可持续林业管理指标的探讨

可持续林业管理指标的探讨曹志平（中国农业大学资环学院生态系,北京１０００９４）钟晓东（国家环保局国际合作司,北京１０００９４）目前,林业管理的方向正在发生变化,即由过去单一的木材生产向可持续的森林生态系统管理转化,从而更好地满足人类的需求。国际社会认...     

中国天然林保护、生态恢复与可持续经营的理论与技术

全面总结了近年来中国在天然林保护与生态恢复的理论与技术实践方面所取得的研究进展。高度凝练出了天然林动态干扰与保育技术、典型退化天然林的生态恢复技术和天然林景观恢复与空间经营技术等三方面的创新成果,形成了天然林保护与生态恢复的理论与技术创新体系,对今后天然林保护、生态恢复与可持续经营进行了展望。     

塔南绿洲生态系统持续发展近期优化模式

基于对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘各绿洲水资源的时空分布特征和目前各绿洲灌溉渠系利用系数的分析,通过野外对典型防护林防风效益的监测和风洞模拟实验,以及在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲进行了１５年的沙漠化土地综合治理试验示范研究经验,提出了近期内塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘绿洲生态系统持续发展系列优化模式：塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘适度绿洲优化模式、塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘绿防护林结构优化模式、塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘荒漠化土地综合整治优化模     

Undertaking large‐scale forest restoration to generate ecosystem services

The global community is seeking to substantially restore the world's forest cover to improve the supply of ecosystem services. However, it is not clear what type of reforestation must be used and there is a risk that the techniques used in industrial timber plantations will become the default methodology. This is unlikely to be sufficient because of the well‐known relationship between biodiversity and ecological functioning. Restoration may be achieved through natural regeneration but this may not always occur at critical locations. Ecological restoration involving species‐rich plantings might also be used but can be difficult to implement at landscape scales. I review here the consequence of planting more limited numbers of species and the effects of this on the delivery of ecosystem services. Evidence suggests many commonly sought ecosystem services—though not all—may be generated by the modest levels of species richness provided these species have appropriate traits. The literature also shows that the alpha diversity of restored forests is not the only driver of functionality and that the location and extent of any reforestation are significant as well; beta and gamma diversity may also affect functionality but these relationships remain unclear. Encouraging the adoption of even moderately diverse plantings at landscape scales and at key locations will require policies and institutions to balance the type, location, and scale of restoration and make the necessary trade‐offs between national and local aspirations. New approaches and metrics will have to be developed to monitor and assess restoration success at these larger scales.     

A radiographic approach to childhood illness in precolumbian inhabitants of southern Peru

A total of 108 individuals from six different cultures found in the Department of Ica, Peru, were studied for the presence of Harris's Lines. Such lines or “bone scars” are formed due to cessation of bone growth due to episodes of starvation or illness and possibly other causes. These individuals covered a span of time of nearly 2,600 years. The individuals from mountain cultures had fewer lines and possibly a healthier childhood than those from coastal cultures. The modern population surveyed in this series still show a pattern of Harris's Lines similar to people from the Inca culture of 450 years ago.     

生态系统可持续管理的原理和方法

人口、资源与环境是当前社会关注的重点 ,三者相互依存 ,互为影响 ,因此如何协调三者之间的关系显得极为重要 ,它关系到人类社会的可持续发展。生态系统作为人类生存条件-资源和环境的保育基础 ,其管理的重要性已被广泛认识和接受。本文运用生态学、管理学等原理 ,从生态系统结构、功能和过程等特征出发 ,详细论述了生态系统可持续管理的原理、手段和方法。并依据生态系统的不确定性和对管理的反馈作用 ,强调了适应性管理是实现生态系统可持续管理的基本途径 ,为进一步研究生态系统的可持续管理的案例提供理论依据     

