植物物候对气候变化的响应

植物物候的变化可以直观地反映某些气候变化,尤其是气候变暖.植物生长节律的变化引起植物与环境关系的改变.生态系统的物质循环（如水和碳的循环）等过程将随物候而改变.不同种类植物物候对气候变化的响应的差异,会使植物间和动植物间的竞争与依赖关系也发生深刻的变化.目前欧洲、美洲、亚洲等许多地区均有关于春季植物物候提前,秋季物候推迟,使植物的生长季延长,从而提示气候变暖的趋势.植物物候的模拟模型构成生态系统生产力模型的重要部分.     

郑州植物物候对气候变化的响应

利用统计和突变分析方法,对郑州气候（1956～2003年）和4种乔木物候（1986～2003年）的趋势变化特征进行了分析,并探讨了植物物候期与平均温度、日照的相关性以及对温度变化的响应趋势。分析发现：（1）郑州近50a来在冬、春季升温现象明显;日照在夏季下降最为显著,冬季其次,但在2～4月份历年呈弱上升趋势。（2）物候期变化趋势表现在展叶、开花、果熟期（除楝树外）呈提前趋势,落叶期略有推迟,绿叶期延长,特别是在20世纪90年代中后期,春季物候期（除垂柳外）提前10d左右。（3）平均温度是影响物候期最为显著的气候因子,温度每升高1℃,春季物候平均提前6d左右,绿叶期延长9．5～18．6d;物候期突变一般发生在温度突变之后。以上分析说明植物物候对气候变化响应比较敏感,通过分析和掌握气候和物候变化规律,了解其对当地植物物候的可能影响,可为农业生产、生态环境监测和评估等提供一些理论依据。     

东北地区植被物候对气候变化的响应

使用1982—2003年GIMMS-NDVI数据和气候数据,借助GIS空间分析和统计分析方法,分析了东北地区不同植被物候期与气候变化的关系。结果表明:22年东北地区年均温度以升高趋势为主,年降水量以减少趋势为主;针叶林、针阔叶混交林、阔叶林、草甸和沼泽植被生长季开始日期提前受春季温度升高影响显著(P<0.05)。春季降水对植被生长季开始日期变化影响较小,仅对针叶林生长季开始日期的推迟有显著的影响(P<0.05)。植被生长季结束日期受温度变化影响较小,仅草原植被生长季结束日期提前受秋季温度降低影响显著(P<0.05)。降水对东北地区植被生长季结束日期的变化影响高于温度。随着秋季降水量的减少,针阔叶混交林、草原和农田植被生长季结束日提前(P<0.05)。草丛生长季结束日期提前受夏季降水减少的影响显著(P<0.05);农田生长季结束日期提前亦受夏季和9月降水量减少的显著影响(P<0.05)。阔叶林和沼泽植被生长季延长受春季温度升高影响显著(P<0.05);灌丛植被生长季缩短受春季降水量减少影响显著(P<0.05);草丛和农田植被生长季延长受夏季降水量增加影响显著(P<0.05)。     

黄河流域2001-2020年植被物候及其对气候变化的响应

植被周期性的物候更替被公认为是全球气候变化的综合指示器,深入研究区域植被物候的变化趋势和时空特征,可以提高对该区生态系统稳定性及动态变化程度的认识。基于2001-2020年16天、250m分辨率的中分辨率成像光谱仪归一化植被指数（MODIS NDVI）数据,利用Savitzky-Golay滤波法（S-G）和相对阈值法提取黄河流域植被物候参数,结合谷歌地球引擎（GEE）平台提供的欧洲中期天气预报中心第五代陆地再分析数据集（ERA5-LAND）小时气候再分析数据集和气候危害组红外降水站数据（CHIRPS）日降水数据集数据,运用趋势分析和偏相关分析等方法,探究全球气候变化下黄河流域不同植被分区物候参数空间分布特征、变化趋势,及其对气候因子的响应。结果表明：（1）2001-2020年黄河流域气候整体呈暖湿化的发展趋势,年均温上升幅度为0.15℃/10a（P>0.05）,年降水增加幅度为24mm/10a（P<0.05）。（2）黄河流域暖温带落叶阔叶林区域的生长季始期和中期最早,温带南部典型草原亚地带和温带南部荒漠草原亚地带最晚,温带灌木、禾草半荒漠亚地带的生长季结束期最晚,青藏高原高寒植被区域的生长季长度最短。（3）全流域内生长季始期和中期分别有69.3%和66.4%的面积呈提前趋势（P<0.05）,生长季末期50.9%的面积结束期呈推迟趋势（P<0.05）,66.1%的面积整个生长季长度呈延长趋势（P<0.05）。（4）不同植被地带气候对物候参数影响存在差异,温度因子对带北部典型草原亚地带、高寒草原地带和高寒草甸地带的物候参数影响较大,降水和太阳辐射因子对温带南部典型草原亚地带、温带灌木、禾草半荒漠地带、温带南部荒漠草原亚地带和中亚热带常绿阔叶林地带的物候参数影响较大。     

