Antimicrobial substances produced by Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cattle in Brazil

Among 46 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from cattle in the State of Paraíba, Brazil, four were shown to produce antimicrobial substances (AMS). The two best AMS producers carried single plasmids of about 8·0 kbp and 50 kbp, respectively, which were designated pRJ34 and pRJ35. Curing experiments and molecular analysis associated the AMS production with the presence of these plasmids in the cells. The biochemical properties exhibited by the AMS suggested that they might be bacteriocins (Bac). The bacteriocin encoded by pRJ34 showed properties identical to those of the bacteriocins encoded by other small staphylococcal Bac plasmids. However, the bacteriocin encoded by the large plasmid pRJ35 has shown some properties which distinguish it from the other bacteriocins of Staph. aureus described so far, suggesting it may be a new member of the staphylococcal bacteriocin family.     

Antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus

Recognized since 1883 as a common cause of infection, Staphylococcus aureus' preantimicrobial-era bacteremia mortality rate was 82%. The mortality of that era threatens to return as evidence of growing vancomycin resistance undermines the utility of vancomycin therapy. Successful treatment of S. aureus infections requires knowledge of its antimicrobial resistance capacity.     

烧伤病房患者创面金葡菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析烧伤病房患者不同创面金葡菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药提供依据。方法对2006年1月至2013年12月间中国人民解放军第八五医院烧伤病房患者创面分离出金葡菌,采用K—B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。分析金葡菌的耐药性,并对难愈性创面、非难愈性创面的耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）与甲氧西林敏感金葡菌（MSSA）的耐药性进行对比分析。结果分离出金葡菌112株,其中难愈性创面有70株MRSA和17株MSSA来自难愈性创面,16株MRSA和9株MSSA来自非难愈性创面。金葡菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高（分别为94．64％、81．25％和74．11％）,对复方新诺明、呋喃妥因的耐药率较低（分别为16．07％和1．79％）,对万古霉素、利奈唑烷的耐药率为0。MRSA的耐药率高于MSSA。来源于难愈性创面与非难愈性创面的MRSA仅在对利福平的耐药率上有明显差异,而来源于两创面的MSSA的耐药率无明显差异。结论创面金葡菌中MRSA的构成比高,难愈性创面MRSA耐药严重,应积极防控创面MRSA感染和扩散。     

253株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现状分析

目的 了解医院金黄色葡萄球菌临床分布情况及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药率,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 回顾分析医院2010年5月至2011年4月检出的金黄色葡萄球菌,采用VITEK-AMS全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏分析.结果 共检出金黄色葡萄球菌253株,菌株的主要来源为痰130株(51.4％)、血液39株(15.4％)、创面24株(9.5％);菌株主要科室分布前3位是神内科35株(13.8％)、ICU30( 11.8％)、脑外科26株(10.3％);其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌( MRSA)为165株(65.2％),MRSA对多种抗菌药物耐药率＞70.0％,MSSA为88株(34.8％),对除青霉素、红霉素外的大多数抗菌药物敏感,未发现耐万古霉素菌株.结论 MRSA检出率高,耐药现状严重,应加强对金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的监测,并根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物.     

A small cadmium resistance plasmid isolated from Staphylococcus aureus

We have isolated from Staphylococcus aureus a plasmid named pIP983, which measures 3.2 kb and specifies resistance to cadmium. The cad gene it carries is of the B type, as indicated by the level of resistance it confers on S. aureus and the sequence homology with the known cadB gene. Sequences homologous to pIP983 were found on several large S. aureus plasmids. They were localized close to the mcr region of pI/258 and pII147, and, at least in the case of the latter plasmid, were not contiguous, but interrupted by nonhomologous DNA.     