Phosphorus cycling in a Mexican tropical dry forest ecosystem

The study was conducted in five contiguous small watersheds (12–28 ha) gauged for long-term ecosystem research. Five 80 × 30 m plots were used for the study. We quantified inputs from the atmosphere, dissolved and particulate-bound losses, throughfall and litterfall fluxes, standing crop litter and soil available P pools. Mean P input and output for a six-year period was 0.16 and 0.06 kgha^–1yr^–1, respectively. Phosphorus concentration increased as rainfall moved through the canopy. Annual P returns in litterfall (3.88 kg/ha) represented more than 90% of the total aboveground nutrient return to the forest floor. Phosphorus concentration in standing litter (0.08%) was lower than that in litterfall (0.11%). Phosphorus content in the litterfall was higher at Chamela than at other tropical dry forests. Mean residence time on the forest floor was 1.2 yr for P and 1.3 yr for organic matter. Together these results suggest that the forest at Chamela may not be limited by P availability and suggest a balance between P immobilization and uptake. Comparison of P losses in stream water with input rates from the atmosphere for the six-year period showed that inputs were higher than outputs. Balances calculated for a wet and a dry year indicated a small P accumulation in both years.     

Ecological indicators: Imperative to sustainable forest management

Sustainable forest management (SFM) deals with ecologically sound practices that maintain the forest ecosystem integrity, productivity, resilience and biodiversity. Ecological sustainability ensures continuing function of ecosystems which are considered as ecological life support system. Several attempts have been made world over to develop criteria and indicators, which are specific to various forestry conditions and recognized as appropriate tools for assessing and monitoring progress towards sustainable forest management. In India, the process for measuring forest sustainability has started by evolving national level set of Criteria and indicators in the form of Bhopal–India process. The Bhopal–India process specifies 8 criteria and 43 indicators. The first 4 criteria pertain exclusively to ecology with 21 related indicators. Thus, nearly half of the criteria and indicators pertain to ecological dimensions that largely govern sustainability of forests. Rest of the criteria of the base set pertains to economic and social aspects with related indicators. This provides holistic approach of monitoring the forest resources.     

Tolerance and resilience of forest species to frost in restoration planting in southern Brazil

Listing potential species for restoring areas has become a complex task considering the lack of information regarding the silvicultural behavior of native trees after planting and their responses to environmental conditions. Frost is an important meteorological phenomenon that regulates the distribution of plant species, especially in subtropical regions. Thus, we evaluated the effect of frost and the resilience potential of native forest species in restoration planting of a riparian forest in southern Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme (6 species and 2 containers). During the winter in 2014 (270 days after planting), the damage from the impact of frost was assessed through a rating scale ranging from 0 (100% of the leaf area and damaged stem) to 10 (no visual damage). In addition, to assess species resilience, the height and stem diameter were measured, prior to the winter of 2014 and at 270 and 360 days. Eugenia involucrata and Schinus terebinthifolius were considered frost tolerant species. Parapiptadenia rigida was classified as moderately frost tolerant, while Casearia sylvestris, Cupania vernalis, and Inga vera were very sensitive to frost. Casearia sylvestris, E. involucrata, P. rigida, and S. terebinthifolius showed potential for recommencement of growth. On the other hand, C. vernalis and I. vera were considered too sensitive to frost, with high mortality rates and/or no resilience potential.     

岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带震后生态恢复的关键科学技术问题

作为典型的生态过渡区,岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带不仅是藏羌居民生活的重要区域,而且在抑制干旱河谷上延和延伸亚高山森林生态系统的功能等方面具有十分重要的作用。但这种脆弱生态系统极易受到人类活动干扰和自然灾害的损害,使其成为“5．12”汶川大地震中受损程度较高、灾后生态恢复与重建的重点区域之一。基于岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带受汶川大地震破坏的特点以及该区的生态重要性和本身的脆弱性,损毁生态系统的快速评估与生态重建规划、生产与生态双赢共建关键技术、震后残存植被保育、水源涵养地植被保护与恢复、震毁植被恢复与重建、耕地生产恢复与重建、边坡综合治理、低效薪炭林改良以及居民聚居点风景林营造等被认为是震后生态恢复的关键科学技术问题。震毁生态系统的生态恢复过程监测与评估、干旱河谷-山地森林交错带生态系统的脆弱性机制及生态学过程、震后生态系统对变化环境的响应与适应机制等可能是未来的重点研究领域。     

