斑痣悬茧蜂寄生、发育和生殖特征与寄主幼虫日龄的关系

【目的】“圆屋顶形”假说认为,对单寄生性姬蜂和茧蜂适合度而言,中间龄期幼虫寄主的品质高于更早和更晚龄期幼虫。该假说得到许多研究支持,但这些研究常以寄主幼虫脱皮划分虫龄,很少观测生殖特征,从而难以确切和全面描述适合度随寄主生长发育变化而变化的关系。本研究旨在检验“圆屋顶形”假说。【方法】本研究以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura不同日龄幼虫为寄主,观测斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis寄生和发育特征,并测定成蜂生殖力。【结果】线性回归分析表明,雌蜂对中间日龄寄主幼虫的寄生率大于对两端日龄寄主幼虫的寄生率;蜂卵至成虫的存活、成虫体型大小及其生殖力（产卵量）等适合度相关特征均表现出中间日龄寄主幼虫处理大于两端日龄幼虫处理。【结论】研究结果支持“圆屋顶形”假说。     

斑痣悬茧蜂的寄主辨别能力及其影响因素

为评价斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael)的寄主辨别能力及其影响因素, 采用双选试验（斜纹夜蛾2龄寄主幼虫, 健康∶被寄生=5∶5）, 观察了寄生经历（无寄生经历、 有1次寄生经历、 有1次过寄生经历）和寄主被首次寄生后的间隔时间（1 - 7 d）对斑痣悬茧蜂在健康寄主和被寄生寄主之间的选择; 为探究斑痣悬茧蜂是否能够辨别寄主斑块质量, 观察了斑痣悬茧蜂连续3次访问不同质量寄主斑块（被寄生寄主∶健康寄主分别为 2∶8, 5∶5和 8∶2）时的产卵刺扎次数。对选择频次进行的分析表明, 寄主被首次寄生后的间隔时间和寄生蜂的寄生经历均对过寄生发生有显著影响(P<0.05), 过寄生概率随寄主首次被寄生后的间隔时间延长而降低; 有寄生经历的寄生蜂发生过寄生的概率低于无寄生经历的寄生蜂。用Cox比例风险模型对寄主辨别时间进行的分析表明, 发生过寄生的风险随寄主被初次寄生后间隔时间的延长而减小, 也因寄生蜂具有过寄生经历而减小。斑痣悬茧蜂在连续3次访问不同质量寄主斑块中, 产卵刺扎次数随寄主斑块的质量提高而显著增多。据此推论, 斑痣悬茧蜂不仅能够辨别被寄生寄主, 而且能够辨别含有被寄生寄主的寄主斑块。     

甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫被斑痣悬茧蜂寄生的风险分析

寄生蜂的寄主识别期是构建最优接受寄主模型的重要参数之一。本研究观察了斑痣悬茧蜂(Meteorus pulchricornis)对甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)不同龄期幼虫的识别期,并首次用生存分析方法估计寄主被寄生的风险以及寄生经历对寄主识别期的影响。结果表明:在2.5h观察期内,除1龄寄主幼虫外,其他各龄(2~5龄)幼虫均被寄生;对首次寄主识别期的Cox回归模型拟合分析表明,与2龄寄主幼虫(参照虫龄)相比,3~5龄寄主幼虫被寄生的累计风险比率显著高于2龄寄主幼虫(2·6~4·0倍),而对再次寄主识别期的分析未发现3~5龄寄主幼虫与2龄幼虫之间存在显著差异。根据对首次与再次寄主识别期进行的生存曲线比较表明,对2~4龄幼虫的再次寄主识别期显著短于首次寄主识别期;说明寄生经历显著提高了寄生蜂的寄主识别期。由此推测,较高龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫被无寄生经验斑痣悬茧蜂寄生的风险高于低龄幼虫。     

