用的试验研究

通过田间试验,对作物光合、蒸腾、气孔行为及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,光合与蒸腾的非线性关系可以用抛物线方程表述,其中光合速率最高时的蒸腾速率为临界值,超出该值即为奢侈蒸腾,干旱处理的临界值较低,通过合适的调控措施,抑制奢侈蒸腾并不影响光合生产,综合分析光合速率、蒸腾速率与气孔导度的关系,气孑L导度大于0．12mol·m^-2·s^-1,实施提高气孔阻力并抑制蒸腾的措施,既节约水分又促进光合作用,增加产量．光合速率基本上随光合有效辐射的增加而提高,并有光饱和点存在,水分条件影响叶片光合作用达到饱和的早晚,干旱处理的光饱和点远远低于湿润处理,强光需要水分充足相耦合,才能充分发挥光能利用率,蒸腾与辐射的线性关系十分显著。从光合有效辐射入手,在光合有效辐射大于1000μmol·m^-2·s^-1时实施措施,既可大大降低蒸腾,又可改善光合,节水增产效果不言而喻。     

Solar-tracking leaf movements in velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Leaves of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) exhibited solar-tracking movements in several experiments using different cultural conditions near Ames, IA, U.S.A. Freely moving leaves maintained a smaller angle between the normal to the leaf and the sun's rays than did leaves fixed in one position in both greenhouse and field experiments. Freely moving leaves had higher total daily carbon gain, transpiration, and water use efficiency than leaves fixed in a horizontal position. Leaves on different sides of the plant exhibited different abilities to track the sun, with leaves on the north side of the plant least able to track the sun.     

The effect of atmospheric humidity on photosynthesis,transpiration and water use efficiency of leaves of several plant species

The effect of humidity on the gas exchange of leaves of the dicotyledons soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (L.) Schneider), and saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.) and the monocotyledons wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) was examined under conditions of adequate soil moisture in a controlled environment. Photosynthesis and stomatal and internal diffusion resistances of whole, attached, single leaves were not affected by changes in humidity as the vapour pressure deficit between the leaf and atmosphere ranged from 8 to 27 mb. Transpiration increased linearly with increasing vapour pressure deficit. Whole plants of barley exhibited a different response. As humidity was increased, photosynthesis increased, transpiration expressed per unit of vapour pressure difference increased, and diffusion resistances became smaller. Reasons for the different behaviour of single leaves and whole plants are suggested. An index for water use efficiency, expressed per millibar of vapour pressure deficit, was calculated for single leaves of each species used in the experiments. This showed that water use efficiency was highest in the C₄ xerophytes and lowest in the C₃ mesophytes. The effect of environment on water use efficiency is examined using data from the literature.     

不同时期毛乌素沙区主要植物种光合作用和蒸腾作用的变化

 采用LI—6000便携式光合分析系统对毛乌素沙区主要植物种油蒿、中间锦鸡儿、旱柳进行了不同时期光合作用,蒸腾作用日进程的测定,并同步测定有效光辐射、空气相对湿度、叶温、气温、胞间CO2浓度、气孔阻力、叶片水势及土壤水势等因子;结果表明：不同时期、不同植物种其光合、蒸腾特征各异;植物的光合、蒸腾与环境因子和植物内部因子之间有密切关系,其中有效光辐射是影响光合作用、蒸腾作用诸因子中的主导因子,而气孔阻力变化则在调节光合和蒸腾中起着重要作用;不同植物种间气孔对环境条件变化的响应程度不同,以中间锦鸡儿最为灵敏;3种植物的水分利用效率表明,中间锦鸡儿的水分利用效率较油蒿、旱柳为高。     

A novel sex-determining QTL in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Background

Fish species often exhibit significant sexual dimorphism for commercially important traits. Accordingly, the control of phenotypic sex, and in particular the production of monosex cultures, is of particular interest to the aquaculture industry. Sex determination in the widely farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is complex, involving genomic regions on at least three chromosomes (chromosomes 1, 3 and 23) and interacting in certain cases with elevated early rearing temperature as well. Thus, sex ratios may vary substantially from 50%.