Adaptive management of coastal ecosystem restoration projects

There is a clear need to apply better and more effective management schemes to coastal ecosystem restoration projects. It is very common for aquatic ecosystem restoration projects not to meet their goals. Poor performance has led to a high degree of uncertainty about the potential success of any restoration effort. Under adaptive management, the knowledge gained through monitoring of the project and social policies is translated into restoration policy and program redesign. Planners and managers can utilize the information from the monitoring programs in an effective way to assure that project goals are met or that informed and objective decisions are made to address both ecological and societal needs. The three main ingredients of an effective adaptive management plan in a restoration project are: (1) a clear goal statement; (2) a conceptual model; and (3) a decision framework. The goal ‘drives’ the design of the project and helps guide the development of performance criteria. The goal statement and performance criteria provide the means by which the system can be judged. With the conceptual model, the knowledge base from the field of ecological science plays an active and critical role in designing the project to meet the goal. A system-development matrix provides a simple decision framework to view the alternative states for the system during development, incorporate knowledge gained through the monitoring program, and formulate a decision on actions to take if the system is not meeting its goal.     

Testing indicators of sustainable forest management on understorey composition and diversity in southern Italy through variation partitioning

Tree species composition and stand structural complexity are valuable indicators of sustainable forest management. This article aims to investigate the relative influence of forest overstorey composition and structural attributes on understorey composition and diversity, taking into account also site characteristics and broad-scale environmental variables. We sampled vascular plant species composition and forest structure in 132 plots in the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park (southern Italy). Spearman’s non-parametric correlation coefficients were calculated between overstorey and understorey diversity indices, beech percentage, and altitude and environmental indices. A complete partitioning of the variation in understorey composition was then performed through canonical correspondence analysis considering four sets of variables: (1) overstorey composition, (2) structural attributes, (3) topography, and (4) landscape abiotic variables. Finally, we constructed a regression tree analysis of understorey species richness using the same explanatory variables. Understorey diversity indices were positively correlated with overstorey diversity indices and with environmental indices (i.e., light and soil heterogeneity). Overstorey and understorey diversity indices were negatively correlated with both altitude and the dominance of beech in the overstorey. Compositional variation was due primarily to overstorey composition and secondarily to structural attributes. Regression tree analysis revealed that altitude, overstorey species richness, and structural attributes play an important role in determining understorey species richness. According to our results, understorey composition and diversity are strongly related to overstorey composition and structural attributes. Indeed, the latter proved to be effective indicators of understorey characteristics in the study area.     

Applying climate change refugia to forest management and old-growth restoration

Recent studies highlight the potential of climate change refugia (CCR) to support the persistence of biodiversity in regions that may otherwise become unsuitable with climate change. However, a key challenge in using CCR for climate resilient management lies in how CCR may intersect with existing forest management strategies, and subsequently influence how landscapes buffer species from negative impacts of warming climate. We address this challenge in temperate coastal forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States, where declines in the extent of late-successional forests have prompted efforts to restore old-growth forest structure. One common approach for doing so involves selectively thinning forest stands to enhance structural complexity. However, dense canopy is a key forest feature moderating understory microclimate and potentially buffering organisms from climate change impacts, raising the possibility that approaches for managing forests for old-growth structure may reduce the extent and number of CCR. We used remotely sensed vegetation indices to identify CCR in an experimental forest with control and thinned (restoration) treatments, and explored the influence of biophysical variables on buffering capacity. We found that remotely sensed vegetation indices commonly used to identify CCR were associated with understory temperature and plant community composition, and thus captured aspects of landscape buffering that might instill climate resilience and be of interest to management. We then examined the interaction between current restoration strategies and CCR, and found that selective thinning for promoting old-growth structure had only very minor, if any, effects on climatic buffering. In all, our study demonstrates that forest management approaches aimed at restoring old-growth structure through targeted thinning do not greatly decrease buffering capacity, despite a known link between dense canopy and CCR. More broadly, this study illustrates the value of using remote sensing approaches to identify CCR, facilitating the integration of climate change adaptation with other forest management approaches.     

Performance of 11 tree species under different management treatments in restoration plantings in a tropical dry forest

Ecological restoration in tropical dry forests urgently needs to incorporate experimental evidence to increase effectiveness. The main barriers for tree establishment are adverse microenvironmental conditions and competition with exotic grasses. Therefore, management should address such barriers in order to enhance tree performance. We evaluated the effect of plastic mulching, grass removal, and no management on survival after 2 months and stem volume and canopy size after 2 years and integrated response index (IRI) in plantings of 11 native tree species with different growth rates in pastures near the tropical dry forest of Chamela, Mexico. Results revealed that: (1) initial seedling mortality was minimal in all treatments (8%) and lowest under no management (2%); (2) plastic mulching, but not grass removal, leads to increased size for most species, irrespective of their growth rank; (3) a trade‐off between initial plant survival and size after 2 years occurred due to plastic mulching; and (4) most species showed similar values of the IRI because of high survival, stem volume, or canopy cover. Grass removal decreased early survival of all species and increased stem volume only for one slow‐growing species. The use of plastic mulching increased stem volume for slow‐growing species, whereas fast‐growing species developed larger canopies with that treatment. Effects of grass removal and mulching seem to be very species‐specific and not dependent in growth rank of species, although overall mulching seems to provide better conditions for seedling performance than grass removal alone.     