斑痣悬茧蜂在黏虫寄主体内与中红侧沟茧蜂竞争下的存活和发育表现

【目的】不同种寄生蜂在同一小生境中可能寄生同一共享寄主。本研究旨在为认识寄生蜂种间互作关系,并为科学评价寄生性天敌控害效应提供依据。【方法】在室内以单寄生性斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis(Wesmael)和中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator(Halidy)及其寄主黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)低龄幼虫为材料,以寄生顺序和间隔时间为因素进行种间寄生竞争效应实验,观察比较两种蜂的存活和斑痣悬茧蜂子代的发育历期、体型大小和寿命等发育参数。【结果】不同寄生顺序和间隔时间组合处理下斑痣悬茧蜂子代蜂存活率始终高于中红侧沟茧蜂,且先寄生的斑痣悬茧蜂子代存活率高于后寄生的蜂,提前24 h寄生的斑痣悬茧蜂子代存活率可高达96.7%。当斑痣悬茧蜂先于中红侧沟茧蜂寄生时,其子代幼虫发育历期比单独寄生(对照)时显著延长;当后于中红侧沟茧蜂寄生时,其子代幼虫发育历期与单独寄生时无显著差异。各竞争处理下,斑痣悬茧蜂子代成虫寿命均长于单独寄生的子代成虫;子代成虫后足胫节长度与单独寄生相比明显缩短。【结论】结果说明,斑痣悬茧蜂在黏虫低龄幼虫体内与中红侧沟茧蜂的竞争中占有优势,但竞争对斑痣悬茧蜂子代生长发育具有负面影响。     

不同方式诱导植物抗性对甜菜夜蛾幼虫及其寄生蜂斑痣悬茧蜂发育表现的影响

【目的】明确诱导植物抗性对植食性昆虫甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) 及内寄生蜂斑痣悬茧蜂 Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) 生长发育的影响。【方法】采用取食损伤、机械损伤及外源喷施3种浓度 (0.01, 0.1和1 mmol/L) 茉莉酸甲酯 (MeJA) 3种方式来诱导菜薹抗性,观察甜菜夜蛾初孵幼虫及其寄生蜂斑痣悬茧蜂的发育表现。【结果】取食取食损伤和茉莉酸甲酯处理的菜薹后,甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活率显著降低,茉莉酸甲酯浓度与幼虫存活呈负相关; 取食0.1 mmol/L MeJA处理的菜薹后,甜菜夜蛾幼虫体重显著低于清水对照。甜菜夜蛾取食取食损伤和0.1 mmol/L MeJA处理的菜薹,其寄生蜂斑痣悬茧蜂幼虫的死亡率显著增加,同时结茧率显著降低;0.1 mmol/L MeJA处理的菜薹使成蜂体重显著低于对照。不同处理间斑痣悬茧蜂的卵巢发育无明显差异,卵巢由8~10根卵巢管组成,羽化24 h后成熟卵数量为7~10个,成熟卵的长度和宽度分别为350和78 μm。【结论】结果说明,取食损伤和茉莉酸甲酯处理诱导的菜薹反应会影响甜菜夜蛾的存活和大小,进而抑制斑痣悬茧蜂生长。     

斑痣悬茧蜂寄生对甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食和食物利用的影响

为研究甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua幼虫被斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis寄生后的取食以及食物利用情况,在室内采用重量法测定了甜菜夜蛾4龄幼虫被寄生后取食量、体重增加量、营养指标的变化。结果表明：被寄生甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食量、生长率和食物利用效率等明显受到抑制,幼虫被寄生后第3-6 d 取食量显著小于未被寄生幼虫,寄生后第4 d 的幼虫取食量只有正常幼虫的29.89%,第5 d只有48.69%。幼虫在寄生后的第3-5 d体重增加量显著小于未被寄生幼虫,分别为正常幼虫的21.51%,38.87%和14.42%,相对生长率则也显著低于后者。被寄生甜菜夜蛾幼虫的营养利用表现也明显不同于未被寄生幼虫,反映生长和代谢效率的食物利用率（ECI）和食物转化率（ECD）均显著降低,而反映吸收效率的近似消化率（AD）则提高。虽然在寄生后第4 d出现了相反的现象,其原因可能在于第4 d取食量明显减少,而体重仍在增加。本研究表明,斑痣悬茧蜂寄生明显抑制寄主甜菜夜蛾幼虫的取食、食物利用效率和生长。     