气候变化背景下橡胶树物候研究进展

橡胶树(Heveabrasiliensis)是广布于热带地区的经济林木,是战略物资天然橡胶的主要来源,其物候学的研究对胶园生产管理和评估热带地区植被对全球气候变化的响应方面具有重要意义。早期的物候研究主要服务于苗木繁育、割胶规划和抗逆栽培等生产应用;利用遥感监测植被物候日趋成熟,已广泛应用于橡胶树并成为主流的物候监测方法;橡胶树物候具有明显的时空异质性,对气候变化的响应较为复杂,其中温度和降水是关键影响因子,同时内因(品系、基因和树龄等)和外因(种植密度、地理位置和农业措施等)也共同影响了其物候。为更好服务天然橡胶产业的可持续发展和热区气候变化科学研究,未来的橡胶树物候研究应重点关注多源遥感数据的协同重建、物候指标提取算法的普适化和遥感预测模型的精准化。该文系统梳理了橡胶树物候的监测方法、服务价值、时空格局,提出了存在问题及未来研究方向。     

甘肃河东地区植被物候及其对气候变化的响应

探究中纬度地区的植被物候及其对气候变化的响应,对理解生态系统对气候变化的响应以及预测区域生态系统的碳循环至关重要。本文基于2000—2018年MODIS EVI数据,利用非对称高斯函数(A-G)与动态阈值法提取森林与草地物候参数,结合气象数据探究河东地区植被物候与气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：森林与草地物候参数存在显著差异,两者生长季始期(start of growing season, SOS)的趋势均提前,生长季末期(end of growing season, EOS)的趋势分别提前和推迟,其中整体SOS呈提前趋势的面积占比61%,EOS呈推迟趋势的面积占比41%,生长季长度(length of growing season, LOS)呈延长趋势的面积占比53%;随着海拔和纬度的上升,植被SOS、EOS和LOS分别呈推迟、提前和缩短的趋势发展,但这种趋势正在减弱;季前气候对SOS和EOS存在不同程度、方向的影响,秋冬季高温推迟SOS,春季高温则提前SOS,春夏季降水增加提前EOS,秋季高温推迟EOS,且对于河东地区而言,最低气温影响更为显著;森林与草地之间对于气候变化的响应程度存...     

西安4种落叶乔木物候期对气候变化的响应

以西安1979—2018年的气候资料和植物物候观测资料为基础,采用分段回归和趋势倾向率等方法,分析了毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)、杜梨(Pyrus betulifolia)、七叶树(Aesculus chinensis)和灯台树(Bothrocaryum controversum)4种落叶乔木展叶盛期和叶全变色期的生长趋势,使用偏相关分析探讨了气温、降水和日照时数与物候期的关系并通过偏最小二乘回归(Partial Least Squares, PLS)判断气候变量对物候期的综合影响。结果表明：(1)1979—2018年,4种乔木的生长季长度延长,整体表现为春季物候期提前,秋季物候期推迟;(2)展叶盛期物候指标与叶全变色期物候指标,转折均发生在1982年;转折后,物候特征变化显著,春季物候的提前速率和秋季物候的推迟速率加快,展叶盛期平均提前3.8d/10a,叶全变色期平均推迟4.7d/10a;(3)展叶盛期与春季气温表现为极显著负相关,叶变色期与秋季气温表现为显著正相关;降水对植物物候的影响不显著;春季物候与日照时数呈现极显著负相关关系,秋季物候期与日照时数呈不显著正相关...     