Chlorine resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from turkeys and turkey products

When tested in phosphate buffer at pH 7·0, strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from turkeys immediately after commercial slaughter were reduced in viability by at least 10000-fold following exposure to 1 mg/1 of free available chlorine for 2 min at 20°C. In contrast, corresponding isolates from samples taken later in the process, and apparently derived from strains capable of colonizing processing equipment ('endemic' strains), were reduced only ca 100-fold; some of these strains survived treatment with 2 mg/1 of free chlorine, when tested under the same conditions. The greater resistance of 'endemic' strains to chlorine may contribute to their persistence in the processing plant.     

芜湖地区生牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况及其耐药性和毒力基因检测

目的明晰芜湖地区生牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况及其耐药性和产毒性,为该地区防治奶牛乳房炎提供理论依据。方法分别使用国标GB 4789.10-2010方法和PCR方法对从芜湖地区4个奶牛场采集的185份生牛乳进行金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离鉴定;采用纸片扩散法检测甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌分离株(MSSA)和MRSA分离株的耐药性,PCR方法检测其携带毒力基因情况。结果共检出金黄色葡萄球菌49株,总检出率为26.5%(49/185),4个奶牛场的检出率分别为19.4%(A场)、14.0%(B场)、57.1%(C场)和14.0%(D场)。金黄色葡萄球菌分离株中MRSA阳性率为28.6%(14/49),MRSA的总检出率为7.6%(14/185),4个奶牛场的检出率分别为13.9%(A场)、4.0%(B场)、14.3%(C场)和0.0%(D场)。MSSA分离株对青霉素、阿莫西林、克林霉素、磺胺甲唑/甲氧苄啶、恩诺沙星、红霉素、庆大霉素和头孢噻肟的耐药率分别为97.1%、88.6%、80.0%、77.1%、25.7%、22.9%、11.4%和2.9%,多重耐药率为88.6%。MRSA分离株对12种药物的耐药率大小依次为青霉素、阿莫西林、苯唑西林、克林霉素和磺胺甲唑/甲氧苄啶(100.0%)、红霉素(78.6%)、头孢噻肟(71.4%)、恩诺沙星(64.3%)、庆大霉素(21.4%)、四环素(14.3%)、氯霉素和利福平(7.1%),多重耐药率为100.0%。MSSA和MRSA分离株携带毒力基因nuc、cal、hla、sea、clfA和fnbA的检出率分别为100.0%和100.0%、100.0%和100.0%、91.4%和85.7%、77.1%和85.7%、77.1%和78.6%、91.4%和78.6%,优势毒力基因型为nuc-hla-sea-calclfA-fnbA。结论芜湖地区生牛奶中存在金黄色葡萄球菌污染,污染状况存在牛场差异性。MSSA和MRSA分离株均具有产毒性,且后者的耐药和多重耐药性较前者严重。     

Antimicrobial resistance and toxin gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus strains from Holstein milk

Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) from Holstein milk samples with mastitis and nonmastitis was conducted to estimate its prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and toxin genes. A total of 353 milk samples were collected from three Chinese Holstein herds. Fifty‐three Staph. aureus isolates collected from 29 Staph. aureus‐positive samples were characterized via antimicrobial susceptibility, toxin genes and Pulsed‐field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles. The prevalence of Staph. aureus was 4·0–9·5% in mastitic and 7·3–11·5% in nonmastitic samples in the analysed herds. Approximately 61·0% of Staph. aureus strains isolated from mastitis cows were resistant to ≥10 antimicrobials compared with 0% of isolates with nonmastitis. The most frequently observed super antigenic toxin gene was pvl (41·5%) followed by seh + pvl (13·2%). We did not find mecA‐positive methicillin‐resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) strains, while mecA‐negative MRSA strains were identified in the three herds. PFGE results suggested potential transmission of Staph. aureus strains in different farms. These results open new insights into Staph. aureus transmission and antimicrobial resistance of Holstein dairy cows and into developing strategies for udder health improvement of dairy cattle.     