斑痣悬茧蜂对斜纹夜蛾不同虫龄幼虫的选择及后代发育表现

为探究容性寄生蜂对不同龄期寄主幼虫的选择性及其子代蜂发育表现的关联,通过双选试验观察了斑痣悬茧蜂(Meteorus pulchricornis)对斜纹夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)不同虫龄幼虫的寄生选择,并观察了与子代蜂适合度相关的特性表现.结果表明:斑痣悬茧蜂在4龄与5龄之间未表现出偏好,在2龄和3龄、3龄和4龄之间显著偏好较低虫龄;结茧率在不同寄主虫龄间无显著差异,羽化率随寄主虫龄增大而减小,寄生2、3龄幼虫的子代蜂显著高于寄生5龄;寄生5龄幼虫的子代蜂死亡率比寄生2龄的高2.5倍,比寄生3龄的高5.4倍.寄生3龄幼虫的子代蜂发育历期最短(11.9 d),比寄生4龄幼虫的短6.8 d,比寄生2龄幼虫的短4.7 d;子代蜂体型大小在寄生的寄主虫龄间无显著差异.根据研究结果推测,斑痣悬茧蜂在寄生时可能不是根据寄主龄期来评价寄主品质,而是基于寄主体型大小进行评价.     

斜纹夜蛾取食四种植物对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂发育和繁殖的影响

研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫取食4种植物后对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂Microplitis manilae生长发育和繁殖的影响,为利用该蜂开展斜纹夜蛾的生物防治提供理论依据。在人工气候箱内(26℃±1℃、RH 65%±5%、L∶D=12∶12)研究了斜纹夜蛾取食豇豆Vigna unguiculata、芋艿Colocasia esculenta、烟草Nicotiana tabacum和芥蓝Brassica alboglabra 4种植物对马尼拉侧沟茧蜂的生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明:马尼拉侧沟茧蜂寄生取食豇豆的夜蛾幼虫,其幼虫期最短,化蛹率、羽化率和累计存活率最高,性比最低,寿命最长;寄生取食烟草的夜蛾幼虫,其幼虫期最长,化蛹率、羽化率和累计存活率最低,蛹重最轻,蛹期最长;从取食芥蓝的斜纹夜蛾幼虫体内育出的雌蜂产卵量最高,但成蜂寿命最短;斜纹夜蛾取食4种植物对雌蜂个体大小无显著影响,但取食烟草的夜蛾幼虫体内育出的雄蜂个体最小。马尼拉侧沟茧蜂寄生取食不同植物的斜纹夜蛾幼虫,马尼拉侧沟茧蜂的发育和繁殖存在显著差异。     

斑痣悬茧蜂对不同寄主密度斑块的选择和最优搜寻行为

在圆柱形透明有机玻璃罩内,观察了斑痣悬茧蜂对不同寄主密度斑块的选择和滞留时间,并用Cox比例风险模型分析了寄主密度、产卵次数和搜寻特征对斑痣悬茧蜂在斑块上的驻留时间及其影响因素.结果表明:斑痣悬茧蜂对高密度寄主斑块的初次选择次数、访问次数均高于低密度寄主斑块,导致在高密度斑块上具有更高的寄生率;斑痣悬茧蜂在各斑块的驻留时间随寄主密度的增加而增加.Cox模型分析结果显示,斑块内寄主密度和产卵数均对其离开斑块的倾向起消极作用,即随寄主密度和产卵数的增加而倾向于留在斑块上;而寄主密度与产卵数的互作反而对寄生蜂离开斑块倾向具有促进作用,这两种作用可使寄生蜂利用寄主斑块获得最大适合度.     

高山草原狭翅雏蝗的生物学特性及种群空间分布

在甘肃省夏河县甘加高山草原,对狭翅雏蝗的发生期、食量、空间格局及动态进行了系统研究。结果表明,该虫1年发生1代,以卵在土中越冬,翌年5月下旬至6月上旬开始孵化出土,6月中旬至下旬为孵化出土盛期,蝗蝻多数为4龄,少数(约23％)为5龄,整个蝗蝻期为70．45±15．76d,成虫寿命42．36±13.46d;取食量随龄期增大而增大,蝗蝻期平均食量为368．3mg,成虫期平均食量为743．8mg,狭翅雏蝗在前期低龄蝗蝻阶段为聚集分布,高龄蝗蝻及成虫阶段以均匀分布和随机分布为主。     

Mitochondrial DNA diversity and geographical distribution of sexual and asexual strains of the braconid parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis

Asexuality is an important tool with regard to the use of parasitoid wasps as biocontrol agents. Asexual (apomictic thelytokous) strains of Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a polyphagous endoparasitoid of lepidopteran larvae, are sympatric with sexual (arrhenotokous) strains in Japan. The results of phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences indicated two major haplotype groups on the Japanese islands. The northern group I predominantly contained sexual strains, whereas the southern group II contained both sexual and asexual strains. Most asexual strains were likely derived within group II. An asexual strain recently established in New Zealand has the identical haplotype to a strain in Japan and was proven to have originated from East Asia. Three hypotheses on the evolution of asexuality are discussed for this parasitoid wasp: recessive gene, hybridization, and cytoplasmic element.     