气候变化对草地植物物候影响的研究进展

植物物候与植物的适应进化、物种间相互关系、生态系统的结构和功能密切相关,且对气候变化特别敏感,所以一直是进化生物学、植物生态学和气候变化生态学的研究热点和前沿科学问题。本综述基于草地植物物候研究的3个层次(个体-种群-群落)和7个物候序列(返青、现蕾、初花、初果、果后营养、初黄和枯黄期),阐述了不同层次物候序列及其相应持续期对气候变化响应过程的研究进展以及目前研究主要存在的问题,并在此基础上提出未来研究亟需关注的科学问题及展望,以期推动我国植物物候生态学研究发展。     

洞庭湖流域植被光合物候的时空变化及其对气候变化的响应

为研究洞庭湖流域植被春季光合物候和秋季光合物候的时空变化,揭示其对气候变化的响应规律,为亚热带植被物候模型的建立和碳收支评估提供有益参考,该研究利用2000–2018年的日光诱导叶绿素荧光(SIF)遥感数据反演洞庭湖流域植被春季光合物候(春季光合作用开始的时间)和秋季光合物候(秋季光合作用停止的时间),分析植被春季、秋季光合物候的时空变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应机制。研究结果:(1) 2000–2018年,洞庭湖流域植被春季光合物候以0.75 d·a–1的速度显著提前,秋季光合物候以0.17d·a–1的速度呈延后趋势,植被生长季长度以0.90d·a–1的速度显著延长;(2)季前最高气温和最低气温是研究区春季光合物候提前的主要影响因素,秋季光合物候与季前降水量、最低气温、辐射强度均呈正相关关系,而与季前最高气温主要呈负相关关系;(3)研究区植被春季光合物候对气候变化的响应更敏感,尤其是季前最低气温的升高导致常绿针叶林、常绿阔叶林、灌丛和草地的春季光合物候显著提前。洞庭湖流域植被春季光合物候提前对生长季延长起主导作用,这表明在气候变暖的背景下,植被春季光合物候对增强研究区碳汇功能扮演着比秋...     

藏北高原典型植被样区物候变化及其对气候变化的响应

植被物候作为陆地生态系统对气候变化的响应和反馈的重要指示,已成为区域或全球生态环境领域研究的热点。基于非对称高斯拟合方法重建了2001—2010年MODIS EVI时间序列影像,利用动态阈值法提取藏北高原植被覆盖2001—2010年每年关键物候参数。选取研究区内东部高寒灌丛草甸、中部高寒草甸及西部高寒草原和高寒荒漠4种典型植被类型,并结合附近的4个气象台站气候资料,分析典型植被物候在近10a对关键气候因子的响应特征。研究结果表明:(1)4种不同典型植被的物候特征(EVImax降低、返青期延后和生长季长度缩短)均表现出高寒灌丛草甸→高寒草甸→高寒草原→高寒荒漠草原的过渡;(2)藏北高原近10a的年平均气温及春、夏、冬三个季度的平均气温均呈显著升高的趋势,升温幅度在0.8—3.9℃/10a,降水减少趋势不显著,在这种水热条件下典型植被均表现出返青提前(7.2—15.5d/10a)、生长季延长(8.4—19.2d/10a)的趋势,而枯黄出现时间为年际间自然波动;(3)高寒灌丛草甸EVImax主要受春季降水量和气温影响,且降水的影响程度大于气温;对高寒草甸植被而言,春、夏季的气温和降水均有较大的影响;而高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受夏季平均气温和降水量影响;(4)高寒灌丛草甸的返青时间主要受前一年秋季降水量的影响,相关系数达-0.579;而高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原主要受春季平均气温影响,高寒荒漠草原的特征最为明显(r=-0.559)。     

