连续炭基肥替代化肥对菜园土壤性质和细菌群落结构的影响

为了解生物炭基肥替代化肥减量施用的田间长期效应,利用定位试验研究连续5 a炭基肥替代化肥对蔬菜产量、土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,连续5 a实施炭基有机肥替代化肥,土壤p H提高了0.13～0.25,土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量也分别提高了2.1%～62.2%、5.8%～86.0%和0.4%～103.1%,炭基肥替代化肥处理的荠菜(Capsella bursapastoris)产量提高了4.0%～14.8%,但75%替代处理较50%替代处理有所降低。炭基肥替代化肥处理的土壤菌群Sobs、Shannon、Ace和Chao指数均高于单施化肥处理,且均以75%替代处理最高。炭基肥替代化肥显著降低了土壤中硝化菌属(Nitrolancea)、拟无枝酸菌属(Amycolatopsis)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)等的丰度,增加了纤维素降解菌菌群(Planifilum、Saccharomonospora)的丰度。芽单胞菌属、Ilumatobacteraceae、Methyloligellaceae等的丰度与土壤全氮、全磷、有机质间具有显著的相关性。可见,连续炭基肥替代化肥...     

三种观赏植物对土壤中镉的富集特征研究

以3种观赏植物海芋、肾蕨和蟛蜞菊为试材进行盆栽试验,研究其对土壤重金属镉的富集特征。结果表明：3种观赏植物对镉有不同的富集能力,其地上部和地下部富集的镉与土壤的镉含量呈显著正相关（r＞0.9）。蟛蜞菊地上部吸收富集能力最大,其次是海芋,肾蕨最弱;而海芋地下部镉含量最高,其次是肾蕨,蟛蜞菊最少。当土壤镉含量在0～120 mg/kg范围内,三种观赏植物根的富集系数都大于1,说明3种观赏植物根系对镉具有富集能力。3种植物中只有蟛蜞菊地上部和地下部的富集系数都大于1,说明其具有超积累植物的富集系数特征。因此,蟛蜞菊对重金属镉污染的土壤修复有一定的应用潜力。     

外来入侵植物的氮代谢及其土壤氮特征

研究了4种外来入侵植物(五爪金龙、南美蟛蜞菊、金腰箭和马缨丹)和1种本地植物鸡矢藤(对照)的氮代谢及其土壤氮特征.结果表明:外来人侵植物的组织硝酸还原酶活性、根际土壤NH4-N、NO3-N含量、蛋白酶活性和脲酶活性均较高,分别为鸡矢藤的1.65～4.34、1.56～2.15、1.72～3.11、1.43～3.23和1.41～3.33倍,而植物组织硝态氮含量则较低,仅为鸡矢藤的17.5%～50.6%.相关分析表明:植物组织硝酸还原酶活性与根际土壤总氮、NH4-N、NO3-N含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与蛋白酶活性和脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).这说明,外来植物入侵使土壤氮代谢加快,氮的生物有效性增强,氮同化能力提高,并且较好地将植物体氮素代谢与土壤氮素代谢协调起来.因此,较强的氮素同化能力与加速土壤氮素的转化可能是植物成功入侵的重要机制之一.     

The Effects of Water and Fertilizer Coupling on Plant and Soil Nitrogen Characteristics and Fruit Growth of Rabbiteye Blueberry Plants in a Semi-Arid Region in China

To evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and irrigation coupling on the soil N distribution, plant N utilization, and fruit yield of rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium virgatum), a field experiment was designed using two factors (water and fertilizer application) with four levels of irrigation and three levels of fertilization, and a control. Under the different water and fertilizer combinations, N primarily accumulated in the leaves. Irrigation and N application within appropriate ranges (pure N ≤ 29 g/plant and irrigation volume ≤ 2.5 L/plant) significantly improved the blueberry fruit yield. Increases in water and N within these ranges promoted the effective accumulation of N in various organs and the absorption and utilization of N in the plants, which ultimately promoted blueberry yield. With increased N application rate, the nitrate N content of the 0–20 cm and 20–50 cm soil layers increased. With increased irrigation volume, the nitrate N content of the 0–20 cm soil layer decreased, while the nitrate content in the 20–50 cm soil layer increased. Low N and moderate water treatments resulted in high fruit yields and reduced nitrate N retention in the soil. Under these conditions, the economic input-output ratio was high and the soil N accumulation was low, and thus the economic and ecological benefits were maximized.