退化森林生态系统恢复评价研究综述

森林退化是一个世界性的问题,对退化的森林进行恢复评价是合理地进行森林生态系统管理的基础。介绍了森林退化的概念,综述了退化森林生态系统恢复评价的一般程序,主要包括恢复目标的确定、参照系的选择、评价指标体系的构建及定量评价等几个方面。目前,大多数退化森林恢复评价主要包括物种多样性、植被结构和生态学过程3个方面。其中,物种多样性包括物种丰富度和多度等;植被结构包括植被盖度、乔木密度、高度、胸高断面积、生物量和凋落物结构等;生态学过程包括养分库、土壤有机质以及生物间的相互关系等。不同的研究者或管理者由于对恢复其生态系统服务功能的需求存在差异,评价退化生态系统恢复的角度也不一样。恢复评价可以从特殊种群到整个生态系统的不同层次进行。在深刻理解森林退化定义的基础上,建立现实的目标和正确地选择参照系是恢复评价的前提。     

Outlining multi-purpose forest inventories to assess the ecosystem approach in forestry

Abstract

A summary and discussion of selected published results on the current and potential role of forest inventories (with particular reference to the national ones) are presented in the light of the challenges posed by society and policy decisions in the environmental sector. The analysis concentrates mainly on the ecological and socio-economic aspects of the question and on forest inventories' potential contribution to achieving sustainable forest management.     

Biogeochemical properties of a tropical swamp forest ecosystem in southern Thailand

The distributions of organic matter in the tropical swamps in southern Thailand are reported. The concentrations of particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC) in the Bang Nara River, which drains swamp forests and nearby paddy fields, were 2.9 ± 2.0 and 6.2 ± 1.3 mg C l⁻¹, respectively. Although the variation was large, DOC concentration in the Bang Nara River seemed to be higher than POC in November 1992 (DOC/POC ratio, 2.8 ± 2.2). River waters from the upland areas were characterized by low POC and DOC concentrations as compared with Bang Nara River water. The δ¹³C values of POC and river sediments were useful to distinguish between organic matter originating in upland and swamp areas. It is suggested that the distributions of organic matter and its isotopic composition reflect the difference in drainage characteristics between lowland swamp and upland areas. Isotopic analyses of plant leaves and soils revealed that the swamp forest ecosystems were characterized by low δ¹³C and low δ¹⁵N values, which suggested low efficiency of water use by plants and large contributions of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, respectively. Although CO₂ recycling in the forest might be an important factor determining the δ¹³C values of understory plants, the main process in carbon metabolism of tropical swamp forests would be CO₂ exchange between the atmosphere and forest canopy. Received: May 1, 2001 / Accepted: September 28, 2001     

Estuary ecosystem restoration: implementing and institutionalizing adaptive management

We implemented and institutionalized an adaptive management (AM) process for the Columbia Estuary Ecosystem Restoration Program, which is a large‐scale restoration program focused on improving ecosystem conditions in the 234‐km lower Columbia River and estuary. For our purpose, “institutionalized” means the AM process and restoration programs are embedded in the work flow of the implementing agencies and affected parties. While plans outlining frameworks, processes, or approaches to AM of ecosystem restoration programs are commonplace, their establishment for the long‐term is not. This article presents the basic AM process and explains how AM was implemented and institutionalized. Starting with a common goal, we pursued a well‐understood governance and decision‐making structure, routine coordination and communication activities, data and information sharing, commitment from partners and upper agency management to the AM process, and meaningful cooperation among program managers and partners. The overall approach and steps to implement and institutionalize AM for ecosystem restoration explained here are applicable to situations in which it has been incomplete or, as in our case, the restoration program is just getting started.