Temporary host paralysis and avoidance of self-superparasitism in the solitary endoparasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis

We suggest a new mechanism for the avoidance of self-superparasitism by a solitary endoparasitoid of free-living hosts. Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesmael) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a solitary larval endoparasitoid of a wide range of Lepidoptera. First, we tested the tendency to avoid multiple oviposition on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, examining the distribution pattern of eggs deposited in 20 hosts in 24 h. The standardized Morisita index of dispersion (Ip) for the number of eggs in a host larva was almost always below zero, and the 95% confidence limits of the means were lower than zero for both experienced and inexperienced females, indicating that parasitoids tend to avoid multiple oviposition, although not completely. Second, we observed changes in host movements (head shaking and forward movement) after oviposition and the occurrence of additional ovipositions in pre-oviposited hosts, because a recent study indicated the necessity of visual cues provided by host movements for oviposition by this species. The incidence of host movements decreased markedly after oviposition and remained at a low level for approximately 1 h, during which time additional ovipositions were rarely observed. Temporary host paralysis after oviposition would be a new mechanism for the avoidance of self-superparasitism in a solitary endoparasitoid using visual cues from moving hosts for oviposition.     

Host stage selection of the mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus spec. nov near sinope

The mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus spec. nov near sinope (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an undescribed parasitoid of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). We investigated the preference of Anagyrus spec. nov near sinope for six developmental stadia (first‐ and second‐instar nymphs, third‐instar immature females, third‐ or fourth‐instar immature males, pre‐reproductive adult females, and ovipositing adult females) of P. madeirensis and the fitness consequences of the host stage selection behavior. In the no‐choice test, Anagyrus spec. nov near sinope parasitized and completed development in all host stadia except third‐instar immature males. When all host stadia were offered simultaneously, the parasitoids preferred third‐instar immature and pre‐reproductive adult females. Dissection of the stung mealybugs revealed that the clutch size (number of eggs per host) was approximately four and three in the third‐instar and pre‐reproductive females, respectively, and one egg per first‐instar nymph. Parasitoids emerged from P. madeirensis parasitized at third‐instar or pre‐reproductive adult female completed development in the shortest duration, achieved a higher progeny survival rate, larger brood and body size, and the lowest proportion of males. We showed that the continued development of mealybugs had significant influence on the fitness of the parasitoids. Although deposited as eggs in first‐ or second‐instar nymphs, parasitoids emerged from mummies that had attained third‐instar or adult development achieved similar progeny survival rate, brood size, body size, and sex ratio as those parasitoids deposited and developed in third‐instar or adult mealybugs. By delaying larval development in young mealybugs, Anagyrus spec. nov near sinope achieved higher fitness by allowing the parasitized mealybugs to grow and accumulate body size and resources. We suggest that the fitness consequence of host stage selection of a koinobiont parasitoid should be evaluated on both the time of parasitism and the time of mummification.     

Studies on the Host Range of Xiphinema bakeri and Its Pathogenicity to Raspberry

Thirty-one kinds of plants representing 12 families were tested for host suitability to Xiphinema bakeri. Sixteen supported a significant population increase but only members of the Rosaceae and Solanaceae were severely damaged. Eight of the 12 weed species tested were good hosts; Mouse-ear chickweed allowed the greatest population increase of all plants tested. Populations of X. bakeri declined under selected members of the Cruciferae and Cucurbitaceae more than in fallow soil after 12 weeks. Numbers of X. bakeri as low as one per 5 cc of soil reduced root and top growth of raspberry 40-50%. Where 100 and 500 nematodes per 10.5 cm-diameter pot were used the mean weight of roots was reduced 54% and 77%, the tops 59% and 78% and the linear growth 48% and 78%, respectively. This is the first report of an ectoparasitic nematode pathogenic to raspberry.