共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
生物多样性保护的景观规划途径 总被引：96，自引：1，他引：96
景观规划设计在生物多样性保护中起着决定性的作用。基于不同的保护哲学,生物多样性保护的景观规划途径主要可分为两种：一是以物种为核心的景观规划途径,另一种是以景观元素为核心和出发点的规划途径。前者首先确定物种,然后根据物种的生态特性来设计景观格局,后者则以各种尺度的景观元素作为保护对象,根据其空间位置和关系设计景观格局。多种空间战略被认为有利于生物多样性的保护,包括保护核心栖息地、建立缓冲区、构筑廊道、增加景观异质性和引入或恢复栖息地。落实这些空间战略必须首先回答选择什么和在什么地方设计上述景观元素的问题。对此,目前尚没有很好的答案。传统的生物保护战略被动地强调现存濒危物种和景观元素的保护,如果将物种运动和生态过程作为一个能动的景观控制过程来对待,我们将会有一种全新的景观规划途径。其中有三个方面的概念对这种新的景观规划途径有启发意义：即景观的空间构型对生态过程的作用,生物进化空间轨迹与景观格局设计及景观阻力与潜在的生态基础设施的设计。景观生态安全格局正是在这些方向上的一个新的探索。 相似文献
3.
- Spiders often dominate predator assemblages in vineyard agroecosystems. Land‐use practices that enhance their diversity may be important for regional biodiversity conservation as well as biological control of vineyard pests.
- We surveyed ground‐dwelling spiders in habitats at different management intensities (natural habitat remnants, organic vineyards, and conventional vineyards) in the vineyard landscape of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) biodiversity hotspot, South Africa, to examine the effects of local land use on spider diversity.
- Natural habitat remnants contributed significantly to the overall diversity, and supported rare families and unique species that were not found in the agricultural matrix. Nevertheless, vineyards still supported fairly high spider diversity, with a tendency for higher species richness in organic vineyards. Environmental variables relating to plant diversity, management intensity and distance to nearest natural habitat influenced spider abundance and species richness, and changes to these factors may improve the habitability of the vineyard landscape for spiders.
- All habitats supported various spider families that are known to prey on South African crop pests. In addition, spiders were abundant in both sampling seasons (autumn and spring), but showed a significant increase in vineyards early in the growing season, suggesting that they may provide early‐season background regulation of pests.
- There is considerable opportunity for spider conservation in the CFR vineyard landscape, as well as the possibility of associated benefits to biological control within vineyards.
4.
Jianguo Wu 《生物多样性》2008,16(3):205-213
Biodiversity is the basis for ecosystem goods and services that provide for human survival and prosperity. With a rapidly increasing human population and its demands for natural resources, landscapes are being fragmented, habitats are being destroyed, and biodiversity is declining. How can biodiversity be effectively conserved in the face of increasing human pressures? In this paper, Ⅰ review changing perspectives on biodiversity conservation, and discuss their relevance to the practice of biodiversity conservation. The major points include The notion of balance of nature is a myth rather than a scientific concept; the theory of island biogeography is useful heuristically but flawed practically; the SLOSS debate is intriguing in theory but irrelevant in reality; the concept of minimum viable population and population viability analysis are useful, but technically inefficient and conceptually inadequate; metapopulation theory is mathematically elegant but ecologically oversimplistic; and integrative perspectives and approaches for biodiversity conservation are needed that incorporate insights from landscape ecology and sustainability science. Ⅰ further discuss some key principles for regional conservation planning, and argue that the long-term success of biodiversity conservation in any region will ultimately depend on the economic and social sustainability of that region. Both research and practice in biodiversity conservation, therefore, need to adopt a broader perspective of sustainability. 相似文献
5.
在联合国《生物多样性公约》生效30年和《生物多样性》创刊30周年之际, 我们通过问卷调查从281名中国研究人员收集到763个生物多样性相关的研究问题, 通过归纳与整理, 并参考英国生态学会提出的100个生态学基本问题, 从中筛选出30个核心问题。这些问题涉及7个方面: 演化与生态(6个问题)、种群(4个问题)、群落与多样性(7个问题)、生态系统与功能(3个问题)、人类影响与全球变化(4个问题)、方法与监测(4个问题)、生物多样性保护(2个问题)。前5个方面主要聚焦在物种形成、生物多样性维持等的关键过程与机制、生物多样性与生态功能关系、全球变化对生物多样性的影响机制等, 第6方面主要涉及生物监测与预测、数据共享等, 第7方面涉及多样性保护、自然与人类健康关系这两个与公众息息相关的重要话题。这30个问题的筛选难免存在偏颇, 希望能以此为契机, 促进我国生物多样性研究人员对本领域核心问题的深入思考与探讨。 相似文献
6.