The response of multilamellar liposomes to freezing and thawing

The use of liposomes as a model system for investigating the mechanism of freezing injury was investigated. Modification of the liposome phospholipid and cholesterol content allows a correlation to be made between the composition of a membrane system and its response to the stresses of freezing and thawing. The data on phase transitions are contradictory in the sense that liposomes become more sensitive to freezing injury following treatments which both increase or decrease phase transition temperature. In contrast the effect of cholesterol in sensitizing membranes to the stresses of freezing and thawing appears to be more fundamental. Direct cryomicroscope observations of liposomes during slow cooling indicate that they are osmotically active at low temperatures and upon thawing morphological alterations to the membranes occur. The response of liposomes following cooling at a range of rates to ?196 °C and the effects of cryoprotective additives are similar to those observed with many cell types. These results indicate that liposomes are a valid model for investigating the biochemistry of membrane damage induced by the stresses of freezing and thawing.     

Litter type and soil minerals control temperate forest soil carbon response to climate change

Temperate forest soil organic carbon (C) represents a significant pool of terrestrial C that may be released to the atmosphere as CO₂ with predicted changes in climate. To address potential feedbacks between climate change and terrestrial C turnover, we quantified forest soil C response to litter type and temperature change as a function of soil parent material. We collected soils from three conifer forests dominated by ponderosa pine (PP; Pinus ponderosa Laws.); white fir [WF; Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl.]; and red fir (RF; Abies magnifica A. Murr.) from each of three parent materials, granite (GR), basalt (BS), and andesite (AN) in the Sierra Nevada of California. Field soils were incubated at their mean annual soil temperature (MAST), with addition of native ¹³C‐labeled litter to characterize soil C mineralization under native climate conditions. Further, we incubated WF soils at PP MAST with ¹³C‐labeled PP litter, and RF soils at WF MAST with ¹³C‐labeled WF litter to simulate a migration of MAST and litter type, and associated change in litter quality, up‐elevation in response to predicted climate warming. Results indicated that total CO₂ and percent of CO₂ derived from soil C varied significantly by parent material, following the pattern of GR>BS>AN. Regression analyses indicated interactive control of C mineralization by litter type and soil minerals. Soils with high short‐range‐order (SRO) mineral content exhibited little response to varying litter type, whereas PP litter enriched in acid‐soluble components promoted a substantial increase of extant soil C mineralization in soils of low SRO mineral content. Climate change conditions increased soil C mineralization greater than 200% in WF forest soils. In contrast, little to no change in soil C mineralization was noted for the RF forest soils, suggesting an ecosystem‐specific climate change response. The climate change response varied by parent material, where AN soils exhibited minimal change and GR and BS soils mineralized substantially greater soil C. This study corroborates the varied response in soil C mineralization by parent material and highlights how the soil mineral assemblage and litter type may interact to control conifer forest soil C response to climate change.     

浙江省植被NDVI动态及其对气候的响应

利用GIMMS和MODIS两种归一化植被指数(NDVI)资料反演了1982—2010年浙江植被覆盖状况,结合同期研究区63个气象站点的气温、降水和湿润指数等气候指标,分析了该地区植被年际变化、月际变化及其对气候要素的响应特征。结果表明:(1)研究期间,浙江气候总体呈暖干化趋势,植被覆盖缓慢下降,主要是由于森林植被遭破坏,农业生产活动受抑制影响所致,其中NDVI显著减少的地区约占全省陆域面积的29.1%,主要发生在6—11月;(2)降水量及干湿程度对浙江植被NDVI年变化起着决定性作用。植被与气候要素年变化相关分析发现,NDVI与湿润指数关系较降水、气温更为密切,两者相关及偏相关系数均通过0.05水平的置信度检验,这表明在年际尺度上,湿度的增加增大了植被的生长势,有利于植被生长;(3)植被与气候要素月变化分析表明冬季的热量供给是影响浙江植被生长的重要因子,而植被变化对夏季降水和干湿程度的最大响应为滞后两个月;(4)农业生产水平的提高使得农作物种植区NDVI有所增加,人类活动对浙江植被覆盖的影响不可忽视。     

