美国紫踵劈蚌与三角帆蚌和褶纹冠蚌的形态比较与判别分析

描述了紫踵劈蚌(Potamilus alatus)贝壳外部和内部特征,并对紫踵劈蚌、三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)和褶纹冠蚌(Cristaria plicata)进行了形态学比较。运用多变量形态度量学方法分析了3种淡水育珠蚌的形态差异。主成分分析构建了2个主成分,其中第一主成分的方差贡献率为66·90%,第二主成分的贡献率为33·10%,2个主成分的累计贡献率达到100%;采用逐步判别法,从11个比例性状中筛选出6个主要性状建立了3种育珠蚌的形态判别函数,其综合判别准确率达到100%。     

中国沿海双齿近相手蟹9个群体形态差异分析

针对双齿近相手蟹Perisesarma bidens 9个群体(龙海、深圳、珠海、阳江、徐闻、企水、清澜港、北海、防城港)228只个体的22项形态比例参数,采用聚类分析、判别分析和主成分分析对群体间形态差异进行了比较。结果表明,聚类分析不能把群体明显地分群;9个群体提取的6个主成分的累积贡献率为84.09%,第一、二主成分绘制的散点图显示,各群体互相重叠,无法区分开来;综合判别准确率为40.8%,判别准确率不高,无法有效地运用判别函数依据个体形态特征进行分类;单因子方差分析显示,各群体大多数变量的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),说明双齿近相手蟹群体间个体形态有一定差异,可能是受环境影响;差异系数(CD)值均小于亚种分类的阈值1.28,说明群体间的形态差异小,未达到亚种水平。     

中华小长臂虾(Palaemonetes sinensis)4个群体的形态差异

本文采用3种多元分析方法,分析了中华小长臂虾4个群体(鞍山、大连、沈阳和盘锦群体)的形态差异,探讨了它们的形态亲缘关系。聚类分析的结果表明,盘锦群体和鞍山群体的形态差异最小,而与大连和沈阳群体的差异程度逐渐增大。Mantel检验的结果表明,各群体的欧氏距离和地理距离之间没有显著相关性(r=0.576,P=0.901)。经主成分分析得到7个主成分,累计方差贡献率为84.74%,4个群体的形态学分化主要集中在头胸甲部的特征上。经判别分析建立了4个群体的判别函数,判别准确率为66.00%~97.00%,综合判别率为77.83%。本研究可为中华小长臂虾的资源保护和遗传育种提供依据。     

甘蔗品种(系)叶片形态特征数学分析

本文对48份甘蔗品种(系)的叶片形态特征进行主成分、聚类和判别分析.结果表明,品种(系)间的叶片形态特征差异达到极显著水平(P＞0.01);主成分分析选出了3个主成分,方差累积贡献率达到97.52%,叶长、叶宽及形态因子分别是第一、二、三主成分的主导因子;在聚类分析基础上用判别分析选出对甘蔗品种(系)叶片形态分类有极显著影响的面积、长度、宽度、周长、长宽比及形态因子参数,同时建立了4个判别能力较高的判别模型.     

甘蔗品种（系）叶片形态特征数学分析

本对48份甘蔗品种(系)的叶片形态特征进行主成分、聚类和判别分析。结果表明,品种(系)间的叶片形态特征差异达到权显水平(P＞O．01);主成分分析选出了3个主成分,方差累积贡献率达到97．52％,叶长、叶宽及形态因子分别是第一、二、三主成分的主导因子;在聚类分析基础上用判别分析选出对甘蔗品种(系)叶片形态分类有权显影响的面积、长度、宽度、周长、长宽比及形态因子参数,同时建立了4个判别能力较高的判别模型。     

濒危鱼类稀有白甲鱼沅江种群与西江种群形态度量学性状的差异性

分别以采自沅江水系142例和西江水系92例稀有白甲鱼标本为材料,采用差异系数法、方差分析法、判别分析法和主成分分析法,研究了稀有白甲鱼沅江种群、西江种群包括10个可数性状和31个比例性状等形态度量学性状的差异性.方差分析表明,2个种群之间共有6个可数性状和27个比例性状存在着显著性差异(P＜0.05).判别分析筛选出了9个对区分2个种群贡献较大的比例性状,并建立了2个种群的判别函数式.主成分分析显示,稀有白甲鱼种群鱼体沿背腹轴、头尾轴分别有16和6个比例性状表现出了明显的变化,在尾部有2个比例性状差异明显.可见2个种群之间形态度量学性状已显示了明显的分化.这可能是两个种群长期隔离,在不同水系生态环境中产生了适应性进化的结果.然而,差异系数的计算结果表明,两个种群之间形态度量学性状的差异尚未达到亚种分化的水平.     