     

Iodine Content in Meal Replacements in the United States

ObjectiveIodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. The recommended dietary allowance for iodine in nonpregnant adults is 150 μg/d. However, most product labels do not list the iodine content. Meal replacements are not required to contain specific vitamins and minerals. Nevertheless, they are often marketed as good and convenient sources of a balanced nutrition. In this study, we aimed to assess the iodine content in meal replacements to determine how they may contribute to iodine deficiency or excess.MethodsTwenty seven meal replacements from supermarkets in the Boston area were collected. The iodine concentration of each meal replacement was measured spectrophotometrically. Iodine content in meal replacements were compared according to form (liquid, bar, and powder) and type (vegan and nonvegan).ResultsThe overall mean ± SD iodine content was 49.7 ± 125.4 μg/serving. However, 1 meal replacement was an outlier and had 671.9 μg iodine per serving. Mean iodine content differed between forms and was highest for liquids (mean ± SD: 37.4 ± 6.5 μg/serving). Nonvegan meal replacements had a higher mean iodine content than vegan meal replacements (mean ± SD: 31.6 ± 15.78 μg/serving).ConclusionAll of the meal replacements contained detectible amounts of iodine regardless of whether it was listed on their labels (41% did not list iodine). Overall, the meal replacements in this study were found to be good sources of iodine. However, consumers should be aware that packaging labels may not accurately reflect the amount of iodine present.     

广西大新县锰矿区植物重金属污染的调查研究

调查分析了广西大新县锰矿污染的部分土壤及9种优势耐性植物对Mn、Zn、Ni的富集和吸收能力。其中,蜈蚣草对Mn、Zn、Ni有较强的吸收能力;五节芒、野茼蒿、酸模叶蓼、加拿大蓬对Mn的吸收较强;蔓生莠竹、马唐、海芋对Zn吸收较强;而五节芒、加拿大蓬对Ni亦有较强的吸收能力。虽然这些植物对三种重金属的吸收均未达到超富集植物的要求,但作为污染土壤上的优势耐受性植物仍具有一定的意义。     

High Urinary Iodine Concentration Among Breastfed Infants and the Factors Associated with Iodine Content in Breast Milk

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic element, which may cause toxicity to most organs in the body. Zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg) are essential minerals with probable benefits on Cd harmful effects. Finding an efficient and non-pathological treatment against Cd toxicity seems promising. Fifty adult rats were divided into ten experimental groups of five rats each. The Cd group was treated with 1 mg Cd/kg and the control group received 0.5 cm³ normal saline. The other eight groups received Zn (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg) and Mg (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg) either alone or in combination with 1 mg Cd/kg through IP injection for 3 weeks. Testis malondialdehyde (MDA), sperm parameters, and testis histopathology were investigated. Cd reduced sperm parameters and increased testis MDA. Moreover, Cd exposure caused a significant histological damage in testis of male rats. However, Zn or Mg treatment prevented and reversed Cd toxic alterations in testis. These findings suggest that co-administration of Zn or Mg could improve cadmium testicular toxicity in male Wistar rats.     

Cadmium Sorption Characteristics of Soil Amendments and its Relationship with the Cadmium Uptake by Hyperaccumulator and Normal Plants in Amended Soils

In order to select appropriate amendments for cropping hyperaccumulator or normal plants on contaminated soils and establish the relationship between Cd sorption characteristics of soil amendments and their capacity to reduce Cd uptake by plants, batch sorption experiments with 11 different clay minerals and organic materials and a pot experiment with the same amendments were carried out. The pot experiment was conducted with Sedum alfredii and maize (Zea mays) in a co-cropping system. The results showed that the highest sorption amount was by montmorillonite at 40.82 mg/g, while mica was the lowest at only 1.83 mg/g. There was a significant negative correlation between the n value of Freundlich equation and Cd uptake by plants, and between the logarithm of the stability constant K of the Langmuir equation and plant uptake. Humic acids (HAs) and mushroom manure increased Cd uptake by S. alfredii, but not maize, thus they are suitable as soil amendments for the co-cropping S. alfredii and maize. The stability constant K in these cases was 0.14–0.16 L/mg and n values were 1.51–2.19. The alkaline zeolite and mica had the best fixation abilities and significantly decreased Cd uptake by the both plants, with K ≥ 1.49 L/mg and n ≥ 3.59.     