黑龙江省玉米气候生产力演变及其对气候变化的响应

在气候变化背景下,深入揭示玉米气候生产力的变化趋势及其空间差异、明晰玉米气候资源利用规律,可为黑龙江省农业生产宏观决策提供科学依据.基于黑龙江省72个气象站1981—2014年的气象资料和对应的产量资料,采用逐步订正、空间插值、线性趋势分析等方法,研究玉米的光合、光温、气候生产力的时空变化特征、主要影响因素和增产潜力,并对未来不同气候情景下玉米气候生产力进行评估.结果表明: 研究期间,黑龙江省玉米光合、光温和气候生产力平均值分别为26558、19953和18742 kg·hm^-2;在空间分布上均表现为平原高山地低、由西南向东北逐渐减少;光合、光温、气候生产力均表现为显著增加趋势,其增幅分别为378、723和560 kg·hm^-2·(10 a)^-1,且辐射量和气温的增加对黑龙江省玉米生产具有正效应;玉米气候生产力对气候变化响应明显,松嫩平原西部因光能资源的减少导致玉米光合生产力降低,气温升高则在一定程度上弥补了光照带来的负面效应,玉米光温生产力下降趋势有所减缓,北部和东部对气候变暖的响应表现尤为明显,玉米光温生产力表现为明显上升趋势,而松嫩平原西南部及三江平原易旱区则对降水变化反映敏感;玉米实际单产与其气候生产力比率的平均值仅为24.1%,仍有75.9%的潜力有待开发;未来“暖湿型”气候对提高玉米气候生产力有利,而“冷干型”气候则不利于玉米气候生产力的提高.     

冻融作用对金川泥炭沼泽土壤酶活性的影响

为研究冻融作用对泥炭沼泽土壤酶活性的影响,选取金川草本泥炭沼泽为研究对象,采集表层(0-15 cm)和深层(15-30 cm)土壤样品,进行室内冻融模拟实验。实验设置(-5-5℃)和(-10-10℃)两个冻融幅度,分析经0、1、3、5、7、15次冻融循环处理后土壤3种水解酶活性(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖胺糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP))和2种氧化酶(过氧化物酶(PER)和多酚氧化酶(PPO))的变化特征,并结合土壤有机碳、氮组分,探讨泥炭沼泽土壤酶活性与土壤活性有机碳、氮组分间的相关关系。结果表明,冻融频次与冻融幅度均显著影响了土壤有机碳、氮组分及土壤酶活性。-10-10℃冻融作用下,土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)与可溶性有机氮(DON)含量呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。-5-5℃的冻融作用下土壤DOC与DON释放相对-10-10℃冻融作用更为缓慢,在冻融结束后呈现增加趋势。冻融循环增加了土壤微生物碳(MBC)含量,而降低了土壤微生物氮(MBN)含量。冻融幅度对土壤MBC和MBN的影响表现为-5-5℃ ＜ -10-10℃。随着土层的增加,土壤MBC、MBN和DOC含量的幅度变化表现为0-15 cm ＜ 15-30 cm,而土壤DON含量幅度变化表现为0-15 cm ＞ 15-30 cm。冻融循环降低了土壤水解酶活性和氧化酶活性。冻融幅度对土壤水解酶活性的影响表现为-5-5℃ > -10-10℃,对土壤氧化酶活性的影响表现为-5-5℃ < -10-10℃。随着土层深度的增加,土壤水解酶活性变化的幅度表现为0-15 cm ＜ 15-30 cm,土壤氧化酶活性变化的幅度表现为0-15 cm ＞ 15-30 cm。土壤酶活性与土壤MBC和MBN含量呈正相关,而与土壤DOC含量呈显著负相关(P ＜ 0.05)。研究结果表明冻融作用初期促使部分微生物死亡,其死亡残体释放的可利用养分,促进了适应冻融作用的微生物生长,但在培养后期随着土壤养分的消耗,土壤微生物量呈现下降趋势,进而最终降低了土壤酶活性。     

Hepatic changes in the freeze-tolerant turtle Chrysemys picta marginata in response to freezing and thawing