高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi) 不同地理种群的形态变异

本文采用主成分分析和聚类分析两种方法,分析了高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)12 个地理种群17 项形态特征的变异。主成分分析结果显示,分析构建的雄性前3 个主成分累积贡献率为78.483% ,而雌性前4 个主成分累积贡献率为79.587% 。对种群间形态差异分析贡献最大的指标为颅全长、基长、后头宽等反映头骨大小性状,以及顶嵴、额嵴最小间距体现的颧弓扩张程度指标。主成分分析结果与聚类分析结果一致,12 个地理种群分化构成两个大的地域性群体:一个由甘肃种群构成的甘肃群体;另一个由四川种群和青海种群构成的混合群体。两个地域性群体实际上反映出两个不同的分化方向:一个方向表现为头骨较小,顶嵴、额嵴相对分开即颧弓扩张程度小,如甘肃群体;另一个则表现为头骨较大,顶嵴、额嵴相对靠拢即颧弓扩张程度大,如混合群体。这种地域群体的形态变异可以解释为,地下洞道系统中环境因子选择作用对高原鼢鼠形态变化产生了重要影响。     

板栗和锥栗天然同域居群的叶表型变异研究

对分布于湖北省秭归县境内的一个由169株板栗（Castanea mollissima）和281株锥栗（C.henryi）组成的天然同域居群的20个叶表型性状的变异进行了研究。根据叶片背面和叶柄的被毛情况及叶缘形状3个定性性状,在总共450个个体中,共得到18个（4%）中间过渡类型个体。利用17个数量性状进行逐步判别分析（SDA）表明：根据定性性状得到的中间型个体中分别有7个和11个被归入板栗和锥栗;板栗和锥栗在叶形上的差异较大,有8个数量性状被选入判别方程,判别方程对板栗和锥栗的判别准确率都达93%以上,判别结果较为理想;综合20个表型性状进行主成分分析（PCA）,构建了3个主成分,主成分1和2的贡献率分别为53.5%和18.7%,累计贡献率达72.2%。前2个主成分的散布图中,有6个（1/3）中间型个体位于板栗和锥栗的重叠分布区域,可能是二者之间存在杂交的表型证据。     

四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼形态差异的多元分析

通过聚类分析、判别分析和主成分分析3种多元分析方法,对乌江总溪河89尾四川裂腹鱼(Schizothorax kozlovi)和岷江青衣江33尾重口裂腹鱼(S.davidi)的10个常规可量性状与20个框架性状进行了比较研究。聚类分析结果显示,3次采集的四川裂腹鱼聚为一支,而重口裂腹鱼单独为一支;主成分分析结果显示,提取的8个主成分对总方差的累计贡献率为73.762%,贡献率大的性状集中在吻端和躯干后侧;通过两次判别分析,最终建立四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼两个判别方程,综合判别率为100%。研究结果显示,四川裂腹鱼和重口裂腹鱼是独立的两个种,在形态上的主要差异体现在吻端和躯干后侧,运用多元分析方法能有效地将其区分开来,而3次采样的四川裂腹鱼为同一种群。     

珠江卷口鱼不同地理种群的形态变异

运用传统生物形态学和框架分析方法,对珠江水系中栖息于柳江、浔江、西江的卷口鱼(Ptychidio jordani Myers)的形态变异进行了分析。根据高背、平背体型分析了体长/体高比例与地理、性别和年龄的相关性。结果显示:体长/体高比例与年龄呈显著负相关,随着年龄增长,卷口鱼逐渐趋向于高背型;三个江段卷口鱼可数性状数据卡方检验没有显著差异;三个江段卷口鱼可量性状数据和框架数据聚类分析、判别分析和主成分分析显示三个江段的卷口鱼形态差异明显,有一定程度的分化;聚类和主成分分析显示柳江群体变异最大,而西江卷口鱼则分化成两个群体,其中一个与浔江群体关系较近。判别分析构建的判别公式可以区分三个江段四个群体的卷口鱼,判别正确率达到99.2%。不同江段卷口鱼的差异表现在整个鱼体上,不能用单独的一或二个参数进行鉴别。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.