Adsorption of DDT and PCB by Nanomaterials from Residual Soil

This paper presents the findings of a study on adsorption of dichlorodiphenythreechloroethen (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on three nanomaterials including Multi walled Carbon Nanotube (MWNT), nano-clay and nano-alumina. DDT and PCBs are of significant concern due their high toxicity and long environmental half-lives. Experiments were conducted using batch adsorption procedures at different DDT and PCBs concentrations, from 10 to 60 mg/L. The amounts of MWNT, nano-clay and Nano-alumina used were 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1%, 2% and 10%. The adsorption of PCBs solution onto the MWNT, nano-clay and nano-alumina was characterized by an initial rapid adsorption which eventually became constant within 22, 20, and 17 hours, respectively. The adsorption of DDT solution onto the MWNT, nano-clay and nano-alumina was also characterized by an initial rapid adsorption which gradually became constant within 22, 22 and 16 hours, respectively. Results of this study indicated that MWNT was a better adsorbent material compared to nano-clay and nano-alumina for both contaminants in this study. While at 10% of MWNT 88.9% and 77% of DDT and PCB were removed by MWNT, respectively. The effect of pH and temperature were also investigated.     

A Comparison of Iodine Status in Children and Pregnant Women After a Policy Change in the Iodized Salt Standard in Shanghai,China

In Shanghai, a new iodized salt standard was implemented in 2012. To provide evidence to the government, we compared iodine status before (35 mg/kg) and after (30 mg/kg) adjustment in vulnerable populations living in Shanghai. The probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique was used to select at least 360 pregnant women for urine iodine test and at least 1200 students for thyroid measurement and the household salt test. Of these students, at least 360 performed urine iodine test. The median thyroid volume and the median household salt iodine concentration of children aged 8–10 years were 1.80 ml and 24.8 mg/kg in 2015, and 0.97 ml and 28.3 mg/kg in 2011. The median urine iodine concentration (UIC) of pregnant women was 126.52 and 139.77 μg/L in 2015 and 2011. All differences were statistically significant (P?<?0.05). The median UIC of students was 171.40 and 181.63 μg/L in 2015 and 2011, the difference was not statistically significant. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that thyroid volume in children was associated with sex, age, region, and household salt iodized concentration. The current iodized salt concentration meets the basic needs of the population’s iodine requirements except for pregnant women. Periodic monitoring is necessary particularly in vulnerable groups.     

水胺硫磷在香蕉及土壤中的残留动态

通过田间试验,采用气相色谱法检测水胺硫磷在香蕉及其土壤中的残留消解动态。结果表明,水胺硫磷在香蕉中的原始沉积量及残留量与施药剂量密切相关,施用加倍剂量处理的原始沉积量为推荐剂量的148%。水胺硫磷在香蕉及土壤中的消解规律符合一级动力学关系,在香蕉中的相关系数︱r︱= 0.9465～0.9490(P＜0.01),消解系数(︱k︱) = 0.1606±0.0035,半衰期(T1/2)为4.3～4.5 d,消解99%所需要时间(T0.99)为28.1～29.4 d;在土壤上︱r︱= 0.9552(P＜0.01),︱k︱= 0.2107,T1/2为3.3 d、T0.99为21.9 d。距末次施药后58~65d,在香蕉最终产品及蕉园土壤均未检出水胺硫磷残留。     

喀斯特森林木本植物叶片功能性状对土壤特性的响应

为明确喀斯特森林植物叶片功能性状对土壤特性的响应,采用样地与样线相结合的方法调查茂兰喀斯特森林的木本植物群落,计算不同地形木本植物叶片加权平均性状值,运用单因素方差分析和冗余分析不同地形植物叶片功能性状的差异及其与土壤特性的关系。结果表明, 在生长型(常绿、落叶)和群落水平上,植物叶片功能性状在不同地形间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中叶面积最为敏感,对生境的响应明显,常绿植物的叶厚度大于落叶植物,比叶面积则相反,而叶绿素含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同地形间土壤特性差异显著(P<0.05),漏斗地形土壤的田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、全氮含量、全磷含量及有机质含量较高,土壤肥力最佳,槽谷和阴坡次之,而阳坡地段土壤相对贫瘠。不同地形植物叶片功能性状与土壤特性间具有相关性,但不同地形土壤特性对叶片功能性状变异的解释率不同,影响植物叶片功能性状的主要土壤特性为有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、田间持水量和土壤容重。茂兰喀斯特森林不同地形植物叶片功能性状和土壤特性的差异较大,随着土壤特性的改变,叶片功能性状的响应特征不同,这有利于林区物种共存及生物多样性维持。     