Select hepatic changes in the freeze-tolerant hatchling turtle, Chrysemys picta marginata, were studied in response to freezing at -2.5 degrees C and thawing. Upon freezing, a small, selective increase in the liver weight with no increase in body weight was seen suggestive of an hepatic capacitance response. In all turtles studies, lobular differences in the hepatic content of glycogen were evident: the smaller lobe contained twice as much glycogen as the larger lobe. The response to freezing and thawing was comparable. Total hepatic glycogen levels of turtles were reduced approximately 60 per cent from control levels in the frozen state and recovered to >80 per cent of control levels in the thawed state. Compared to the control state, turtle blood glucose levels were: unchanged after 12 h in the cool state; reduced 28 per cent after 24 h and increased two-fold after 48 h in the frozen state; and increased 4.5-fold in the thawed state. Thus, changes in hepatic glycogen metabolism occur without large changes in blood glucose levels. In turtle liver plasma membranes, the hepatic alpha(1)-adrenergic receptor was barely detectable and did not change. The beta(2)-adrenergic receptor was expressed at high levels and, compared to control levels, was: unchanged after 12 h in the cool state; reduced 20 per cent after 24 h and 40 per cent after 48 h in the frozen state. On thawing, this receptor was 50 per cent of control levels. While catecholamines working through the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor may effect early hepatic glycogen breakdown in response to freezing, other factors must be involved to complete the process. The plasma membrane-bound enzyme gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase displayed a different pattern of changes indicative of selective modulation: it was increased 2.7-fold over control levels in the cool state; unchanged in the frozen state; and increased 1.8-fold in the thawed state. The activity of the kidney enzyme was decreased in the cool state and slightly increased in the frozen and thawed states emphasizing the tissue-specific nature of the changes in the activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in response to freezing and thawing. The similarities and differences of the hepatic changes in response to freezing and thawing in the freeze-tolerant hatchling turtle to those we have previously reported for the freeze-tolerant frog are discussed.     

近20年辽宁省植被动态特征及其对气候变化的响应

区域归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化特征对环境容量和生态发展方向有重要指示作用。基于SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI数据和ESA CCI-LC植被分类数据,利用Theil-Sen+Mann-Kendall、变异系数、Hurst指数和相关性分析方法,对辽宁省2000—2019年不同植被类型归一化植被指数时空变化特征和气候因子之间的响应关系进行分析。结果表明：(1)NDVI均值呈现从乔木到草原逐渐降低的趋势,不同植被类型在生长季具有不同的生长习性;(2)各植被类型都呈增加趋势,结合Hurst指数和Sen趋势,辽宁省36.26%的植被将趋于改善,约有61.51%的植被将趋于退化;(3)变异系数结果表明：所有植被类型中以乔木植被最为稳定,草原型植被最不稳定。(4)辽宁省各植被类型NDVI与降水显著正相关,与气温相关性相对较低。结果可为辽宁省生态评价和碳循环研究提供植被覆盖动态参考。     

Plant productivity is a key driver of soil respiration response to climate change in a nutrient-limited soil.

Despite knowledge of the interaction between climate change factors significant uncertainty exists concerning the individual and interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide (eCO₂) and elevated temperature (eT) on the soil microbiome and function. Here we examine the individual and interactive effects of eCO₂ and eT on tree growth, soil respiration (R_soil), biomass, structural and functional composition of microbial community, nitrogen (N) mineralisation and N availability in a whole tree chamber experiment. Eucalyptus globulus plants were grown from seedling to ca. 10 m tall for 15 months in a nutrient-poor sandy soil under ambient and elevated (+ 240 ppm) atmospheric CO₂ concentrations combined with ambient or elevated temperatures (+ 3 °C) in a full factorial design. Plant growth was strongly stimulated under eCO₂, but eT had little impact on any measured plant property. In contrast, R_soil was not consistently affected by eCO₂ or eT, but correlated strongly with root and leaf biomass. The response of N-mineralisation and nutrient availability to eCO₂ and eT varied across time, and available N correlated strongly with plant height. Further, the C:N ratio of the microbial biomass and leaves were both higher under eCeT treatment. However, these functional measures were not significantly linked to either structural or functional diversity of the soil microbiome. Taken together, these results suggest that in this low-nutrient soil, belowground processes are principally driven by aboveground productivity. Our work provides novel insight into mechanisms underlying above- and belowground response to climate change, and the potential to sequester C in a low-nutrient status soil under future climatic conditions may be limited .