Managing forests for sustainable use requires that both the biological diversity of the forests and a viable forest industry be maintained. A current approach towards maintaining biological diversity is to pattern forest management practices after those of natural disturbance events. This paradigm hypothesizes that ecological processes will be maintained best where active management approximates natural disturbance events. The forest management model now used in most sub-boreal and boreal forests calls for regularly dispersed clearcuts no greater than 60–100 ha in size. However, the spatial characteristics of the landscape produced by this model are distinctly different from the historic pattern generated by wildfire, which was heretofore the dominant stand-replacing process in these forests. Wildfire creates a more complex landscape spatial pattern with greater range in patch size and more irregular disturbance boundaries. Individual wildfires are often over 500 ha but leave patches of unburned forest within them. The combination of these attributes is not present in recent clearcuts. Allowing a proportion of larger (i.e.>500ha) harvest units may provide distinct economic advantages that could outweight the opportunity costs of leaving some patches of forest behind. For the forest type examined, further evaluation of modelling forest harvest patterns more closely after the patterns created by wildfire is required as it may achieve a good balance and strike a suitable compromise between certain ecological and economic objectives of sustainable development. 相似文献
7.
Restoration of damaged ecosystems has become an important tool to slow down biodiversity loss and to maintain ecosystem services. Peatland bird populations have shown a substantial decline during the recent decades in Northern Europe as a consequence of peatland drainage. We studied whether restoration of peatlands drained for forestry affects bird communities. We conducted bird surveys at 11 peatlands in Western Finland, where each of the restored and their pristine counterparts were surveyed before restoration and yearly after restoration during 2010–2018. We used linear mixed effect models to analyze whether restoration affected the number of species and territories of peatland specialist and non‐specialist species and permutational multivariate analysis of variance to analyze the change in community composition. Drained parts of the peatlands had higher number of territories of non‐specialist species before restoration, and restoration seemed to decrease these numbers towards the level of pristine parts. By contrast, restoration did not affect the number of peatland specialists and their territories, which was lower in drained than in pristine parts of the peatlands. Bird communities in restored parts remained different from pristine parts in terms of community composition after restoration. Thus, despite the effect of restoration on non‐specialists, a substantially long time may be required for a recovery of the peatland bird communities. Based on our results, it seems that long‐term monitoring of the restored and pristine peatlands is needed to determine whether restoration is effective in recovering the peatland specialist bird species and bird communities in general. 相似文献
8.
Land‐use intensification at local and landscape level poses a serious threat to biodiversity and affects species interactions and ecosystem function. It is thus important to understand how interrelated taxa respond to land‐use intensification and to consider the importance of different spatial scales. We investigated whether and how local land‐use intensity and landscape features affect the predator–prey interaction of bats and insects. Bats and nocturnal insects were assessed on 50 grassland sites in the Schorfheide‐Chorin. We analyzed the effect of local land use and distance to forested areas as a proxy for site accessibility on bats and insects and their biological interaction measured in bat's feeding activity. Insect abundance increased with higher land‐use intensity, while size and diversity of insects decreased. In contrast, bat activity, diversity, and species composition were determined by the distance to forested areas and only slightly by land‐use intensity. Feeding attempts of bats increased with higher insect abundance and diversity but decreased with insect size and distance to forested areas. Finally, our results revealed that near forested areas, the number of feeding attempts was much lower on grassland sites with high, compared to those with low land‐use intensity. In contrast, far from forests, the feeding attempts did not differ significantly between intensively and extensively managed grassland sites. We conclude that the two interrelated taxa, bats and insects, respond to land‐use intensification on very different scales. While insects respond to local land use, bats are rather influenced by surrounding landscape matrix. Hereby, proximity to forests reveals to be a prerequisite for higher bat species diversity and a higher rate of feeding attempts within the area. However, proximity to forest is not sufficient to compensate local high land‐use intensity. Thus, local land‐use intensification in combination with a loss of forest remnants weakens the interaction of bats and insects. 相似文献
9.