土壤水分对翅果油树幼苗生理生化特性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了土壤水分含量对翅果油树幼苗地上部分和根系生物量和含水量,以及叶片保水力、相对电导率和保护酶活性的影响.结果表明:与对照(处理前)相比,各土壤水分条件下翅果油树幼苗叶片保水力均降低,而叶片相对电导率(REC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均升高.随着土壤含水量的降低,幼苗地上部分和根系的生物量、含水量及叶片保水力均呈先升高后降低的趋势,而叶片REC、SOD和POD活性均呈先降低后升高趋势,并均以轻度干旱胁迫处理(田间持水量的55%~60%)的REC、SOD和POD活性最低,而叶片保水力最高.在相同土壤水分条件下,随着处理时间的延长,叶片REC逐渐升高,而叶片保水力降低,SOD和POD活性先升后降并以处理10d时活性最高.研究发现,在轻度干旱胁迫下,翅果油树幼苗能协调其保护酶系统降低干旱伤害,维持正常生长,表现出一定的抗旱能力.     

Root Growth and Water Uptake by Maize Plants in Drying Soil

Sharp, R. E and Da vies, W. J. 1985. Root growth and water uptakeby maize plants in drying soil.— J. exp. Bot. 36: 1441–1456. The influence of soil drying on maize (Zea mays L.) root distributionand use of soil water was examined using plants growing in thegreenhouse in soil columns. The roots of plants which were wateredwell throughout the 18 d experimental period penetrated thesoil profile to a depth of 60 cm while the greatest percentageof total root length was between 20–40 cm. High soil waterdepletion rates corresponded with these high root densities.Withholding water greatly restricted root proliferation in theupper part of the profile, but resulted in deeper penetrationand higher soil water depletion rates at depth, compared withthe well watered columns. The deep roots of the unwatered plantsexhibited very high soil water depletion rates per unit rootlength. Key words: Maize, roots, water deficit, soil water depletion     

3种高山植物紫外吸收物质含量随海拔与季节的变化特征

在植物生长季,对生长于不同海拔高度的3种高山植物矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)、珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)和平车前(Plantago depressa)的紫外吸收物质含量的季节和海拔变化特征进行了比较研究,以揭示高山植物对极端环境适应的生理生态学机制.结果显示:(1)在整个生长季,3种高山植物叶片紫外吸收物质含量在同时期同海拔条件下表现为平车前最低,珠芽蓼最高.随着海拔升高,紫外吸收物质含量在3种植物中均呈现增加趋势,并与海拔高度存在正相关关系.(2)3种高山植物紫外吸收物质含量随季节均呈现单峰变化趋势;矮嵩草和珠芽蓼的紫外吸收物质含量在草盛初期的6月份达到最大值,而后逐渐降低,并且与紫外辐射强度的季节动态存在一定正相关性;平车前紫外吸收物质含量在草盛期的7月份达到最大值,而后含量逐渐降低,其紫外吸收物质含量的季节变化与紫外辐射强度的季节变化呈较低的负相关,而与植物发育时期可能有关.可见,3种高山植物叶片紫外吸收物质含量随海拔与季节变化特征存在差异,这可能与它们的遗传特性和适应高原强紫外辐射环境胁迫策略有关.     

Co-Composting of Residual Fuel Contamination in Soil

A remediation program was designed and implemented at a site in southeastern Australia that had become contaminated with nonvolatile, n-alkane total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The remediation was conducted in two stages. The excavation, validation and reinstatement of two contaminated areas on the site was first conducted, followed by development of a composting treatment process. The total volume of contaminated soil (i. e., TPH concentration >1000?mg/kg C₁₀?C₃₆) was ～4300?m³ with a concentration of 3100±1270?mg/kg. The soil was stockpiled into four windrows, on a compacted, bunded clay base. Approximately 35% (v/v) of raw materials (green tree waste, cow manure, gypsum, and nutrients) were added to initiate composting. The piles were kept moist during the summer months, but no other maintenance was conducted. Once the composting process was initiated, the windrows were sampled at 2 and 6 months. After 6 months treatment, the average TPH concentration (C₁₀?C₃₆) was 730?mg/kg (with a 95% CI of 1020?mg/kg), which met the relevant clean fill criteria applicable to the site. There were no other contaminants of significance in the treated soil compost and it posed no unacceptable risk to human health or the environment, allowing it to be used as fill at the site.     

用转基因植物修复重金属污染的土壤

将新的性状转入高生物量植物中,以此开发高效的转基因植物修复系统,用于重金属污染的土壤修复是一项具有广阔应用前景的技术。大量实验表明,将细菌、真菌、动物、人类及植物本身与重金属脱毒相关的基因转入高生物量植物,异源表达产物可介导转基因植物耐受和高积累重金属及类似物。综述了这方面的研究进展。