Results

This study focused on mapping sex-determining quantitative trait loci (QTL) in families with skewed sex ratios. These included four families that showed an excess of males (male ratio varied between 64% and 93%) when reared at standard temperature (28°C) and a fifth family in which an excess of males (96%) was observed when fry were reared at 36°C for ten days from first feeding. All the samples used in the current study were genotyped for two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs397507167 and rs397507165) located in the expected major sex-determining region in linkage group 1 (LG 1). The only misassigned individuals were phenotypic males with the expected female genotype, suggesting that those offspring had undergone sex-reversal with respect to the major sex-determining locus. We mapped SNPs identified from double digest Restriction-site Associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing in these five families. Three genetic maps were constructed consisting of 641, 175 and 1,155 SNPs from the three largest families. QTL analyses provided evidence for a novel genome-wide significant QTL in LG 20. Evidence was also found for another sex-determining QTL in the fifth family, in the proximal region of LG 1.

Conclusions

Overall, the results from this study suggest that these previously undetected QTLs are involved in sex determination in the Nile tilapia, causing sex reversal (masculinisation) with respect to the XX genotype at the major sex-determining locus in LG 1.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1383-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

作物群体CO2通量和水分利用效率的快速测定

In this paper,Eddy Correlation (EC) method was employed to measure the latent heat and CO₂ flux density and to calculate Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat community in Yucheng district,Shandong Province in 1997.The results showed that the CO₂ flux density had an obvious diurnal change,with a maximum about1.5 mg·s^-1·m^-2,which appeared at about 9:00～10:00 am in general.The WUE of wheat community presented a fall trend from morning to afternoon,and the CO₂ flux density and WUE also had an obvious seasonal change,being lower in the early and late growth stages,and higher in the middle growth stage.The ranges of daily mean CO₂ flux density and WUE were 0.2～0.9 mg·s^-1·m^-2 and 5～20 gCO₂·kg^-1 H₂O,respectively.     

田间不同条件下玉米叶片的气孔阻力及与光合、蒸腾作用的关系

以玉米17个自交系和10个杂交种为试材,在田间条件下研究了不同光强、不同叶位、不同生育期、不同源库比例和株间差异状态下的气孔阻力及其与光合(PH)、蒸腾(TR)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)的关系,结果表明,不同自交系之间RS具有显著的差异,相差最大可达2.3倍以上;光照条件变弱、穗叶位差增加、生育期推延和源/库比例改变等均可引起RS值的增加;在各种情况下导致RS变化的同时也引起TR和PH产生相应的变化,RS与TR、PH表现出显著或极显著的负相关,且相关系数r_RS-TR>r_RS-PH;RS与WUE的相关关系在不同的条件下表现出不稳定性.     

作物群体CO2通量和水分利用效率的快速测定

In this paper, Eddy Correlation (EC) method was employed to measure the latent heat and CO2 flux density and to calculate Water Use Efficiency (WISE) of winter wheat community in Yucheng district, Shandong Province in 1997. The results showed that the CO2 flux density had an obvious diurnal change, with a maximum aboutl. 5 mg·s^-1·m^-2, which appeared at about 9 : 00-10 : 00 am in general. The WUE of wheat community presented a fall trend from morning to afternoon, and the CO2 flux density and WUE also had an obvious seasonal change, being lower in the early and late growth stages, and higher in the middle growth stage. The ranges of daily mean CO2 flux density and WUE were 0.2 - 0.9 mg·s^-1·m^-2 and 5 - 20 gCO2·kg^-1 1H2O, respectively.     

田间不同条件下玉米叶片的气孔阻力及与光合,蒸腾作用的关系

以玉米 1 7个自交系和 1 0个杂交种为试材 ,在田间条件下研究了不同光强、不同叶位、不同生育期、不同源库比例和株间差异状态下的气孔阻力及其与光合 (PH)、蒸腾(TR)和叶片水分利用效率 (WUE)的关系 ,结果表明 ,不同自交系之间RS具有显著的差异 ,相差最大可达 2 .3倍以上 ;光照条件变弱、穗叶位差增加、生育期推延和源 /库比例改变等均可引起RS值的增加 ;在各种情况下导致RS变化的同时也引起TR和PH产生相应的变化 ,RS与TR、PH表现出显著或极显著的负相关 ,且相关系数rRS TR>rRS PH;RS与WUE的相关关系在不同的条件下表现出不稳定性