Monitoring that facilitates adaptive management requires us to link observed changes in resource condition with management actions. Here, we present a case study to discuss how monitoring should be undertaken so it can facilitate adaptive management. Drawing on monitoring data collected by landholders as part of an incentive programme for native vegetation conservation on private land, we examined whether it was possible to determine to what extent changes in native vegetation condition were affected by funded management actions. Using a simple statistical technique (linear regression), we were unable to find strong links between the intended natural resource management (NRM) outcomes and funded management actions because (i) we could only use data from 22% of the 55 monitored sites as most data sheets were incomplete; (ii) sampling was undertaken in different seasons making it difficult to distinguish change due to management from change due to natural variability; and (iii) management actions were recorded in a generic way only, and not monitored through time, thus making it difficult to link observed changes in vegetation condition to on‐ground management. We suggest that monitoring programmes will only inform adaptive management where NRM bodies can prosecute (i) sampling designs that enable change as a result of management to be distinguished from change due to natural variability, and (ii) protocols that provide consistent data capture between sites and through time. 相似文献
10.
Miguel Delibes‐Mateos Catarina Ferreira Carlos Rouco Rafael Villafuerte Isabel Catalán Barrio 《Mammal Review》2014,44(3-4):190-203
- Biodiversity conflicts arise when the interests of different stakeholders over common resources compete. Typically, the more parties involved, the more complex situations become.
- Resolution of biodiversity conflicts requires an understanding of the ecological, social and economic factors involved, in other words the interests and priorities of each stakeholder. However, in most biodiversity conflicts, many of these components remain poorly understood.
- As a case study, we analyse the conflict involving conservationists, hunters and farmers in the management of a native lagomorph, the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the Iberian Peninsula.
- We review the socio‐economic context of the rabbit management conflict, investigating the roles of the main stakeholders involved in the conflict and evaluating the ecological, economic and social factors that motivate it. We provide management directions for the short‐term amelioration of the conflict and discuss some long‐term perspectives.
- Overall, the interests of conservationists, hunters and farmers depend on the specific scenario where the conflict takes place. A deeper understanding of the human dimensions of the conflict will help in the design of an appropriate management model to solve this biodiversity conflict in the Iberian Peninsula.
11.
LUISA FERNANDA RICAURTE SARAH BOESCH JUKKA JOKELA KLEMENT TOCKNER 《Freshwater Biology》2012,57(12):2539-2549
1. Vegetated islands within river corridors are pivotal landscape features and are among the first to disappear as a consequence of flow regulation and channelisation. However, how vegetated islands vary along human‐impacted rivers is poorly understood. 2. We carried out a detailed analysis of the contemporary distribution, diversity and environmental state of vegetated islands within 12 human‐impacted European rivers, using 75 Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite images (1999–2002), historical maps, DEM data and landscape metrics. We tested whether channel fragmentation, catchment land use and the environmental state of fringing floodplains determine the spatial patterns of the islands. We also analysed the historical change of islands within selected sections of the Upper Danube, Upper Rhine and Olt rivers. 3. We identified 2771 islands in the contemporary landscape, varying from 0.06 to 9828 ha. Islands covered up to 21% of the active channel area and contributed up to 32% of the total riparian ecotone length. Island density ranged from 0.06 islands per river‐km (River Sava) to 1.6 islands per river‐km (River Tagliamento). River regulation has led to a marked loss of island density: 94% in the Upper Danube, 93% in the Upper Rhine, and 69% in the Olt. The environmental state of the islands was significantly less altered by human activity than of their fringing floodplains; 93.4% of the vegetated islands exhibited a near‐natural state, while 86% of the fringing floodplains were expansively converted to agricultural and urban land uses. 4. Our results highlight the ubiquitous presence of vegetated islands, their sensitivity to river regulation and their pivotal role for the future restoration and management of river corridors. 相似文献
12.
城市绿地为城市生物多样性保护提供了重要的空间保障.改善与提高城市绿地生态网络的连接对保护城市生物多样性具有重要意义.以济南市为例,在GIS技术的支撑下,在考虑不同绿地斑块间的距离与景观阻力的基础上,采用最小路径方法,定量表征与模拟了研究区的潜在生态廊道,并基于重力模型和网络连接度指数,对绿地斑块间相互作用强度与生态网络结构进行了定量分析与评价.研究结果表明,风景林、滨水绿地和公园绿地是组成研究区生态网络的优势景观类型;济南绿地系统规划中的许多斑块在生态网络中起着\"踏脚石\"的作用,但占规划绿地面积的比例不高;不同绿地斑块间的相互作用强度差异显著,斑块之间相互作用强的绿地廊道在生态网络中的地位突出,对生物物种的丰富度、迁移与扩散等起着重要作用,而斑块之间相互作用弱的廊道景观阻力大,生境适宜性低,必须在未来的绿地系统规划中加以改善;网络结构越复杂,连接度与闭合度水平越高,对物种的迁移与扩散就越有利.因此,增加绿地斑块,优化绿地空间布局,改善绿地斑块间的连接,完善城市绿地网络是新一轮城市绿地系统规划的关键任务.研究结果可为城市建设者与规划者进行城市绿地系统规划提供科学的依据与参考信息. 相似文献
13.