Antimicrobial resistance pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the food industry

There is increasing concern about the impact on public health of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated with animal food products. MRSA remains a serious problem because of the high incidence and multidrug resistance of the strains, even for strains isolated from foods, food environments and food handlers. The objectives of this study are: (i) to evaluate the susceptibility of S. aureus strains isolated from food, food handlers and food-processing environments to 14 antibiotics currently used in veterinary and human therapy; (ii) to assess the presence of the mecA gene. A total of 1007 samples were collected from food, food handlers, and environments and were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. S. aureus was present in 165 of the 1007 samples. A total of 157 isolates were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and 8 isolates were MRSA. In particular, out of 8 MRSA strains detected, 4 strains harboured the mecA gene. All MRSA strains were resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics and 6 strains demonstrated multi-resistance. Considering the high level of resistances in S. aureus and the isolation of MRSA strains, the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and the spreading of this pathogen is of crucial importance in the food production chain. These data are useful in improving background data on antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus isolated from food, processing environments and food handlers, supporting the prudent use of antibiotics and the development of international control programs.     

Resistance to gentamicin and related aminoglycosides in Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Brazil

Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from a Brazilian university hospital were characterized in relation to resistance to gentamicin and related aminoglycosides. Thirty-six isolates were susceptible to methicillin (MSSA) and 14 were resistant (MRSA). All isolates were sensitive to nucleic acid-binding compounds. All MRSA isolates and one MSSA isolate were demonstrated to be resistant to gentamicin and were coincidentally resistant to amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin and tobramycin. Among the gentamicin sensitive MSSA isolates, five isolates were found to be resistant only to kanamycin/neomycin. The resistance to gentamicin (and related aminoglycosides: kanamycin and tobramycin) must be due to AAC(6')-APH(2") activity. As these isolates also showed resistance to neomycin, they must carry an additional genetic element, probably the one responsible for APH(3')III activity, which accounts for the high level of resistance to kanamycin and to amikacin. The resistance to kanamycin/neomycin in the gentamicin sensitive isolates could not be attributed to the AAD(4')(4") activity because of the tobramycin sensitivity, and so could be ascribed to the APH(3')III activity. Curing and transfer experiments, as well as electrophoresis procedures, indicate that gentamicin resistance in Staph. aureus strains here studied has, characteristically, chromosomal localization.     

Chlorine resistance of strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry processing plants

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus which colonize defeathering machinery and become endemic within poultry processing plants appear to be resistant to the normal cleaning and disinfection processes. The resistance of endemic strains to chlorine was compared with that of isolates from the natural skin flora of poultry. Endemic strains were almost eight times more resistant and this was due primarily to their ability to grow in macroclumps but also to the production of an extracellular slime layer.     

Dynamics of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chronic osteomyelitis patients

The level of antibiotic resistance of 365 S.aureus strains, isolated from chronic osteomyelitis patients in 1990 and 2000, was determined. As revealed in this study, over 10 years the isolation rate of strains adapted to the antimicrobial action of all tested preparations increased in some degree. The increase of the resistance level to aminoglycosides was most significant. The proportion of polyresistant strains was 9.1% in 1990 and 30.5% in 2000. The isolation rate of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) did not increase during these 10 years, but the range of preparations suitable for the treatment of MRSA-infected patients was shown to become essentially narrower. These data confirm the view on the possibility of further decrease in the effectiveness of the conservative treatment of chronic osteomyelitis due to the rapid growth of the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus.     

金黄色葡萄球菌D试验和耐药性分析

目的 了解本地区金黄色葡萄球菌中红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药表型及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 用K-B琼脂扩散法检测耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及双纸片法(D试验)检测红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药表型,用VITEK 2 Compact进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验.结果 156株金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA有51株,占32.7％.红霉素对克林霉素诱导耐药共29株,占18.6％,其中MRSA有10株,甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSS)有19株.金黄色葡萄球菌对多种抗菌药物具有不同的耐药性,对青霉素的耐药性超过95％,对万古霉素、奎努普汀/达福普汀、利奈唑烷和替加环素敏感.结论 临床微生物实验室应加强对金黄色葡萄球菌中克林霉素诱导耐药的检测,临床治疗中也应加强抗菌药物的合理应用以防多耐药菌株的产生.