How landscape structure, land-use intensity and habitat diversity affect components of total arthropod diversity in agricultural landscapes 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
FREDERIK HENDRICKX† JEAN-PIERRE MAELFAIT† WALTER VAN WINGERDEN‡ OLIVER SCHWEIGER§ MARJAN SPEELMANS† STÉPHANIE AVIRON¶ ISABEL AUGENSTEIN REGULA BILLETER†† DEBRA BAILEY¶ ROMAN BUKACEK‡‡ FRANÇOISE BUREL§§ TIM DIEKÖTTER†† JOLANDA DIRKSEN‡ FELIX HERZOG¶ JAAN LIIRA¶¶ MARTINA ROUBALOVA VIKI VANDOMME ROB BUGTER‡ 《Journal of Applied Ecology》2007,44(2):340-351
14.
Lian Pin Koh 《Journal of Applied Ecology》2008,45(4):1002-1009
15.
16.
《Journal of Applied Ecology》2006,43(4):617-627
17.
在当今世界土地资源极度紧缺的大背景下,研究不同土地利用情景下的生物多样性,评估其达到生物多样性预期目标的能力,已成为土地规划领域的重要研究方向,具有重要的理论研究意义和实践价值。本文在大量文献研究的基础上,简要分析了土地利用对生物多样性的作用机理,详细总结了土地类型组成、土地利用连接度、土地利用强度与土地利用聚合度4个关键性因子对生物多样性绩效影响的研究现状。针对现有研究进展,从多样性指标、生态机制、时空异质性、参与情景模拟、非线性系统规律5个方面阐述了如何进一步完善土地利用与生物多样性的研究内容。研究结果表明,土地利用与生物多样性绩效的关系符合复杂适应性系统在风景园林规划中运用的规律,满足构建研究规划协同实践的概念性框架。进而重点从引导以生物多样性保护为重要目标的用地控制策略、建立多尺度一体化的生物多样性保护格局、发挥不同尺度蓝—绿网络体系的载体作用、构建区域层面的生物多样性发展骨架、提高城市环境下生物多样性的引导措施、推进不确定性规划减少决策风险6个方面提出了土地利用—生物多样性绩效关联分析对风景园林规划中可资借鉴的思考。 相似文献
18.
19.
20.
2004—2020年城市总体规划以来,北京经历了快速的城市化发展期,城市景观格局发生了很大变化。采用TM遥感影像为信息源,通过RS解译建立了2003、2007和2011年北京市土地利用覆盖空间数据,利用Fragstats对景观格局特征指数进行了计算和分析,分别从全市域和六环内城市化典型地区两个尺度研究了北京市城市景观格局时空变化特征,结合社会经济、城市总体规划和城市发展政策因素,分析了北京城市景观格局变化的驱动力因素。研究结果表明,过去近10年,市域景观特征发生了深刻变化,建设用地保持较快的增长速度,其比例由15.0%上升至18.0%,相反耕地面积比例由21.3%下降至18.8%。林地一直是市域的优势景观类型,比例维持在51%以上。而六环内城市化典型地区的景观变化更加明显,建设用地比例增加近10%,是六环地区的优势景观类型,耕地比例相应减少10%。建设用地的增长主要以耕地占用为主。景观格局指数的分析表明,大尺度和小尺度的景观格局变化表现出不同的特征,市域大尺度建设用地斑块破碎化程度高,景观蔓延度、聚合度下降,景观多样性增加;而小尺度六环内的建设用地斑块破碎化趋势降低,景观蔓延度和聚合度上升,但景观多样性下降迅速。大小两个尺度的景观空间形态均表现出复杂性增加的趋势。通过景观格局变化的驱动因素分析,人口规模的增加、产业结构调整、城市总体规划的实施以及城市发展政策的变化是导致景观格局变化的主要因素。 相似文献